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UNIVERSITY 


OF 


MARYLAND 


1 807- 1 907 


Its  History,   Influence,  Equipment    and    Characteristics 

WITH 

Biographical    Sketches    and    Portraits  of  its   Founders,   Benefactors, 
Regents,   Faculty   and  Alumni 


BY 

EUGENE  FAUNTLEROY  CORDELL,  M.  D.. 

Honorary  Professor  of  the  History  of  Medicine — Author  of  "  The 

Medical  Annals  of  Maryland."  "  Transactions  of  the 

Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty,"  etc. 

Associate  editors 

WILLIAM  CALVIN  CHESNTJT.  A.   B..   LI.    B. 

ROBERT  DORSEY  COALE    PH    D.,  CHARLES  CASPARI.  JR.,  PH.  G. 

FERDINAND  J.  S.  GORGAS,  A.   M.,   D.  D.  S.,  M.    I). 


Volume  I. 


<?Titc  Ccnne  yublidlumi  QDom^any 


ilcw  ITorlt 


(i"  Iticago 


Copyright 

1907 

The  Lewis  Publishing  Company 


L-JJ 


UNIVERSITY  OP  ('AT.IFORNIiC 
SANTA  BARDARA 


PREFACE. 

The  possession  of  a  history  is  a  thing  to  be  desired  by  every  University. 
The  authorities  and  Alumni  of  the  University  of  Maryland  are,  therefore,  to 
be  congratulated  upon  this  work,  the  result  of  researches  carried  on  by  the 
author  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

The  Alumni  are  also  deserving  of  great  praise  for  their  loyalty  to  the 
institution  and  their  liberality  in  subscribing,  which  has  made  the  work  pos- 
sible. And,  in  passing,  we  desire  to  acknowledge  the  pleasure  with  which 
we  learned  that  the  graduates  of  this  University  have  shown  as  great  a 
readiness  to  subscribe  to  this  history  as  those  of  other  and  greater  Univer- 
sities have  shown  under  similar  circumstances. 

While  the  work  is  not  issued  by  the  University,  and,  therefore,  lacks 
official  authority,  it  possesses  a  semi-official  character  by  virtue  of  the  fact 
that  the  various  departments  are  represented  by  their  Deans,  as  Honorary 
Editors,  and  that  the  Editor-in-Chief  is  a  member  of  one  of  the  Faculties 
and  the  recognized  historian  of  the  Institution. 

The  Editor  is  responsible  for  the  historical  part,  contained  in  the  first 
volume,  entire,  except  a  small  number  of  biographies  of  members  of  Facul- 
ties. The  biographies  of  Alumni,  contained  in  Volume  IIv,  were  written 
by  the  editorial  staff  of  the  publishing  firm,  and  by  them  (as  we  are  assured) 
submitted  to  the  subjects  for  revision. 

The  typographical  work  upon  the  book  is  unexceptionable,  and  speaks 
for  itself.  It  reflects  great  credit  upon  the  publishers,  and  must  fill  the 
friends  of  the  old  University  with  pride  and  satisfaction,  when  they  see  in 
what  a  noble  dress  the  theme,  so  dear  to  us  all,  is  presented. 

That  our  Alumni  may  find  it  all  they  could  wish,  and  may  spend  many 
a  pleasant  leisure  hour  in  a  perusal  of  its  pages,  is  the  wish  of 

Their   sincere   friend, 

THE  AUTHOR. 


CONTENTS. 

Page 

The  University 3 

School  of  Medicine 133 

School  of  Law 337 

Department  of  Dentistry 381 

School  of  Pharmacy 405 

School  of  Arts  and  Sciences 457 

Appendix 507 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 


THE   FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION 


I.    THE  UNIVERSITY. 

THERE  was  no  institution  of  collegiate  rank  within  the  borders 
of  the  State  of  Maryland  until  after  the  Revolutionary  War. 
The  first  to  be  established  was  Washington  College,  at  Chester- 
town,  on  the  Eastern  Shore.  It  received  its  charter  in  1782, 
developing  out  of  the  Kent  County  Free  School.  It  received  its  name  "in 
honourable  and  perpetual  memory  of  his  Excellency  General  Washington, 
the  illustrious  and  virtuous  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies  of  the  United 
States." 

The  next  such  institution — St.  John's  College,  at  Annapolis — owed  its 
existence  to  the  jealousy  and  rivalry  existing  between  the  two  "Shores"  into 
which  the  State  was  geographically  divided,  and  which  also  represented 
about  an  equal  proportion  of  its  population.  It  was  founded  upon  King 
William's  School,  which  was  chartered  in  1696  and  opened  in  1701 — the 
first  public  free  school  in  America.  It  thus  claims  over  two  centuries  of 
continuous  life  and  collegiate  work.  The  design  was  to  form  of  these  two 
colleges  a  University  bearing  the  name  of  the  State.  The  same  charter 
which  founded  St.  John's  (Laws  of  Maryland,  1784,  ch.  37,  §5j  33-5)  pro- 
vided for  their  union  into  a  University.  The  language  of  the  act,  relating 
to  the  latter,  is  as  follows : 

Whereas  a  college  hath  been  founded  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  this 
State,  by  the  name  of  Washington  College,  in  honourable  and  perpetual 
memory  of  the  late  illustrious  and  virtuous  commander-in-chief  of  the 
armies  of  the  United  States;  and  whereas  it  appears  to  this  General  Assem- 
bly that  the  connection  between  the  two  Shores  will  be  greatly  increased,  bv 
uniformity  of  manual  and  joint  efforts  for  the  advancement  of  literature, 
under  one  supreme  legislative  and  visitatorial  jurisdiction :  Be  it  enacted, 
That  the  said  two  colleges,  viz.,  Washington  College,  on  the  Eastern  Shore, 


4  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

and  St.  John's  College,  on  the  Western  Shore,  shall  be  and  they  are  hereby, 
declared  to  be  one  University  by  the  name  of  the  University  of  Maryland, 
whereof  the  governor  of  the  State  for  the  time  being  shall  be  chancellor, 
and  the  principal  of  one  of  the  said  colleges  shall  be  vice-chancellor,  either 
by  seniority  or  election,  according  to  such  rule  or  by-law  of  the  University 
as  may  afterwards  be  made  in  that  case. 

The  governing  body  of  the  University  was  to  be  a  "convocation,"  con- 
sisting of  the  visitors  and  governors  of  the  two  colleges,  or  a  representation 
of  at  least  seven  visitors  and  governors  from  each  of  them,  and  two  mem- 
bers of  both  faculties,  the  principal  being  one.  The  chancellor  was  to  call 
this  convocation  together  for  the  purpose  of  framing  a  body  of  by-laws  or 
ordinances,  the  object  of  which  was  the  general  government  of  the  Univer- 
sity, so  far  as  related  to  uniformity  of  manners  and  literature,  receiving, 
hearing  and  determining  appeals  from  any  of  the  members,  students  or 
scholars,  and  the  conferring  of  the  higher  degrees  and  honors  of  the  Uni- 
versity. Special  and  annual  meetings  of  the  convocation  to  be  called  by  the 
chancellor,  are  provided  for,  but  all  such  meetings,  whether  special  or  gen- 
eral, are  to  be  held  at  the  colleges  alternately.* 

The  two  colleges  were  duly  set  in  operation,  Washington  under  direc- 
tion of  Rev.  Dr.  William  Smith,  who  had  been  president  of  the  College  of 
Philadelphia  from  its  foundation  until  the  revocation  of  its  charter,  one  of 
the  most  eminent  educators  of  his  time;  and  St.  John's  under  Dr.  John  Mc- 
Dowell, principal.  The  first  session  of  the  former  was  that  of  1782-83; 
the  first  of  the  latter  was  1789-90. 

There  was  no  attempt  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  charter  with 
reference  to  a  University  until  November,  1  790,  when  a  convocation  of  rep- 
resentatives of  the  two  colleges  was  held  at  Annapolis.  The  union  was  not 
then  effected,  nor  was  it  at  another  called  in  May,  1 79 1 ,  at  which  representa- 
tives from  St.  John's  alone  appeared.  The  Governor,  as  chancellor, 
thereupon  adjourned  the  convocation  until  the  following  November,  but  no 


*Charter  of  St.  John's  College. 


THE  FOX  A  DING  OF  THE  INST1 TUTIO  \  5 

more  meetings  were  held.  Thus  the  organization  of  the  University  was  not 
accomplished,  and  the  failure  seems  attributable  to  the  weakness  of  the  plan 
and  the  consequent  lack  of  interest  in  it.  To  the  jealousy  between  the  two 
sections  a  share  in  the  result  has,  doubtless  justly,  been  attributed. 

It  is  important,  in  our  own  interest,  to  realize  this  failure,  because  it 
has  been  the  habit  of  our  historians  and  public  speakers  to  speak  of  this  as 
the  first  University  of  Maryland.  This  is  manifestly  an  error,  since  it 
existed  only  in  contemplation  and  not  in  fact.  So,  the  "third  University," 
so  called,  proposed  by  Dr.  Van  Bokkelen,  in  his  comprehensive  plan  ol  pub- 
lic education,  in  1865,  had  an  equally  shadowy  existence.  The  University 
of  Maryland,  which  forms  the  theme  of  this  work,  is  the  only  one  ot  the 
name,  therefore,  which  has  actually  existed,  and  that  cannot  be  too  strongly 
emphasized. 

Between  this  period  and  the  founding  of  the  College  of  Medicine  of 
Maryland,  in  1807,  several  other  collegiate  institutions  were  set  on  foot 
within  the  State.  These  were,  in  chronological  order:  Cokesbury  College, 
at  Abingdon,  Harford  County,  Methodist  Episcopal,  17X4;  the  Seminary 
of  St.  Sulpice  or  St.  Mary's  Seminary,  Roman  Catholic,  at  Baltimore,  1791, 
and  Baltimore  College,  non-sectarian,  1803.  Of  these  three,  only  the 
Roman  Catholic  institution  survives.  In  January,  1805,  the  Seminary  of 
St.  Sulpice  was  raised  by  the  Legislature  to  the  rank  of  a  University,  by  the 
name  of  St.  Mary's  University,  an  academic  department  having  been  added 
in  1799.  The  college  department  had  a  prosperous  career  lor  many  years, 
but  was  discontinued  in  1852,  in  order  to  give  full  scope  to  the  special  work 
of  the  Seminary.  Cokesbury  College  was  discontinued  alter  the  burning  of 
its  buildings,  in  1796.  Baltimore  College  led  a  feeble  existence  until  1830, 
when  it  was  merged  in  the  University  of  Maryland  as  its  academic  depart- 
ment. 

The  University  of  Maryland  is  unique  among  modern  Universities, 
so  far  as  we  know,  in  being  founded  upon  a  School  of  Medicine.  That  this 
is  one  of  the  causes  operating  against  its  success,  there  can  he  no  doubt,  since 


6  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  basis  of  all  higher  education  must  ever  be  the  department  of  literature — 
the  feeder  of  the  professional  schools. 

The  first  medical  teacher  of  any  prominence  in  Baltimore  was  Dr. 
Charles  Frederick  Wiesenthal,  who  came  here  from  Prussia,  in  1755.  He 
had  many  students,  some  of  whom  are  known  to  us.  He  erected  a  building 
for  their  use  in  the  rear  of  his  residence,  which  occupied  the  south-east  cor- 
ner of  Gay  and  Fayette  streets.  This  building  is  still  standing,  also  another 
further  to  the  rear  on  Frederick  street,  which  tradition  asserts  was  used  as  a 
dissecting  room.  When  Dr.  Wiesenthal  began  teaching  here,  and  when  he 
built  his  school  house,  we  do  not  know,  but  he  speaks  of  his  school  during 
the  period  of  the  Revolution.  Upon  his  death,  in  1789,  he  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Andrew,  who,  with  Dr.  George  Buchanan,  attempted  to  found  a 
medical  college.  This  attempt  failed,  but  courses  of  lectures  were  delivered 
during  the  ensuing  winter  by  these  two  to  classes  of  fifteen  and  nine 
respectively.  Andrew  Wiesenthal  continued  his  courses  upon  Anatomy  and 
Surgery  probably  to  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1798. 

The  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland,  the  present  School  of 
Medicine  of  the  University,  owes  its  foundation  to  Dr.  John  Beale  Davidge, 
who  settled  for  practice  in  Baltimore  in  1796,  the  year  it  received  a  city 
charter.  He  early  entertained  the  idea  of  founding  here  a  school  of 
medicine,  and  was  only  deterred  from  doing  so  by  the  unwillingness  of 
others  "to  embark  in  an  untried  experiment  so  inauspicious  and  problemati- 
cal." In  December,  1802,  we  find  him  advertising  a  course  of  lectures  on 
Anatomy,  Surgery,  Midwifery  and  Physiology.  They  were  delivered  every 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  at  7  p.  m.  They  were  continued  annually  until 
merged  into  the  course  of  the  College.  We  find  also,  that  the  subject  of 
the  establishment  of  a  medical  school  was  discussed  at  the  meetings  of  the 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  and  at  the  biennial  meeting 
held  at  Annapolis,  in  June,  1801,  a  plan  was  proposed  by  "a  distinguished 
member  of  the  Society,"  which  was  revised  and  approved  by  Dr.  Upton 
Scott,   the  president.      But,   owing  to   the   limited   attendance,   after  much 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  7 

discussion,  final  action  was  deferred  until  the  next  year,  when  it  was 
further  urged  in  an  address  delivered  by  Dr.  Scott's  successor,  Dr.  Philip 
Thomas.*  The  need  of  additional  legislation  to  carry  out  the  idea  enter- 
tained, of  union  with  the  Society,  led  to  further  delay,  and  the  committee 
was  continued.  On  this  committee  we  find  the  names  of  Drs.  George  Brown 
and  John  B.  Davidge.  Again,  in  1803,  the  committee  was  directed  to 
report  a  plan  for  the  establishment  of  a  College  of  Physicians  at  the  next 
meeting.  But  it  was  not  until  1807  that  the  success  of  these  efforts  reached 
a  realization,  and  that  was  precipitated  by  an  unexpected  episode,  as  will 
appear  later. 

The  events  of  this  year,  so  memorable  in  our  history,  demand  a  very 
detailed  consideration.  Two  other  physicians  at  this  time  became  interested 
in  Davidge's  project.  These  were  Dr.  James  Cocke,  a  native  of  lower  Vir- 
ginia, who  settled  here  about  the  close  of  1804,  and  Dr.  John  Shaw,  of 
Annapolis.  Cocke  had  been  a  pupil  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  at  Guy's  Hospi- 
tal, and  his  inaugural  thesis  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1804  had 
brought  him  into  favorable  notice  as  a  man  of  promise.  He  became  asso- 
ciated with  Davidge  in  practice  on  February  10,  1807.  Shaw  was  a 
graduate  of  St.  John's  College,  had  held  a  medical  position  in  the  navy,  and 
had  traveled  extensively.  He  settled  here  early  in  March,  1807.  These 
three,  drawn  together  by  common  literary  tastes  and  aspirations,  united  in 
a  course  of  medical  instruction  in  the  fall  of  the  year.  The  session  began 
about  the  first  of  November,  Davidge  taking  charge  of  the  departments  of 
Anatomy  and  Surgery,  and  giving  some  attention  to  Midwifery,  Cocke 
giving  instruction  in  Physiology  and  Shaw  presiding  in  Chemistry.  Shaw's 
lectures  began  on  November  24th,  being  given  at  his  house  on  "Chatham" 
street,  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays,  at  7  p.  m.  To  accommodate  the  Anatomi- 
cal Department,  Davidge  had  erected  a  small  building  on  ground  belonging 
to  himself,  on  the  east  side  of  Liberty  street,  just  south  of  Saratoga.  He 
procured  a  subject,  and  began  the  instruction  of  his  students  here.     But  the 


*Fcd.  Gaz.,  June   [6,   l8o-> 


8  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

matter  becoming  known,  a  crowd  gathered  in  front  of  the  building,  which, 
as  the  numbers  and  noise  increased,  soon  resorted  to  violence,  destroying 
completely  building  and  contents.  The  prejudice  against  dissection  was  so 
great  that  but  little  sympathy  was  shown  for  the  Doctor's  loss.  But  one 
protest  was  made  against  the  outrage  in  the  public  press;  that  was  signed 
"Celsus,"  and  probably  emanated  from  John  Crawford.  This  mishap  in- 
terrupted the  lectures  for  a  time,  but  it  had  the  effect  of  bringing  the 
profession  to  the  support  of  the  enterprise.  A  full  meeting  of  the  physicians 
of  the  city  was  held  at  Davidge's  house  early  in  December  to  take  action 
to  procure  legal  protection.*  It  was  then  unanimously  resolved,  "in  con- 
sequence of  the  late  interruption  of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery,  and 
the  very  generous  and  handsome  present  of  a  lot  of  ground  in  the  precincts," 
to  apply  to  the  Legislature  for  a  charter  for  a  medical  college,  and  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  canvass  the  city  for  funds  for  the  erection  of  a 
building.  This  was  the  second  and  last  dissection  mob  which  occurred  in 
this  city,  the  first  taking  place  in  1789. 

No  time  was  lost  in  preparing  the  charter,  a  duty  which  was  very 
satisfactorily  discharged  by  Dr.  Shaw.  In  its  passage  through  the  House  of 
Delegates,  on  December  7th,  the  Medical  College  Bill  was  under  discussion, 
and  an  amendment  was  proposed  uniting  the  school  with  St.  Mary's  Uni- 
versity, the  Roman  Catholic  institution  on  North  Paca  street,  which  had 
been  chartered  as  a  University  in  January,  1805.  The  amendment  was 
defeated,  and  the  bill  passed  the  Legislature  in  its  original  form,  December 
1 8th.  Tbe  following  is  the  full  text  of  this  bill  according  to  the  authorized 
publication : 

An  Act  for  founding  a  medical  college  in  the  city  or  precincts 
of  baltimore  for  the  instruction  of  students  in  the  differ- 
ent branches  of  medicine. 

Wfiereas  it  appears  to  this  general  assembly  that  many  benefits  would 
accrue,  not  only  to  the  State  of  Maryland,  but  to  many  other  parts  of  the 


♦Newspaper,  Dec.  3.   1807. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  9 

United  States,  from  the  establishment  of  a  seminar)'  tor  the  promotion  ot 
medical  knowledge  in  the  city  of  Baltimore;  therefore 

II.  Be  it  enacted,  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  a 
college  for  the  promotion  of  medical  knowledge,  by  the  name  of  The  Col- 
lege of  Medicine  of  Maryland,  be  established  in  the  city  or  precincts  of 
Baltimore,  upon  the  following  fundamental  principles  to  wit:  The  said 
college  shall  be  founded  and  maintained  forever  upon  a  most  liberal  plan, 
for  the  benefit  of  students  of  every  country  and  every  religious  denomina- 
tion, who  shall  be  freely  admitted  to  equal  privileges  and  advantages  of 
education,  and  to  all  the  honors  of  the  college,  according  to  their  merit, 
without  requiring  or  enforcing  any  religious  or  civil  test,  or  urging  their 
attendance  upon  any  particular  plan  of  religious  worship  or  service;  nor 
shall  any  preference  be  given  in  the  choice  of  a  president,  professor,  lecturer, 
or  other  officer  of  the  said  college,  on  account  of  his  particular  religious  pro- 
fession, but  regard  shall  be  solely  paid  to  his  moral  character,  and  other 
necessary  qualifications  to  fill  the  place  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

III.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  members  of  the  board  of  medical 
examiners  for  this  State  for  the  time  being,  together  with  the  president  and 
the  professors  of  the  said  college,  and  their  successors,  shall  be,  and  are 
hereby  declared  to  be,  one  community,  corporation  and  body  politic,  to  have 
continuance  for  ever,  by  the  name  of  The  Regents  ot  the  College  of  Medi- 
cine of  Maryland. 

IV.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  and  their  successors,  by 
the  same  name,  shall  be  able  and  capable  to  enjoy,  to  them  and  their  suc- 
cessors, in  fee,  or  for  any  less  estate  or  estates,  any  lands,  tenements,  annui- 
ties, pensions  or  other  hereditaments,  within  this  State,  by  the  gift,  grant. 
bargain,  sale,  alienation,  enfeoffment,  release,  confirmation  or  devise,  <>l  any 
person  or  persons,  bodies  politic  or  corporate,  capable  to  make  the  same, 
and  such  lands,  tenements,  rents,  annuities,  pensions  or  other  hereditaments, 
or  any  less  estates,  rights  or  interests,  of  or  in  the  same,  at  their  pleasure  to 
grant,  alien,  sell  and  transfer,  in  such  manner  and  form  as  they  shall  think 


io  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

meet  and  convenient  for  the  furtherance  of  the  said  college;  and  also  that 
they  may  take  and  receive  any  sum  or  sums  of  money,  and  every  kind, 
manner  or  portion  of  goods  and  chattels,  that  shall  be  sold  or  given  to  them, 
by  any  person  or  persons,  bodies  politic  or  corporate,  capable  to  make  a  gift 
or  sale  thereof,  and  employ  the  same  towards  maintaining  the  said  college, 
in  such  manner  as  they  shall  judge  most  necessary  and  convenient  for  the 
instruction  of  students  in  medicine,  and  the  sciences  connected  with  it. 

V.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  and  their  successors,  shall 
be  able  in  law  to  sue  and  be  sued,  plead  and  be  impleaded,  in  any  court  or 
courts,  before  any  judge,  judges  or  justices,  within  this  State  and  elsewhere, 
in  all  and  all  manner  of  suits,  pleas,  causes,  matters  and  demands,  of  what- 
soever kind,  nature  or  form  they  be,  and  to  do  all  and  every  other  matter  and 
thing  hereby  contemplated  to  be  done,  in  as  full  and  effectual  a  manner,  as 
any  other  person  or  persons,  bodies  politic  or  corporate,  in  like  cases,  may 
or  can  do. 

VI.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  yearly  value  of  the  messuages,  lands, 
tenements,  rents,  annuities,  or  other  hereditaments  and  real  estate,  of  the 
said  college  and  corporation  (exclusive  of  the  lots  and  buildings  occupied  by 
the  institution),  shall  not  exceed  thirty  thousand  dollars;  and  all  gifts  to 
the  said  college  and  corporation,  after  the  yearly  value  of  their  estates  shall 
amount  to  thirty  thousand  dollars  aforesaid,  and  all  bargains  and  purchases 
to  be  made  by  the  said  corporation,  which  may  increase  the  yearly  value  of 
said  estate  above  or  beyond  the  amount  aforesaid,  shall  be  absolutely  void 
and  of  none  effect. 

VII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  and  their  successors 
shall  have  full  power  and  authority  to  have,  make  and  use,  one  common  and 
public  seal,  and  likewise  one  privy  seal,  with  such  devices  and  inscriptions  as 
they  shall  think  proper,  and  to  ascertain,  fix  and  regulate,  the  uses  of  both 
seals  by  their  own  laws,  and  the  same  seals,  or  either  of  them,  to  change, 
break,  alter  and  renew  at  their  pleasure. 

VIII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  shall  have  full  power 


THE  FO  UN  DING  OF  THE  INS  TI TU  IT  ON  1 1 

and  authority  to  appoint  a  president  of  the  said  college,  who  shall  preside 
at  their  meetings,  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  him, 
and  in  his  absence  to  appoint  a  vice-president,  which  latter  shall  always  be 
one  of  their  own  body. 

IX.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  shall  from  time  to  time, 
and  at  all  times  hereafter  forever,  have  full  power  and  authority  to  consti- 
tute and  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  think  best  and  most  convenient, 
professors  of  the  different  branches  of  medicine  for  instructing  the  students 
of  said  college,  by  regular  lectures  upon  every  part  of  that  science,  who  shall 
be  severally  styled  Professors  of  such  branch  as  they  shall  be  nominated  and 
appointed  for,  according  to  each  particular  nomination  and  appointment; 
and  also  to  constitute  and  appoint,  in  like  manner,  lecturers  upon  the  sciences 
subservient  to,  or  connected  with,  medicine,  who  shall  be  severally  styled 
Lecturers  on  such  sciences  as  they  shall  be  appointed  for;  and  the  said  pro- 
fessors and  lecturers  so  constituted  and  appointed  from  time  to  time,  shall 
be  known  and  distinguished  forever  as  one  learned  body  or  faculty,  by  the 
name  of  The  Medical  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland, 
and  in  that  name  shall  be  capable  of  choosing  their  own  dean  of  faculty,  and 
of  exercising  such  powers  and  authorities  as  the  regents  of  the  said  college, 
and  their  successors,  shall  by  their  ordinances,  think  necessary  to  delegate  to 
them,  for  the  instruction,  discipline  and  government  of  the  said  institution, 
and  of  all  students,  officers  and  servants  belonging  to  the  same:  provided 
that  nothing  be  done  in  virtue  of  this  act  contrary  to  the  constitution  and 
laws  of  this  State,  or  to  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States. 

X.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  and  their  successors  shall 
meet  at  least  once  a  year  in  stated  annual  meetings,  to  be  appointed  by  their 
own  ordinances,  and  at  such  other  times  as  bv  their  said  ordinances  thev  mav 
direct,  in  order  to  examine  into  all  matters  touching  the  discipline  of  the  in- 
stitution, and  the  good  and  wholesome  execution  of  their  ordinances;  and 
the  said  regents,  when  duly  assembled,  shall  have  full  power  and  authority 
to  make  their  own  rules  of  proceeding,  and  to  make  fundamental  ordinances 


12  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

for  the  government  and  discipline  of  the  said  college,  and  to  appoint  the 
necessary  officers  of  the  same,  in  all  which  meetings  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  of  regents  shall  be  a  quorum  to  do  any  business  except  to  vacate  the 
seat  of  a  president,  professor  or  lecturer,  for  which  purpose  the  consent  of 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  regents  shall  be  necessary. 

XL  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  medical  faculty  of  the  said  college 
shall  hold  one  term  in  each  year,  which  shall  commence  on  the  first  Monday 
in  November  in  every  year,  and  shall  continue  not  less  than  four,  nor  more 
than  six  months,  as  may  be  regulated  by  the  ordinances  of  the  college,  within 
which  period  all  the  lectures  to  be  delivered  in  the  said  college  shall  be  given, 
except  the  lectures  on  botany,  and  such  other  lectures  as  the  regents  shall 
judge  will  be  delivered  with  more  advantage  at  a  different  season. 

XII.  And,  for  animating  and  encouraging  the  students  of  said  college 
to  a  laudable  diligence,  industry  and  progress  in  medical  science,  Be  it  en- 
acted, That  the  said  regents  and  their  successors,  shall,  by  a  written  mandate, 
under  their  privy  seal  and  the  hand  of  their  president  or  vice-president,  have 
full  power  and  authority  to  direct  the  medical  faculty  of  the  said  college  to 
hold  public  commencements,  either  on  stated  annual  days,  or  occasionally, 
as  the  future  ordinances  of  the  said  institution  may  direct,  and  at  the  said 
commencements  to  admit  any  of  the  students  of  the  said  college,  meriting 
the  same  (whose  names  shall  be  inserted  in  the  said  mandate),  to  the  office 
and  profession  of  surgeon,  or  to  the  degree  of  bachelor  or  doctor  of  medi- 
cine; and  it  is  hereby  enacted,  that  the  president  or  vice-president  shall  make 
out  and  sign,  with  his  name,  diplomas  and  certificates  of  the  admission  to 
such  offices  or  degrees,  which  shall  be  sealed  with  the  public  or  greater  seal 
of  the  college  or  corporation,  and  delivered  to  the  graduates  as  honorable 
and  perpetual  testimonials  of  such  admission;  which  diploma  or  certificate, 
if  thought  necessary  for  doing  greater  honor  to  such  graduates,  shall  also 
be  signed  by  the  names  of  the  different  professors  or  lecturers,  or  as  many 
of  them  as  can  conveniently  sign  the  same;  provided  always,  that  no  student 
or  students  within  the  said  college  shall  be  admitted  to  any  such  offices  or 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  13 

degrees,  or  have  their  names  inserted  in  any  mandate  for  that  purpose,  until 
such  students  shall  have  been  first  duly  examined  and  thought  worthy  of 
same,  at  a  public  examination  of  candidates  to  be  held  previous  to  the  day 
of  commencement  in  the  said  college,  by  and  in  the  presence  of  the  regents 
and  other  persons  choosing  to  attend  the  same,  and  shall  also  have  under- 
gone such  previous  private  examinations,  and  have  performed  such  exer- 
cises as  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  future  ordinances  of  the  college;  and 
provided  further,  that  no  student  or  students  in  the  said  college  shall  be 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  unless  he  or  they  shall  have 
attended  lectures  in  the  said  college  during  two  terms,  and  shall  during  that 
period  have  attended  each  of  the  lectures  prescribed  by  the  ordinances  for 
at  least  one  term,  and  shall  also  have  written  and  caused  to  be  printed,  a 
thesis  or  theses  in  the  Latin  or  English  language,  and  shall  publicly  defend 
the  same  on  the  day  of  commencement;  but  the  regents  of  the  college  shall, 
at  any  time,  have  power  to  consider  the  having  attended  lectures  in  any  other 
medical  seminary  of  established  reputation,  for  an  equal  space  of  time,  as 
equivalent  to  having  attended  one  of  the  terms  above  prescribed. 

XIII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  regents  shall,  at  any  time,  have  the 
power  of  conferring  the  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  on  any 
physician  who  has  practised  physic  for  twenty  years  within  the  State  of 
Maryland,  and  of  conferring  the  honorary  degree  of  bachelor  of  medicine 
on  any  one  who  has  practised  physic  for  ten  years  within  the  same. 

XIV.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  every  licentiate  of  the  board  of  medical 
examiners  who  shall  have  practised  physic  for  five  years  within  this  State, 
shall  have  a  right  to  demand  and  receive,  from  the  college  aforesaid,  a  sur- 
geon's certificate,  free  of  all  expense,  except  the  sum  of  one  dollar  to  the 
register  or  other  such  officer  of  the  college,  for  his  trouble  in  making  out 
the  same. 

XV.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  right  of  the  said  college  to  confer 
degrees  shall  not  take  place  until  professors  shall  have  been  appointed,  and 
one  course  of  lectures  delivered  upon  the  several  branches  of  anatomy,  chem- 


i4  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

istry,  materia  medica,  and  the  practice  of  physic;  provided  that  nothing  in 
this  act  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit  the  said  regents  from  conferring  at 
any  time,  the  honorary  degrees  before  mentioned,  or  from  admitting  at  any 
time,  to  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine,  such  persons  as  may  be  appointed 
professors  in  the  college  on  their  performing  such  exercises  and  duties  as 
may  be  prescribed  b\  their  ordinances. 

XVI.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  until  further  arrangements  be  made 
by  the  regents  of  the  said  college,  John  B.  Davidge,  M.  D.,  and  James 
Cocke,  M.  D.,  shall  be  joint  professors  of  anatomy,  surgery  and  physiology, 
George  Brown,  M.  D.,  shall  be  professor  of  the  practice  and  theory  of 
medicine,  John  Shaw,  M.  D.,  shall  be  professor  of  chemistry,  Thomas  E. 
Bond,  M.  D.,  shall  be  professor  of  materia  medica,  and  William  Donald- 
son, M.  D.,  shall  be  professor  of  the  institutes  of  medicine;  and  the  said 
professors,  or  any  three  of  them,  shall  appoint  the  time  and  place  of  the  first 
meeting  of  the  regents  of  the  said  college,  giving  one  week's  notice  of  it  in 
two  newspapers  published  in  the  city  of  Baltimore. 

XVII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  all  students  who  matriculate  in  the 
said  college  previous  to  the  first  day  of  January,  and  attend  any  of  the  lec- 
tures therein  to  the  end  of  the  course,  shall  be  considered  as  having  com- 
pleted a  term. 

XVIII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  medical  and  chirurgical  faculty 
in  the  State  of  Maryland  shall  be  considered  as  the  patrons  and  visitors  of 
the  said  college,  and  their  president,  for  the  time  being,  shall  be  chancellor 
of  the  college;  and  the  medical  faculty  of  the  said  college  shall  give  into 
the  said  medical  and  chirurgical  faculty,  at  each  of  their  biennial  meetings, 
a  report  of  the  progress  of  learning  in  the  said  college,  and  of  such  other 
particulars  as  they  may  think  fit  to  communicate. 

XIX.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  in  case  at  any  time  hereafter  through 
oversight,  or  otherwise  through  misapprehension,  and  mistaken  construc- 
tion of  the  powers,  liberties  and  franchises,  in  this  charter  or  act  of  incor- 
poration granted,  or  intended  to  be  granted,  any  ordinance  should  be  made 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  15 

by  the  said  corporation  of  regents,  or  any  matter  done  and  transacted  by  the 
corporation  contrary  to  the  tenor  thereof,  all  such  ordinances,  acts  and 
doings,  shall  of  themselves  be  null  and  void,  yet  they  shall  not,  in  any  courts 
of  law,  or  by  the  general  assembly,  be  deemed,  taken,  interpreted  or  ad- 
judged, into  an  avoidance  or  forfeiture  of  this  charter  and  act  of  incorpora- 
tion, but  the  same  shall  be  and  remain  unhurt,  inviolate  and  entire,  unto  the 
said  corporation  of  regents,  in  perpetual  succession,  and  all  their  acts  con- 
formable to  the  powers,  true  intent  and  meaning  hereof,  shall  be  and  remain 
in  full  force  and  validity,  the  nullity  and  avoidance  of  such  acts  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding. 

XX.  And  bt  it  enacted,  That  this  charter  and  act  of  incorporation, 
and  every  part  thereof,  shall  be  good  and  available  in  all  things  in  the  law, 
according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  thereof,  and  shall  be  construed, 
reputed  and  adjudged,  in  all  cases  most  favorably  on  the  behalf,  and  for 
the  best  benefit  and  behoof  of,  the  said  regents  and  their  successors,  so  as 
most  effectually  to  answer  the  valuable  ends  of  this  act  of  incorporation, 
towards  the  general  advancement  and  promotion  of  medical  knowledge. 

It  will  be  noted  that  Drs.  Shaw,  Bond  and  Donaldson  are  credited  with 
having  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  this  act.  This  was  a  mistake, 
none  of  the  three  being  a  graduate,  and  no  such  title  was  applied  in  the 
draft  of  the  law  as  made  by  Dr.  Shaw.  But  while  the  clerk  was  reading 
the  bill,  a  member  recognized  a  friend  among  the  untitled,  and  interrupted 

him,  saying  that  "he  did  not  know  why  Dr.  should  not  as  well  be  an 

M.  D.  as  Dr. ,   and  Dr.  ,"  and  he  proposed  that  these  letters 

should  be  inserted  after  his  name.  No  objection  was  offered,  and  thus,  as 
was  facetiously  said,  all  three  became  Doctors  of  Medicine  by  Act  of  As- 
sembly*. 

In  perusing  this  interesting  document,  which  is  still  in  full  force,  by 
the  decision  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  the  State,  rendered  in  the  famous 


*Poems,  by  the  late  Dr.  John  Shaw,  to  which  is  prefixed  a  Biographical   sketch   of  the 
Author.     Phila.  and  Balto.,   1810. 


16  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

suit  in  1839,  the  most  remarkable  fact  which  strikes  ns  is  the  intimate  re- 
lationship provided  for  between  the  College  and  the  State  Faculty.  For 
example,  the  third  section  enacts  "That  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Medi- 
cal Examiners  for  the  State  for  the  time  being,  together  with  the  president 
and  the  professors  of  the  said  College,  and  their  successors,  shall  and  are 
hereby  declared  to  be,  one  community,  corporation  and  body  politic,  to  have' 
continuance  forever,  by  the  name  of  the  Regents  of  the  College  of  Medicine 
of  Maryland."  The  fourteenth  section  provides  that  every  licentiate  of  the 
board  of  examiners  who  shall  have  practiced  for  five  years  within  the  State, 
shall  be  entitled  to  a  surgeon's  certificate  from  the  College.  And  the 
eighteenth  sections  enacts  "That  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  in 
the  State  of  Maryland  shall  be  considered  as  the  patrons  and  visitors  of 
said  College,  and  their  president  for  the  time  being  shall  be  chancellor  of  the 
College;  and  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  said  College  shall  give  into  the 
said  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty,  at  each  of  their  biennial  meetings,  a 
report  of  the  progress  of  learning  in  the  said  College,  and  of  such  other 
particulars  as  they  may  think  fit  to  communicate."  It  will  be  noted  also, 
that  the  control  of  the  institution  rested  in  the  hands  of  the  State  Faculty, 
since  the  Board  of  Examiners  of  this  body,  twelve  in  number,  constituted  a 
majority  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  consisting  of  nineteen  persons.  The 
professors  and  lecturers  constituting  the  Faculty  of  the  College  are  ap- 
pointees of  the  Board  of  Regents.  There  are  many  points  of  interest  which 
will  appear  on  perusal  of  the  Act.  We  will  only  note  the  fact  that  two 
degrees,  Bachelor  and  Doctor,  are  to  be  conferred,  after  one  and  two  years' 
attendance,  respectively,  with  both  public  and  private  examinations,  and  in 
the  case  of  the  Doctor  a  thesis  also,  which  must  be  publicly  defended  on 
commencement  day. 

No  better  evidence  could  be  adduced  of  the  harmonious  relations  then 
existing  between  the  great  body  of  the  profession  as  represented  by  its  State 
Faculty  and  the  College,  nor  of  the  interest  and  fostering  care  with  which 
the  older  personally  superintended  the  birth  and  early  development  of  the 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  fill-:  INSTITUTION  17 

younger,  than  the  provisions  ot"  this  Act.     Theoretically,  the  relations  seem 
to  have  been  perfect,  but,  as  will  soon  appear,  they  were  not  to  be  permanent. 

A  charter  having  thus  been  secured,  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Re- 
gents was  called  for  organization  to  be  held  at  Dr.  Davidge's,  at  1  2  o'clock, 
December  28th,  1807.*  The  minutes  of  this  meeting,  which  marks  the 
birth  of  the  College,  are  preserved  for  us  in  the  same  paper'!'  and  are 
worthy  of  reproduction  in  full : 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Regents  of  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland, 
held  pursuant  to  an  Act  of  the  General  Assembly  for  Founding  a  Medical 
College  in  the  City  or  Precincts  of  Baltimore,  passed  December  1  8th,  1807, 
George  Brown,  M.  D.,  wis  unanimously  elected  President;  Solomon  Birck- 
head,  M.  D.,  was  unanimously  elected  Treasurer,  and  James  Cocke,  M.  D., 
Secretary.  After  these  elections  were  made,  the  Board  entered  into  the 
following  resolution : 

Resolved,  .That  the  appointments  by  the  General  Assembly  of  George 
Brown,  M.  D.,  to  the  Professorship  of  the  Practice  and  Theory  of  Medi- 
cine; of  John  B.  Davidge,  M.  D.,  and  of  James  Cocke,  M.  D.,  to  the  Joint 
Professorship  of  Anatomy,  Surgery  and  Physiology;  of  John  Shaw,  M.  D., 
to  the  Professorship  of  Chemistry;  of  Thomas  E.  Bond,  M.  D.,  to  the 
Professorship  of  Materia  Medica,  and  of  William  Donaldson,  M.  D., 
to  the  Professorship  of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine,  be  and  are  hereby  con- 
firmed. 

Dr.  Brown  having  resigned,  Nathaniel  Potter,  M.  D.,  was  elected  to 
the  Professorship  of  the  Practice  and  Theory  of  Medicine. 

The  Board  of  Regents  being  adjourned,  John  B.  Davidge,  M.  D.,  was 
elected  Dean  by  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Mary- 
land. 

James  Cocke,  M.  D.,  Secretary. 

The  Professors  of  Anatomy  and  Chemistry  have  commenced  their 
lectures. 


*Fed.  Gac,  Dec.  21. 
ild.  Dec.  30. 


is  UNIVERSITY  OF  M.lRYl.lND 

Thus,  within  four  days  of  the  new  year,  we  see  the  humble  parent  of 
our  University  springing  into  life,  amid  circumstances  far  from  auspicious. 
The  members  of  the  Faculty  were  without  building  or  funds,  and  they  had 
to  face  the  fact  that  the  public  were  hostile  to  the  teaching  of  practical 
anatomy.  But  seven  students  had  been  enrolled,  and  for  want  of  better 
accommodations  the  lectures  had  to  be  given  in  the  houses  of  the  professors. 

We  may  pause  a  few  moments  to  speak,  of  the  surroundings  of  the 
College  at  its  birth.  Baltimore  at  this  time  had  about  forty  thousand  in- 
habitants, and  was  growing  at  an  enormous  rate  in  both  population  and 
trade.  Although  the  latest  of  the  great  Atlantic  seaports  to  be  founded,  it 
was  the  third  in  size,  having  nearly  half  as  many  inhabitants  as  New  York 
and  Philadelphia.  It  was,  therefore,  well  entitled  to  claim  a  share  in  the 
educational  patronage  of  the  country.  The  College  was  the  sixth  to  be 
founded  in  the  State,  the  third  to  be  founded  in  the  city,  but  educational 
establishments  were  in  a  very  sorry  plight  in  Maryland  at  this  period.  The 
Legislature  had  just  withdrawn  its  appropriation  from  Washington  and 
St.  John's  Colleges,  crippling  those  institutions  for  many  years  to  come. 
Baltimore  College  had  not  yet  actually  begun.  The  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice 
had  only  about  a  dozen  pupils,  and  it  had  disappointed  its  projectors;  its 
college  department  (St.  Mary's  College)  was  looming  up,  however,  giving 
its  first  academic  degrees  in  the  summer  of  1806,  when  the  number  of  pupils 
amounted  to  over  one  hundred,  furnishing  almost  the  only  evidence  in  the 
State  of  growth  and  prosperity  in  educational  circles. 

At  this  period  there  were  only  four  medical  schools  in  the  United 
States.  In  the  order  of  their  founding,  they  were,  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, beginning  as  the  "Collegium  et  Academia  Philadelphiensis,"  in 
1765;  Harvard,  1782;  Dartmouth,  1798,  and  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  organized  in  May  of  this  same  year.  So  that 
our  College  ranks  fifth  in  point  of  age  of  existing  institutions,  and  is  there- 
fore one  of  the  oldest  on  the  continent. 

The  city  possessed  a  public  library,  founded  in  1796,  which  is  said  to 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  19 

have  "contained  no  inconsiderable  collection  of  books  upon  medical 
sciences."  There  were  three  hospitals — the  City  and  County  Almshouse, 
situated  at  the  head  of  Howard  street,  about  where  Madison  now  crosses 
it;  the  Marine  Hospital,  and  the  Baltimore,  or  Maryland  Hospital,  founded 
in  1798,  and  occupying  the  site  of  the  present  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital. 
The  last  named  was  at  this  time  and  for  many  years  afterward,  a  general 
hospital  for  the  treatment  of  the  sick  and  insane. 

It  has  been  said  that  Baltimore  was  built  upon  rocks  and  swamps.  At 
any  rate,  the  situation  was  hilly,  in  places  precipitous,  and  its  lower  parts 
were  subject  to  frequent  inundations.  Much  of  the  site  is  "made  ground." 
Jones'  Falls  then  ran  along  the  bottom  of  the  hill,  about  in  the  bed  of  Cal- 
vert street,  as  far  as  Saratoga,  where  it  turned  southeastward.  This  section 
was  known  as  the  "meadow."  As  might  be  supposed  malaria  was  rife,  and 
existed  in  its  worst  forms,  while  yellow  fever  was  almost  an  annual  visitant. 
Many  of  the  streets  were  narrow  and  crooked,  and  bore  names  which  sound 
strange  to  the  ears  of  the  present  inhabitants.  The  northern  limit  of  the 
city  was  "Howard's  Park,"  at  the  site  of  the  Washington  Monument,  where 
the  Revolutionary  hero,  Colonel  John  Eager  Howard,  resided.  The 
southern  was  at  Barre  street;  and  the  western  at  Greene  Street,  where  the 
University  buildings  now  stand.  The  Cathedral  had  just  been  begun  the 
year  before,  and  the  Battle  and  Washington  monuments  were  not  yet 
thought  of.  There  were  as  yet  no  gas  and  no  railroads.  As  indicating 
the  condition  of  the  medical  profession  about  this  time,  it  may  be  mentioned, 
that  of  the  two  hundred  and  forty-one  names  of  members  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  published  in  1807,  but  forty-three 
are  credited  with  degrees  in  medicine,  thirty-seven  of  these  being  M.  D. 
and  six  M.  B. 

George  Brown  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  where  he  was  born  in  17^5. 
He  was  a  Master  of  Arts  of  Glasgow  University,  and  a  Doctor  of 
Medicine  of  Edinburgh  University,  1779.  The  subject  of  his  gradua- 
tion thesis  was  "De  Cortice  Peruviana."      He  emigrated  to  Baltimore  in 


20  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

1783,  and  the  prevalence  of  a  severe  epidemic  in  the  town  favored  his  suc- 
cessful entree  into  practice.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  first  Medi- 
cal Society  in  Baltimore,  in  1788;  of  the  first  Public  Library,  in  1796;  of 
Baltimore  College,  in  1803,  and  of  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland, 
in  1807.  He  was  one  of  the  charter  Faculty  of  the  latter,  but  resigned  at 
the  first  meeting  of  the  Regents.  The  reasons  for  his  withdrawal  do  not 
appear,  but  that  he  was  not  unfriendly  to  the  projected  institution  is  shown 
by  his  acceptance  of  the  Presidency  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  a  position  which 
he  held  for  five  years.  He  seems  toi  have  had  no  aspirations  for  public 
honors  or  distinctions.  He  was  among  the  first,  if  not  the  first  (  1790),  to 
employ  mercury  in  the  treatment  of  acute  inflammations  especially  pneumo- 
nia.* The  importance  attached  to  the  discovery  of  the  supposed  "anti- 
phlogistic" effects  of  this  agent  and  the  influence  yvhich  it  excited  upon  subse- 
quent therapeutics,  can  scarcely  be  appreciated  at  this  time,  yvhen  the  method 
has  fallen  into  almost  complete  desuetude.  He  yvas  Consulting  Physician  to 
the  Baltimore  Hospital  in  1812.  He  died  in  Baltimore,  August  24,  1822. 
He  attained  to  the  highest  social  and  professional  rank,  and  yvas  an  enlight- 
ened and  public-spirited  citizen,  being  a  prominent  actor  in  almost  every 
enterprise,  medical,  literary  or  educational,  begun  during  his  residence  in  this 
city.  "His  grave  will  be  passed  by  many  a  poor  man  with  a  benediction  on 
his  memory,"  was  his  simple  but  significant  epitaph. 

Thus  modestly  and  unostentatiously  began  the  career  of  an  institution 
yvhich  for  a  hundred  years  has  never  ceased  to  fulfil  its  task  of  usefulness, 
and  yvhich  has  trained  and  sent  forth  a  large  proportion  of  the  physicians 
not  only  of  Maryland,  but  of  the  entire  country;  illy-provided,  it  is  true, 
for  the  tempestuous  voyage  before  it,  but  yvith  youth,  skill  and  energy  at 
the  helm  to  guide  it  on  to  more  prosperous  seas. 

The  course  of  instruction  during  the  first  session  was  not  a  complete 
one.  After  the  destruction  of  the  anatomical  theatre,  above  described, 
practical  anatomy  yvas  abandoned  for  a  time.  Drs.  Bond  and  Donaldson 
*Davidge.  "Physical  Sketches." 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  21 

were  compelled  by  ill-health  to  retire,  and  Dr.  Potter  did  not  begin  his 
course  until  the  following  year  (December,  1808).  Davidge,  Shaw  and 
Cocke  continued  their  instructions  at  their  houses.  Some  clinical  lectures 
were  early  given  at  the  almshouse.     The  class  numbered  but  seven. 

Some  time  early  in  1808  a  building  was  secured  standing  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Fayette  (then  called  "Chatham")  St.  and  McClellan's  alley, 
which  had  formerly  been  used  as  a  school  house,  but  had  been  tenantless 
for  several  years.  It  was  consequently  now  in  a  dilapidated  condition,  and 
afforded  but  partial  protection  from  the  weather.  This  structure,  repaired 
as  far  as  possible,  served  the  purposes  of  the  College  until  the  completion 
of  the  building  on  the  corner  of  Greene  and  Lombard  streets,  in  1  8  1 3 . 

Professor  Shaw  here  entered  zealously  upon  his  work,  and  soon  had  a 
very  respectable  laboratory.  But,  alas!  he  was  cut  down  almost  at  the  very 
beginning  of  what  promised  to  be  a  brilliant  career.  In  the  course  of  some 
experiments  which  he  carried  out  early  in  the  year,  and  which  occupied  an 
entire  night,  it  became  necessary  for  him  to  immerse  his  arms  frequently  in 
cold  water.  This  exposure  resulted  in  a  pleurisy  which  developed  rapidh 
into  pulmonary  consumption.  By  the  end  of  the  year,  he  was  compelled  by 
fast-failing  health  to  abandon  his  collegiate  work.  He  accordingly  took 
passage  on  a  sailing  vessel  for  Charleston,  and  there  re-embarked,  designing 
to  go  to  the  Bahamas.  He  died  before  reaching  his  destination,  a  martyr 
to  his  zeal  in  the  service  of  the  College. 

John  Shaw  was  born  at  Annapolis  May  4,  1778.  He  entered  St. 
John's  College  in  that  city  on  its  opening  in  1789  and  received  from  it  in 
1796  the  degree  of  A.  B.  Francis  Scott  Key,  the  author  of  the  "Star- 
Spangled  Banner,"  was  his  intimate  college  friend  and  associate.  He  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  John  Thomas  Shaaff,  of  Annapolis. 
In  1798,  while  attending  his  first  course  of  lectures  at  the  L'niversity  of 
Pennsylvania,  he  received  an  appointment  as  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Navy,  and  sailed  for  Algiers.  He  spent  about  a  year  and  a  half  in  North 
Africa,  holding  a  position  partly  medical  and  partly  consular.     While  there 


22  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

he  learned  to  speak  Arabic,  and  became  the  physician  of  the  Bey  of  Tunis, 
Secretary  of  Legation,  and  Charge  d' Affaires.  He  returned  home  in  the 
spring  of  1S00,  but  in  July,  1801,  again  left  America  to  continue  his  medi- 
cal studies  in  Edinburgh.  Early  in  1803,  before  he  had  obtained  his 
medical  degree  at  the  Scotch  University,  he  was  induced  to  go  to  Canada,  by 
the  Earl  of  Selkirk,  who  had  founded  a  colony  there.  He  remained  in  the 
Eail's  service  until  1805,  when  he  again  returned  to  Annapolis,  and  entered 
upon  practice  as  the  partner  of  his  preceptor.  In  February,  1807,  he  mar- 
ried and  moved  to  Baltimore,  where  he  assisted  in  founding  the  College  of 
Medicine,  as  already  described.  He  was  Treasurer  of  the  Medical 
;md  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  from  1807  to  1809.  He  died  at  sea, 
on  January  10th,  1809,  aged  thirty.  Dr.  Shaw  published  a  number  of 
poems,  and  left  a  manuscript  of  his  travels  in  Africa.  The  former  were 
collected  and  republished  in  a  volume  in  18 10,  preceded  by  a  biographical 
memoir.  His  prose  style  is  sprightly  and  entertaining;  his  poetry  is  chiefly 
sentimental  and  patriotic,  and  while  ambitious  neither  in  subject  nor  length, 
is  sweet  and  graceful. 

Thomas  Emerson  Bond  was  born  in  Baltimore,  in  February,  1782,  of 
parents  who  had  settled  in  Buckingham  County,  Virginia,  in  early  life. 
\fter  studying  medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  he  returned  to  , 
Baltimore  to  practice  that  profession.  He  was  offered  a  professorship  in 
the  College  of  Medicine,  but  his  health  prevented  him  from  discharging 
its  duties,  He  was  also  licensed  as  a  local  preacher  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal, Church,  which  he  had  joined  in  his  youth.  He  took  a  very  active  part 
in  the  discussions  upon  church  government  between  1820  and  1830,  which 
resulted  in  the  formation  of  the  Methodist  Protestant  communion.  He  had 
a  remarkably  acute  intellect  and  eminent  literary  ability,  writing  in  a  chaste, 
strong  and  nervous  style.  In  1827  he  published  "An  Appeal  to  the  Metho- 
dists," and  in  the  following  year,  "A  Narrative  and  Defense  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church."  In  1830-31  he  edited  The  Itinerant.  In 
1840  he  became  editor  of  the  leading  Methodist  organ.  The  Christian  Ad- 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  23 

vacate  and  Journal,  published  in  New  York  City,  retaining  the  position 
until  1848,  and  again  holding  it  from  1852  to  his  death,  "displaying  a  high 
order  of  editorial  skill  seldom  surpassed."  He  also  wrote  important  articles 
for  the  Methodist  Quarterly.  He  died  in  New  York  City,  March  14th, 
1856,  having  procured  by  his  zeal  and  ability  the  title  of  "Defender  of  the 
Church."  The  University  gave  him  its  honorary  M.  D.  in  18 19.  Dr. 
Bond  held  a  chair  in  Washington  Medical  College,  1832-35,  and  accord- 
ing to  Quinan  was  also  a  member  of  the  City  Council,  and  President  of  the 
Board  of  Health. 

William  Donaldson  was  born  in  Calvert  County,  Md.,  in  1778.  He 
received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  at  St.  John's  College,  in  1798.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Dr.  Miles  Littlejohn,  of  Baltimore,  and  attended  the  course  in  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1802-03.  He  assisted  in  founding  the 
College  of  Medicine  in  1807,  being  assigned  to  the  chair  of  Institutes,  but 
resigned  on  account  of  his  health  in  1808.  He  suffered  at  this  time  from 
an  affection  of  the  chest,  from  which  he  got  relief  after  visiting  the  West 
Indies.  He  married  Miss  Catherine  Weatherburn,  of  Baltimore,  in  1815, 
by  whom  he  had  one  son,  named  after  his  preceptor,  and  one  daughter.  He 
was  made  an  Honorary  M.  D.,  by  the  University,  in  1818.  He  was  asso- 
ciated in  practice,  first  with  Dr.  Miles  Littlejohn,  and  from  1830  on  with 
Dr.  Richard  S.  Steuart.  He  was  President  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Balti- 
more in  1822-23.  He  was  very  expert  in  physical  diagnosis,  and  his  interest 
in  his  profession  continued  to  the  end.  It  is  said  that  he  had  Dr.  Duncan 
Turnbull,  the  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  at  the  University,  to  come  and 
dissect  before  him  when  he  was  unable  to  sit  up.  Dr.  Donaldson  was  the 
author  of  only  two  short  articles  on  "Ascites"  and  "Epidemics."  He  died 
of  pulmonary  consumption,  at  Baltimore,  January  16,  1835,  aged  fifty- 
seven.* 

During  the  second  session  ( 1808-09)  the  number  of  the  class  increased 


*See  "Memoir  by  William  N.  Baker,"  Md.  Med.  and  Surg.  //.,  TS40.  See  also  Quinan's 
"Annals  of  Baltimore."  He  was  no  relation  to  Dr.  Francis  Donaldson,  altho  his  daughter 
married  a  brother  of  the  latter. 


24  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

to  ten.  The  expenses  were  borne  equally  by  the  members  of  the  Faculty.  The 
Professors  of  Institutes  and  Practice  lectured  in  a  ballroom  on  Commerce 
street,  the  use  of  which  was  tendered  by  the  proprietor  from  I  2  to  2  o'clock 
daily  during  the  session.  The  vacancy  in  the  chairs  of  Chemistry  and 
Materia  Medica  were  filled  in  1809  by  the  appointments,  respectively,  of 
Doctors  Elisha  De  Butts  and  Samuel  Baker.  No  successor  was  appointed 
to  Professor  Donaldson,  the  duties  of  whose  chair  were  probably  performed 
by  Professor  Davidge.  With  regard  to  this  branch,  much  importance  was 
attached  to  it  by  both  Davidge  and  Potter.  "They  came  to  the  conclusion," 
says  the  latter,t  that  the  science  of  medicine  could  not  be  successfully 
taught  under  the  usual  organization  of  medical  schools;  that  without  the 
aids  of  physiology  and  pathology,  either  associated  with  anatomy  or  as  a 
separate  chair  of  institutes,  the  philosophy  of  the  body  in  sickness  or  in 
health  could  not  be  understood.  This  formed  the  basis  of  our  scheme,  and 
the  ground  on  which  we  erected  a  school." 

During  the  winter  of  1809-10  the  same  apartments  were  occupied,  and 
the  class  had  increased  to  eighteen.  The  first  public  Commencement  was 
held  in  April,  1810,  when  degrees  were  conferred  on  five  graduates.*  The 
names  of  these  graduates  are  unknown.  It  is  fair  under  the  circumstances, 
however,  to  conclude  that  thev  were  among  those  gentlemen  who  were 
licensed  by  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  to  practice  in  June,  and 
we  may  conjecture  that  their  names  were  Francis  Cooksey,  George  T. 
Gunby,  James  Orrick,  William  H.  Dorsey,  and  either  Robert  W.  Arm- 
strong or  Handy  Harris  Irving.  There  is  much  difficulty  in  reaching  a 
conclusion  on  this  point,  which  is  one  of  some  interest,  but  on  a  careful  study 
of  the  list  of  names  of  licentiates  of  18 10,  given  in  the  Treasurer's  report, 
we  feel  warranted  in  eliminating  all  but  these  six. 

In  April,  181  1,  there  were  ten  graduates.  Probably  some  of  these 
licentiates  of  181 1  were  among  these  graduates:  Robert  Dawson,  Stanislaus 


TSoiuc  Account  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  University  of   Maryland,  Pamph,   183'i 
*Potter.   op.    cit.     This   is  the   only  mention  of  this  commencement  which  I  have  seen. 
The  first  mention  of  one  outside  Potter's  sketch  is  that  in  the  American  of  May  7,  1S12. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTIO  V  25 

Coomes,  Benjamin  J.  Semmes,  William  N.  Luckey,  Charles  D.  Bruce,  Jona- 
than Waters  (  ?),  John  Shaaff  Stockett  (  ?),  Henry  Stonestreet  (  ?).  The 
five  graduates  of  181 2  {American,  May  7.)  were  John  O'Connor,  of 
Baltimore;  Charles  L.  Snyder,  of  Hampshire  County,  Virginia;  Henry 
Curtis,  of  Richmond,  Virginia;  Corbin  Amos,  of  Harford  County,  Mary- 
land, and  Thomas  D.  Jones,  of  Somerset  County,  Maryland.  These  names 
are  also  given  in  Potter's  "Baltimore  Medical  and  Philosophical  Lyceum," 
vol.  1,  No.  4,  1  812. 

I  cannot  pass  over  the  year  181  1  without  some  allusion  to  one  who 
lectured  then  in  the  College,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  men  ever  connected 
with  it.  I  refer  to  Dr.  John  Crawford.  In  November,  181  1,  he  began  a 
course  of  lectures  at  the  College  on  "The  Cause,  Seat  and  Cure  of  Disease," 
which  enunciated  views  that  sounded  strange  to  the  ears  of  the  students  and 
his  colleagues,  but  have  become  familiar  enough  to  ours.  The  first  lecture 
was  published,  and  is  extant.  From  his  studies  in  Natural  History,  which 
was  a  favorite  branch  with  him,  Dr.  Crawford  was  convinced  that  that 
large  class  of  diseases  produced  by  infection  arose  from  the  entrance  of 
living  germs,  within  the  body,  each  disease  having  its  special  germ, 
just  as  each  plant  has  its  seed.  With  an  insatiable  desire  for 
further  light  he  ranged  over  the  whole  kingdom  of  nature,  animal  and 
vegetable,  and  he  found  everywhere  proofs  of  the  existence  of  parasitism. 
One  can  reason,  he  savs,  from  the  known  to  the  unknown,  and  enough  was 
even  then  known  to  show  that  there  were  organisms  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
observation  of  those  times,  which  were  prolific  sources  of  fatal  epidemic 
and  endemic  diseases.  Some  day,  he  says  prophetically,  these  germs  will 
be  discovered.  He  points  out  how  this  theory  threw  light  into  a  territory 
then  all  darkness,  how  it  systematized  knowledge,  and  gave  encouragement 
and  direction  to  human  effort.  Nor  did  he  stop  there;  he  utilized  his  theory 
in  the  prevention  and  treatment  of  disease.  The  destruction  of  the  germ 
was,  in  his  view,  the  therapeutic  end  of  all  effort.  What  a  grand  siu;hr. 
this,  of  a  genius  struggling  sixty  years  ahead  of  his  time  to  convince  men  ol 


26  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  truth.  We  can  hardly  blame  them  for  rejecting  his  teachings  as  vision- 
ary and  erratic,  tor  their  eyes  were  blinded.  So  he  struggles  on  vainly,  im- 
pelled by  the  promptings  of  his  conscience,  and  there  is  evidence  that  his 
unceasing  advocacy  of  this  theory  led  men  to  look  upon  him  askant,  and 
militated  against  his  professional  success.  An  abler  man  probably  than  any 
of  his  day,  he  was  debarred  by  prejudice  and  ignorance  from  that  place  in 
the  Faculty  which  he  would  have  adorned. 

In  November,  1812,  he  began  another  course  on  Natural  History,  on 
Hanover  street,  continued  later  on  Commerce  street.  This  course  was  also 
under  the  auspices  of  the  College,  and  was  to  have  been  given  at  the  build- 
ing on  Lombard  street,  but  it  was  not  sufficiently  advanced  at  the  time  for 
occupation.  The  title  of  the  chair  which  he  held  from  the  Regents  was 
"Lecturer  on  Natural  History."  He  was  soon  compelled  to  abandon  this 
course,  but  we  are  left  in  the  dark  for  the  reason  for  its  discontinuance. 

Dr.  John  Crawford  was  the  son  of  a  minister,  and  was  born  in  the 
north  of  Ireland,  May  3,  1746.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Leyden.  He 
then  made  two  voyages  to  the  East  Indies  as  surgeon  in  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's service.  In  1779  he  went  to  the  Island  of  Barbadoes  as  surgeon  and 
agent  to  the  Naval  Hospital  there.  In  1 78 1  bad  health  compelled  his  return 
to  England.  During  the  voyage  his  wife  died,  leaving  to  him  the  care  of 
two  infant  children.  Having  recovered,  he  returned  to  Barbadoes,  but  in 
1790  he  removed  to  Demerara,  having  been  appointed  surgeon-major  there 
by  the  Dutch.  A  large  military  hospital  now  afforded  him  a  wide  field  for 
observation,  and  it  was  at  this  time  that  he  conceived  those  ideas  regarding 
the  causes  of  disease  which  he  afterwards  enunciated  in  his  lectures  and 
writings.  In  1794  his  health  again  gave  way,  and  he  returned  to  England 
and  Holland.  In  1796  he  arrived  in  Baltimore,  which  thenceforth  for 
seventeen  years  was  the  scene  of  his  mature  life-work.  He  was  instrumental 
in  the  founding  of  many  important  institutions  here  as  the  penitentiary,  the 
Maryland  Society  for  Promoting  Useful  Knowledge,  the  Baltimore  General 


JOHN    CRAWFORD,    M.    1>. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  29 

Dispensary,  the  Hibernian  Benevolent  Society,  the  Bible  Society,  and  the 
Baltimore  Library.  He  employed  vaccine  virus  here  in  the  summer  of  1800, 
which  was  contemporaneously  with  its  introduction  into  Boston  by  Water- 
house,  who  has  received  the  credit  for  its  first  use  in  this  country.  He  was 
grand  master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons  of  Maryland  from  1801  to 
his  death  in  18  13.  He  held  several  offices  in  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty,  and  was  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Board  of  Health  and  Cit\ 
Hospital.  He  was  a  large  contributor  to  the  Baltimore  Observer,  1806-07, 
and  to  the  Medical  and  Physical  Recordir,  1808-09,  the  first  medical  jour- 
nal published  in  Maryland.  He  also  left  many  writings  in  manuscript;  one 
of  these,  on  "The  Climate  of  the  Tropics,"  has  lately  been  discovered  and 
reviewed  by  the  present  writer.  Dr.  Crawford  died  at  his  residence,  corner 
of  Hanover  and  German  streets,  after  a  short  and  acute  illness,  Mav  9th, 
1 8 13.  His  remains  were  interred  in  the  Presbyterian  burying  ground, 
corner  Fayette  and  Greene  streets,  and  a  monument  was  erected  over  them 
there  by  the  Masons. 

In  1 8 1 2  the  Faculty  received  some  very  important  accessions  to  its 
number.  Dr.  William  Gibson,  a  native  of  Baltimore,  had  recently  returned 
from  Edinburgh,  and  the  hospitals  of  London,  with  a  brilliant  record.  His 
operation  upon  the  common  iliac  artery  during  the  summer  of  this  year 
added  much  to  his  renown,  and  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Surgery  in  the 
College.  Dr.  Richard  Wilmot  Hall  was  made  Adjunct  Professor  of  Ob- 
stetrics, to  which  were  added  next  year  the  Diseases  of  Women  and  Chil- 
dren. Professor  Davidge  now  devoted  his  attention  to  Obstetrics  and  the 
Institutes,  while  Professor  Cocke  continued  in  charge  of  Anatomy. 

The  want  of  a  suitable  building  for  the  purposes  of  the  College  had 
been  painfully  felt  from  the  first,  and  the  ways  and  means  for  securing  it  had 
been  frequently  and  anxiously  discussed.  There  was  no  available  structure 
in  the  city  that  was  suitable  for  use.  It  was  necessary,  therefore,  to  build, 
and  the  only  way  in  which  this  could  be  done  was  by  the  help  of  a  lottery. 
Lotteries  were  the  favorite  resort  in  almost  every  enterprise  of  the  day.     It 


3o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

is  astonishing  to  how  many  and  varied  objects  they  were  made  to  contribute. 
Not  only  public  but  private  enterprises  also  were  set  on  foot  through  their 
agency.  Among  their  uses  were  the  erection  of  monuments,  the  building  of 
market-houses,  engine-houses,  academies,  colleges,  preachers'  houses, 
Masonic  and  other  public  halls,  and  bridges,  the  erection,  repair  and  en- 
largement of  hospitals  and  churches,  the  finishing  of  steeples,  the  construc- 
tion of  wharves  and  pumps,  the  purchase  of  fire-engines,  alarm-bells  and 
town-clocks,  the  cutting  and  opening  of  roads  and  canals,  the  straightening 
and  paving  of  streets,  the  improvement  of  the  navigation  of  rivers,  and  the 
preservation  and  distribution  of  vaccine  virus.  These  lotteries  abound  in 
the  legislative  enactments  of  the  State  from  the  beginning  of  the  century 
on  to  near  its  middle.  They  were  a  source  of  large  revenue  to  the  State, 
and  were  very  popular — with  legislators,  because  they  supplied  the  means 
of  carrying  on  the  government  without  the  necessity  of  direct  taxation;  with 
the  people,  because  they  enabled  them  to  raise  money  for  their  various  en- 
terprises without  forced  contributions,  and  with  the  incentive  of  a  possible 
prize. 

The  first  Act  authorizing  the  drawing  of  a  lottery  for  the  benefit  of  the 
College  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  on  January  20th,  180S.  It  names 
Colonel  John  Eager  Howard,  James  McHenry,  James  Calhoun,  Charles 
Ridgely,  of  Hampton,  William  Gwynn,  John  Comegys,  Charles  A.  War- 
field,  John  Crawford,  Solomon  Birckhead,  John  B.  Davidge  and  Ennals 
Martin  as  commissioners  to  prepare  a  scheme  for  raising  a  sum  not  exceed- 
ing $40,000.  They  were  required  to  give  bond  for  twice  this  amount,  to 
pay  the  prizes  within  six  months  after  the  drawing  began,  and  to  pay  over 
the  balance,  after  deducting  expenses,  to  the  Board  of  Regents.  This  com- 
mission made  but  little  progress  with  the  work  entrusted  to  it,  and  at  the 
next  session  a  supplement  was  passed  authorizing  the  Regents  to  appoint 
other  commissioners  in  place  of  those  who  had  neglected  to  comply  with  the 
provisions  of  the  Act.  Dr.  Cocke  now  assumed  charge,  and  finally  placed 
the  enterprise  upon  a  successful  financial  footing.     To  him,  according  to 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  31 

Professor  Potter,*  was  chiefly  due  the  credit  of  raising  the  means  for  carry- 
ing on  the  work  of  the  College,  and  for  erecting  the  Lombard  street  building. 

Other  Acts  relating  to  the  University  lottery  were  passed  during  the 
sessions  of  181 1,  18 13,  1  S 1 6,  18  19,  1820,  1826  and  1827.  That  of  18 13 
authorizes  the  raising  of  $30,000.  "to  be  paid  to  the  members  of  the  Faculty 
of  Physic  therein,  and  to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  balance  due  on 
their  lot  and  edifice,  to  the  purchase  and  support  of  a  botanic  garden,  a 
library,  and  other  necessary  apparatus."  By  the  Act  of  18  16,  the  amount 
was  raised  to  $100,000  (making  $140,000  in  all),  $50,000  of  which  was 
to  be  used  for  chemical  and  scientific  apparatus  and  anatomical  preparations, 
the  balance  to  pay  off  the  debts  of  the  institution  and  to  build  and  furnish  the 
buildings. t  The  State  was  paid  taxes  on  all  the  drawings.  In  time,  it  was 
found  that  the  scheme  for  raising  revenues  by  lotteries  was  interfered  with 
by  the  privileges  granted  the  University,  and  the  Legislature  determined  to 
put  an  end  to  the  latter.  Accordingly,  a  conference  was  held  with  a  com- 
mittee of  the  Trustees,  as  a  result  of  which  the  Act  of  1827,  chapter  198, 
was  passed,  which  provides  that  the  balance  of  the  privilege  remaining  to 
be  realized,  amounting  to  $40,946,  should  be  paid  to  the  University  from 
the  State  Treasury  by  annual  installments  of  $5,000,  instead  of  by  successive 
lottery  drawings. i 

As  we  learn,  however,§  nothing  was  derived  from  the  lottery  until 
after  the  College  became  a  University,  and  the  expenses  were  meanwhile 
borne  by  the  members  of  the  Faculty,  who  made  themselves  personally  re- 
sponsible for  the  debts  incurred.  Loans  from  banks  and  individuals  were 
effected,  and  we  find  acknowledgment  of  help  and  encouragement  received 
from  a   number  of  prominent  and  public-spirited   citizens,   and   especially 


*loc.  cit. 

tAccording  to  the  joint  memorial  of  the  Trustees  to  the  Legislature  in  1830,  the  amount 
actually  realized  from  the  lotteries  up  to  1830  was  $77,000. 

^Report  of  Joint  Committee  of  Legislature  on  Memorial  of  Regents  of  University  of 
Man-land,  1839.  This  committee  says  that  the  lotteries  could  not  be  considered  a>  funds  ad- 
vanced by  the  state  or  as  endowment.  They  were  actually  only  to  be  regarded  as  dis- 
pensations from  penalties  under  the  prohibitory  lottery  law." 

%idem. 


32  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Colonel  John  Eager  Howard,  Robert  Oliver,  Robert  Gilmor  and  John  and 
David  Hoffman. 

The  purchase  of  the  lot  on  the  north-east  corner  of  Lombard  and 
Greene  streets,  from  Colonel  Howard,  at  "a  merely  nominal  amount,"  has 
been  already  referred  to,  and  is  one  instance  of  the  liberality  of  that  distin- 
guished citizen.  The  contract  with  Colonel  Howard  was  signed  by  several 
of  the  Professors  of  the  College,  who  made  themselves  individually  respon- 
sible for  the  amount  of  the  purchase  money,  and  the  deed  for  the  lot  was 
recorded  "as  a  deed  to  them  in  trust  for  the  Regents  of  the  University, 
whenever  they  should  be  reimbursed."*  The  amount  asked  was  $10,000. 
No  security  was  demanded,  and  there  was  no  limitation  as  to  time  of  pay- 
ment.t  Colonel  Howard  contributed  $1,000  of  the  purchase  money,  and 
the  balance,  amounting  with  interest  to  about  $1 1,000,  was  paid  to  him  in 
full. 

The  plan  for  the  erection  of  a  building  upon  this  lot  was  entrusted  to  Mr. 
R.  Cary  Long,  an  eminent  architect,  to  whom  Baltimore  is  indebted  for  so 
manv  of  her  handsomest  and  most  enduring  edifices.  In  accordance  with 
his  plan,  an  imposing  structure  was  erected,  modeled  upon  classical  lines, 
which,  still  after  nearly  a  century,  attracts  the  notice  of  all  beholders,  and  in 
its  massive  proportions  seems  destined  to  endure  for  centuries.  The  style 
of  architecture  is  that  so  common  at  that  day,  and  seen  in  many  of  Balti- 
mores'  buildings — the  Cathedral,  the  Universalis!  Church,  the  McKim 
School,  the  old  Masonic  Temple,  some  of  the  churches,  banks,  etc.  Mr. 
Long  selected  the  Pantheon  at  Rome  for  his  model,];  and  it  may  well,  there- 
fore, have  excited  the  pride  and  admiration  of  Faculty  and  citizens,  for  it 
was  at  the  time  of  its  erection,  without  doubt,  the  finest  structure  devoted  to 


*M.  S.  Records,  Statement  of  Professor  Hall. 

fOpinion  of  Counsel.  Ma\  21,  [826,  and  Potter,  op.  cil. 
Pantheon  {pan,  all.  theos,  god),  a  celebrated  temple  at  Rome,  built  in  27  B.  C.  by 
Marcus  Agrippa.  It  is  a  large  edifice  of  brick,  built  in  circular  form,  with  a  portico  of  lofty 
columns.  It  has  the  finest  dome  in  the  world  (  142  r-2  feet  internal  diameter,  143  feet  internal 
height)  and  its  portico  is  almost  equally  celebrated.  It  is  now  a  church  and  is  known  as 
Santa  Maria  Rotonda.  Raffael  and  other  famous  men  are  buried  within  its  walls. — Twen- 
tieth Century  Cyclopaedia. 


- 


OLDEST   OF   THE  TWO  ORIGINAL    UNIVERSITY    PICTURES.    PROBABLY    FROM    ARCHITECTS 

DRAWING,    l8l2. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  3$ 

medical  education  to  be  found  in  the  New  World.  It  stood  almost  alone,  at 
the  extreme  "western  precincts,"  and  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  ob- 
jects in  the  city.  The  following  description  is  given  of  it  in  the  fall  of  1 8  1 5  : 
"I  he  splendid  edifice  which  constitutes  the  Medical  College,  as  the  centre 
from  which  the  other  departments  are  to  diverge,  stands  on  Lombard  street, 
extended,  in  the  western  end  of  the  city.  It  is  constructed  on  the  plan  of  the 
(old)  Pantheon  at  Rome.  The  front  faces  on  the  Washington  road,  com- 
manding an  extensive  prospect  down  the  Patapsco  and  Chesapeake.  The 
grandeur  of  the  exterior  of  the  building  does  not  excell  the  internal  con- 
venience of  the  apartments.  The  anatomical  theatre,  with  its  necessary 
appendages,  is  as  extensive  and  appropriate  as  those  of  any  of  the  European 
Schools.  The  lecturing  room  alone  is  capable  of  containing  twelve  hun- 
dred persons  with  convenience.  The  chemical  hall,  immediately  below,  is 
but  little  inferior;  it  will  accommodate  about  a  thousand,  a  part  of  its  area 
being  taken  off  by  the  laboratory  and  necessary  apparatus.  The  apparatus 
is  complete,  accommodated  to  the  taste  and  views  of  the  learned  professor. "f 

According  to  Professor  Potter*  the  corner  stone  was  laid  with  due 
ceremony  on  April  7,  181  1,  and  it  was  the  expectation  of  the  Faculty  that  it 
would  be  ready  for  occupancy  at  the  opening  of  the  session  of  1812-13. 
Although  this  hope  was  not  realized,  it  was  so  far  advanced  as  to  be  partially 
tenantable  during  that  session,  and  some  of  the  lectures  were  given  in  it. 

R.  Cary  Long  was  born  in  Maryland,  in  1772.  His  father  dying,  he 
early  left  home  and  came  to  Baltimore,  where  he  apprenticed  himself  to  a 
carpenter.  He  here  rose  to  the  highest  distinction  as  an  architect.  To  him 
our  city  owes  the  introduction  of  gas,  being  second  only  to  London  in  utiliz- 
ing this  method  of  illumination.  He  aided  also  in  its  introduction  into 
Boston  and  Philadelphia.  Among  the  buildings  erected  under  his  super- 
vision, besides  the  College,  were  the  second  St.  Paul's  Church,  destroyed  by 


f'Viator,"  Niks'  Weekly  Register,  Sept.  15.  [815. 
top.  cit. 


36  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

fire  in  1854,  the  Holliday  street  Theatre,  also  burned  down  in  1873,  the 
old  City  Hall,  on  Holliday  street,  St.  Peter's  Church,  on  South  Sharp  street, 
the  Baltimore  Library,  Mechanics',  Patapsco  and  Union  banks,  Patapsco 
Institute,  the  Court  House,  the  old  jail,  and  numerous  private  residences. 
The  McKim  schoolhouse,  corner  of  Baltimore  and  Aisquith  streets,  which  is 
considered  a  gem  of  classic  architecture,  was  designed  either  by  him  or  his 
son.  His  latter  years  were  given  up  mostly  to  civil  engineering,  and  the 
laying  out  of  Canton,  a  suburb  of  Baltimore,  was  his  last  work.  He  died 
in  1835,  at  the  age  of  sixty-three,  beloved  and  honored  by  all,  and  his  re- 
mains were  interred  in  St.  Paul's  graveyard,  at  Lombard  and  Fremont 
avenue.  He  left  a  son  of  the  same  name,  who  was  also  a  distinguished 
architect.* 

The  idea  of  engrafting  a  University  upon  the  Medical  College  seems  to 
have  been  first  conceived  about  the  time  the  building  was  commenced,  but  we 
are  not  informed  who  suggested  it.  This  was  not  the  first  time,  as  we  have 
seen,  that  such  a  thought  had  been  entertained.  But  the  "University"  of 
1784,  from  which  so  much  had  been  expected,  by  the  promotion  of  uniform- 
ity of  manners  and  joint  efforts  for  the  advancement  of  literature  between 
the  two  Shores,  had  not  gotten  beyond  the  charter  stage,  and  the  Legislature 
seemed  to  have  given  it  its  coup  de  grace  in  1806  by  withdrawing  all  funds 
from  its  constituent  colleges.  This  failure  and  the  investiture  in  1 805  of 
the  Catholic  Seminary  with  University  rank,  doubtless  had  their  influence 
in  the  expansion  of  the  College  of  Medicine  into  a  University.  A  memorial 
for  the  passage  of  an  act  to  found  a  University  bearing  the  name  of  the 
State  was  presented  to  the  Legislature  by  the  President  and  Professors  of  the 
College,  with  the  approval  and  advice  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  and  the  Act 
was  passed  December  29,  18  12.  It  is  as  follows: 
An  Act  for  founding  an  University  in  the  city  or  precincts  of 

Baltimore,  by  the  name  of  the  University  of  Maryland. 

Whereas,  public  institutions  for  the  promotion  and  diffusion  of  scien- 

*American  Architect  and  Building  News,  June  24,  1876;  sketch  of  him  by  his  grandson. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  37 

tific  and  literary  knowledge,  under  salutary  regulations,  cannot  fail  to  pro- 
duce the  most  beneficial  results  to  the  State  at  large,  by  instilling  into  the 
minds  and  hearts  of  the  citizens  the  principles  of  science  and  good  morals; 
and 

Whereas,  it  appears  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland  that  this 
desirable  end  would  be  much  advanced  by  the  establishment  of  an  university 
in  the  city  or  precincts  of  Baltimore;  therefore 

I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the 
college  for  the  promotion  of  medical  knowledge,  by  the  name  of  The  Col- 
lege of  Medicine  of  Maryland,  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  authorized  to  con- 
stitute, appoint  and  annex  to  itself  the  other  three  colleges  or  faculties,  viz.: 
The  Faculty  of  Divinity,  The  Faculty  of  Law  and  The  Faculty  of  the  Arts 
and  Sciences;  and  that  the  four  faculties  or  colleges,  thus  united,  shall  be, 
and  they  are  hereby,  constituted  an  University,  by  the  name  and  under  the 
title  of  The  University  of  Maryland. 

II.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  University  shall  be  founded  and 
maintained  forever  upon  the  most  liberal  plan,  for  the  benefit  of  students  of 
every  country  and  every  religious  denomination,  who  shall  be  freely  admitted 
to  equal  privileges  and  advantages  of  education,  and  to  all  the  honors  of  the 
University,  according  to  their  merit,  without  requiring  or  enforcing  any 
religious  or  civil  test,  urging  their  attendance  upon  any  particular  plan  of 
religious  worship  or  service,  nor  shall  any  preference  be  given  in  the  choice 
of  a  Provost,  Professor,  Lecturer,  or  other  officer  of  the  said  University,  on 
account  of  his  particular  religious  professions,  but  regard  shall  be  solely  had 
to  his  moral  character  and  other  necessary  qualifications  to  fill  the  place  for 
which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

III.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  members  of  the  said  four  faculties, 
together  with  the  provost  of  said  University,  and  their  successors,  shall  be 
and  are  herebv  declared  to  be  one  corporation  and  body  politic,  to  have  con- 
tinuance forever,  by  the  name  and  style  of  the  "Regents  of  the  University 
of  Maryland";  and  by  that  name  shall  be,  and  are  hereby  made  able  and 


38  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

capable  in  law,  of  enjoying  to  themselves  and  their  successors,  in  fee,  or  for 
any  lesser  estate,  any  lands,  tenements,  hereditaments,  annuities,  provisions, 
goods,  chattels  and  effects,  of  what  kind,  nature  and  quality  whatsoever,  and 
by  whomsoever  given,  granted,  bargained,  sold,  aliened,  enfeoffed,  released, 
confirmed  or  devised,  and  the  same  to  grant,  devise,  alienate  or  dispose  of  in 
such  manner  as  they  shall  judge  most  promotive  of  the  interests  of  said 
University. 

IV.  ■  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  and  their  successors, 
shall  be  able  in  law  to  sue  and  be  sued,  plead  and  be  impleaded,  answer 
and  be  answered  in  any  court  or  courts,  before  any  judge  or  judges,  justice  or 
justices,  within  the  State,  and  elsewhere,  in  all  and  all  manner  of  suits,  pleas, 
cases  and  demands,  of  whatever  kind,  nature  or  form  they  be,  and  to  do  all 
and  every  other  matter  and  thing  hereby  contemplated  to  be  done,  in  as  full 
and  effectual  a  manner  as  any  other  person  or  persons,  bodies  corporate  or 
politic,  in  like  cases  may  or  can  do. 

V.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  yearly  value  of  the  messuages,  houses, 
lands,  tenements,  rents,  annuities,  hereditaments  or  other  property,  real  or 
personal,  of  said  University  (exclusive  of  the  lot  and  buildings  occupied  by 
the  said  University),  shall  not  exceed  one  hundred  thousand  dollars;  and 
all  gifts  or  donations  to  the  said  University,  after  the  yearly  value  of  their 
estates  shall  amount  to  an  hundred  thousand  dollars  as  aforesaid,  and  all 
bargains  and  purchases  to  be  made  by  the  said  University,  which  may  in- 
crease the  yearly  value  of  said  estates  above  or  beyond  the  sum  aforesaid 
shall  be  absolutely  void  and  of  no  effect. 

VI.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  and  their  successors  shall 
have  full  power  and  authority  to  have,  make  and  use  one  common  and  public 
seal,  and  likewise  one  privy  seal,  with  such  devices  and  inscriptions  as  they 
shall  think  proper,  and  to  ascertain,  fix  and  regulate  the  uses  of  both  seals, 
by  their  own  laws;  and  the  same  seals,  or  either  of  them,  to  change,  break, 
alter  and  renew  at  their  pleasure. 

VII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  said  regents  shall  have  full  power 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTIOh  .59 

and  authority  to  appoint  a  provost  of  the  said  University,  who  shall  preside 
at  their  meetings,  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  hy  the  said  regents 
be  assigned  to  him,  and  in  his  absence  to  appoint  a  vice-provost,  who  shall 
always  be  one  of  their  own  body. 

VIII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  mode  of  constituting  and  appoint- 
ing the  professors  and  lecturers  of  the  different  branches  of  physic,  divinity, 
law  and  the  arts  and  sciences,  shall  be  as  follows:  Each  of  the  faculties  shall 
possess  the  power  of  appointing  its  own  professors  and  lecturers;  and  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  professors  and  lecturers  of  the  different  branches 
aforesaid,  to  instruct  the  students  of  the  said  University  by  delivering  regular 
lectures  on  their  respective  branches. 

IX.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  each  faculty  shall  be  capable  of  choos- 
ing its  own  dean,  and  of  exercising  such  powers  and  authorities  as  the  regents 
of  said  University  and  their  successors  shall  by  their  ordinances  delegate  to 
them,  for  the  instruction,  discipline  and  government  of  the  said  institution, 
and  of  all  students,  officers  and  servants  belonging  to  the  same:  Provided, 
That  nothing  be  done  in  virtue  of  this  contrary  to  the  constitution  of  this 
State  or  to  the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 

X.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  professors  now  appointed  and  author- 
ized in  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland,  and  their  successors,  shall 
constitute  the  Faculty  of  Physic;  that  the  professor  of  theology,  together 
with  six  ordained  ministers  of  any  religious  society  or  denomination,  and 
their  successors,  shall  form  and  constitute  the  Faculty  of  Divinity;  that  the 
professor  of  law,  together  with  six  qualified  members  of  the  bar,  and  their 
successors,  shall  form  and  constitute  the  Faculty  ot  Law;  and  that  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  arts  and  sciences,  together  with  three  of  the  principals  of  any 
three  academies  or  colleges  of  this  State,  and  their  successors,  shall  form 
and  constitute  the  Faculty  of  the  .Arts  and  Sciences. 

XI.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  suit!  regents  and  their  successors, 
shall  meet  at  least  once  a  year,  in  stated  annual  meetings,  to  be  appointed  by 
their  own  ordinances,  and  at  such  other  times  as  by  their  ordinances  the\ 


40  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

may  direct,  in  order  to  examine  into  all  matters  touching  the  discipline  of  the 
institution,  and  the  good  and  wholesome  execution  of  their  laws;  and  that  the 
said  regents,  when  duly  assembled,  shall  have  full  power  and  authority  to 
make  their  own  rules  of  proceeding,  and  to  make  fundamental  regulations 
for  the  government  and  discipline  of  the  University,  in  all  which  meetings 
a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  regents  shall  be  a  quorum  to  do  any 
business,  except  to  vacate  the  seat  of  the  provost  of  said  University  or  of 
any  of  the  professors  or  lecturers,  for  which  purpose  the  consent  of  three- 
fourths  of  the  whole  number  of  the  regents  shall  be  necessary,  and  then  only 
on  a  formal  impeachment. 

XII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  faculty  of  physic  of  the  said  Uni- 
versity shall  hold  one  term  in  each  and  every  year,  which  shall  commence 
on  the  third  Monday  in  October  in  each  year  and  shall  continue  not  less 
than  four  nor  more  than  six  months,  as  may  be  regulated  by  the  ordinances 
of  the  University,  within  which  period  all  the  lectures  to  be  delivered  by  said 
faculty  shall  be  given,  except  the  lectures  on  botany,  and  such  other  lectures 
as  the  regents  shall  deem  most  proper  to  be  delivered  at  a  different  season. 

XIII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  in  order  to  animate  and  encourage  the 
students  of  the  said  University  to  a  laudable  diligence,  industry  and  progress 
in  the  professions  and  sciences  taught  therein,  the  said  regents  and  their  suc- 
cessors, shall,  by  a  written  mandate,  under  their  privy  seal,  and  the  hand  of 
their  provost,  have  full  power  and  authority  to  direct  the  different  faculties 
to  hold  public  commencements,  either  on  stated  annual  days  or  occasionally, 
as  the  future  ordinances  of  the  said  institution  may  direct;  and  at  the  said 
commencements  to  admit  any  of  the  students  of  the  said  University,  meriting 
the  same,  whose  names  shall  be  severally  inserted  in  the  said  mandate,  to  the 
office  and  profession  of  surgeon,  or  to  the  degree  of  bachelor  or  doctor  of 
physic,  or  doctor  of  divinity,  or  doctor  of  laws,  and  bachelor  or  master  of 
arts;  and  further,  the  said  provost  shall  have  made  out  and  sign  with  his 
own  hand,  diplomas  and  certificates  of  the  admission  to  such  offices  or  de- 
grees; which  diplomas  and  certificates  shall  be  sealed  with  the  common  or 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  41 

public  seal  of  the  University,  and  delivered  to  the  graduates  as  honorable 
and  perpetual  testimonials  of  such  admission;  which  diplomas  or  certificates 
in  order  to  confer  still  greater  honor  on  such  graduates,  shall  also  be  signed 
by  as  many  of  the  different  professors  and  lecturers  as  can  conveniently  sign 
their  names  thereon. 

XIV.  And  be  it  enacted,  7"hat  no  student  or  students  within  the  said 
University  shall  be  admitted  to  any  of  the  aforesaid  offices  or  degrees,  or 
have  their  name  or  names  inserted  in  any  mandate  for  that  purpose  until 
such  student  or  students  shall  have  been  first  duly  examined  and  thought 
worthy  of  the  same,  at  a  public  examination  of  candidates,  to  be  held  in  the 
said  University,  on  the  day  of  commencement,  by  and  in  the  presence  of  the 
regents,  and  such  other  persons  as  may  attend  the  same;  and  also  until  such 
student  or  students  shall  have  had  such  previous  private  examinations,  and 
have  performed  such  exercises  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  future  ordinances 
of  the  said  University. 

XV.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  no  student  or  students  in  the  said  Uni- 
versity, shall  be  admitted  to  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  physic,  except  he  or 
they  shall  have  attended  medical  lectures  in  the  said  University  during  one 
term;  or  to  the  degree  of  doctor  of  physic,  or  doctor  of  divinity,  or  doctor 
of  laws,  except  he  or  they  shall  have  attended  the  lectures  on  the  respective 
subjects  during  two  terms,  and  shall  during  that  period  have  attended  each 
of  the  lectures  prescribed  by  the  ordinances,  at  least  one  term,  and  shall  also 
have  written  and  caused  to  be  printed,  a  Thesis  or  Theses,  in  the  Latin  or 
English  languages,  and  shall  publicly  defend  the  same  on  the  day  of  com- 
mencement; but  the  regents  of  said  University  may  consider  the  attendance 
of  such  candidate  or  candidates  for  offices  or  degrees  on  lectures  in  any  other 
University  of  established  reputation,  for  the  space  of  one  or  more  terms,  as 
equivalent  to  an  attendance  for  one  of  the  above  prescribed  terms;  and  no 
student  or  students  shall  be  admited  to  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts,  until 
he  or  they  shall  have  attended  lectures  in  said  University  for  two  years,  or  to 
the  degree  of  master  of  arts,  until  he  or  they  shall  have  attended  the  same  for 


42  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

three  years;  but  the  said  regents  may  consider  the  attendance  during  one  or 
more  years  in  any  other  respectable  institution  as  equivalent  to  one  year's 
attendance  in  said  University. 

XVI.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  regents  shall  have  full  power  to 
confer  the  honorary  degrees  of  doctor  of  divinity,  doctor  of  physic,  doctor  of 
laws  and  master  of  arts,  on  any  person  recommended  by  the  faculty  whose 
degree  is  contemplated  to  be  conferred. 

XVII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  all  students  who  matriculate  in  the 
said  University,  previous  to  the  first  day  of  December,  in  each  year,  and  at- 
tend any  three  courses  of  lectures  therein,  to  the  end  of  the  course,  shall  be 
considered  as  having  completed  a  term. 

XVIII.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  beneficial  exception  in  favor  of 
all  property  real  and  personal,  owned  by  colleges,  contained  in  the  first  sec- 
tion of  the  Act  of  Assembly,  passed  at  November  session  eighteen  hundred 
and  three,  chapter  ninety-two,  entitled,  "An  Act  for  the  valuation  of  real 
and  personal  property  within  this  state,"*  or  which  may  be  contained  in  any 
future  act,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby  extended  to  all  the  property  real  and 
personal  belonging  to,  or  hereafter  to  be  owned  by  the  said  University. 

XIX.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  in  case  at  any  time  hereafter  through 
oversight,  or  otherwise  through  misapprehension  and  mistaken  construction 
of  the  powers,  liberties  and  franchises  in  this  charter  or  act  of  incorporation 
granted,  or  intended  to  be  granted,  any  ordinance  should  be  made  by  the 


*Chap.  xcii,  1803,  reads: — "Be  it  enacted  by  the  Oeneral  Aasrmbly  of  Maryland:  That  all  real 
and  personal  property  in  this  State  except  property  belonging  to  this  State,  or  the  United 
States,  houses  for  public  worship,  burying  grounds,  or  property  belonging  to  any  county,  or 
to  any  College,  or  to  any  county  school,  and  except  also  the  crop  and  produce  of  the  land  in 
the  hands  of  the  person  whose  land  produced  the  same,  or  in  the  hands  of  the  tenant,  and 
provisions  necessary  for  the  use  and  consumption  of  the  person  to  whom  the  same  shall  belong 
and  his  family,  for  the  year,  and  plantation  utensils,  the  working  tools  of  mechanics  and  man- 
ufacturers, actually  and  constantly  employed  in  their  respective  occupations,  wearing  apparel, 
goods,  wares  and  merchandise,  and  all  home-made  manufactures  in  the  hands  of  manu- 
facturers, all  ready  money,  all  grain  and  tobacco,  and  all  licensed  vessels  whatever,  shall  be 
valued  agreeably  to  the  directions  of  this  Act, and  shall  be  chargeable  according  to  such  valu- 
ation with  the  public  assessment." 

But,  by  the  Act  of  1876,  ch.  260,  sect.  28,  the  Legislature  withdrew  this  exemption.  See 
decision  of  Court  of  Appeals  of  Maryland,  rendered  Feb.  28,  1879 ;  Appeal  Tax  Court  of  Bal- 
timore City  v.  The  Regents  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  [50  Gill  and  Johnson's  Reports]  . 
By  this  decision  only  the  hospital,  with  ground,  furniture  and  equipments,  is  exempt;  all  the 
other  property  of  the  University  is  liable. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  43 

said  corporation  of  regents,  or  matter  done  and  transacted  by  the  said  cor- 
poration contrary  to  the  tenor  thereof,  all  such  ordinances,  acts  and  doings, 
shall  of  themselves  be  null  and  void;  yet  they  shall  not  in  any  courts  of  law, 
or  by  the  General  Assembly,  be  deemed,  taken,  interpreted  or  adjudged  into 
an  avoidance  or  forfeiture  of  this  charter  and  act  of  incorporation;  but  the 
same  shall  be  and  remain  in  full  force  and  validity,  the  nullity  and  avoidance 
of  such  acts  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

XX.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  charter  and  act  of  incorporation, 
and  every  part  thereof,  shall  be  good  and  available  in  all  things  in  law,  ac- 
cording to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  thereof,  and  shall  be  construed, 
reputed  and  judged,  in  all  cases,  most  favorably  on  the  behalf,  and  for  the 
best  benefit  and  behalf  of  the  said  regents  and  their  successors,  so  as  most 
effectually  to  answer  the  valuable  ends  of  this  act  of  incorporation,  towards 
the  general  advancement  and  promotion  of  the  professions,  sciences 
and  arts. 

XXI.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  so  much  of  the  act  passed  at  November 
session  eighteen  hundred  and  seven,  entitled  "An  act  for  founding  a  Medical 
College  in  the  city  or  precincts  of  Baltimore,  for  the  instruction  of  students  in 
the  different  branches  of  medicine,"  as  is  inconsistent  with,  repugnant  to,  or 
supplied  bv  this  act  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby  repealed.  [Ch.  clix.,  Sess. 
1812.] 

By  this  Act,  as  will  be  perceived,  the  College  of  Medicine  is  authorized 
to  constitute,  appoint  and  annex  to  itself  the  three  other  Colleges  or  Facul- 
ties— Divinity,  Law,  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  the  four  Faculties  or  Colleges, 
thus  united,  shall  be  constituted  a  University  by  the  name  and  under  the  title 
of  the  University  of  Maryland.  The  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  is 
not  alluded  to  in  the  Act.  There  appears  to  have  been  no  formal  relinquish- 
ment of  rights,  yet  there  was  no  avowed  opposition.  All  control  of  the 
institution  passed  from  its  hands,  probably  forever,  although  the  Court  of 
Appeals  of  Maryland,  in  an  opinion  delivered  at  the  December  term,  1  S 3  S , 
declared  that  the  Act  of  1807  was  still  in  force,  and  that  the  second  charter 


44  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

did  not  invalidate  the  first;  that  in  adding  to  the  College  of  Medicine  other 
colleges,  the  former  did  not  lose  its  identity  or  continuity,  but  continued 
amenable  to  the  law  of  1807.  The  following  quotations  from  this  far- 
famed  decision  are  applicable  at  this  point:  "The  Act  of  18  12  authorizes, 
not  the  Regents  but  the  College,  consisting  of  President  and  Professors,  to 
constitute,  appoint  and  annex  to  itself  the  three  other  Colleges  or  Faculties, 
thus,  by  the  use  of  the  words  other  Colleges  or  Faculties,  treating  and  con- 
sidering the  College  as  itself  a  Faculty.  The  authority  is  not  given  to  the 
corporation,  'The  Regents  of  the  College  of  Medicine.'  '  "The  College 
of  Medicine  and  the  University  are  distinct  corporations;  the  first  did  not 
cease  to  exist,  and  the  Professors  and  President  became  members  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  of  the  second,  just  as  they  might  have  become  directors 
of  a  bank  for  instance."  "The  College  of  Medicine  and  the  University 
exist  in  contemplation  of  law  as  distinct  and  independent  corporations,  in 
possession  of  all  the  rights  and  franchises  conferred  upon  them  by  the  Acts 
of  their  incorporation."  "There  is  nothing  in  the  Act  of  1807  inconsistent 
with  or  repugnant  to  the  Act  of  1812." 

In  fact,  however,  although  having,  as  is  thus  seen,  a  potential  existence, 
the  original  Board  of  Regents,  consisting  of  the  Board  of  Medical  Exam- 
iners of  the  State  for  the  time  being,  together  with  the  President  and  Pro- 
fessors of  the  College,  ceased  its  existence  at  the  time  of  the  organization  of 
the  University,  and  the  College  or  Faculty  transferred  its  allegiance  to  the 
new  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University,  composed  of  the  Provost  and  the 
four  Faculties  of  Medicine,  Divinity,  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  Law,  or  such 
of  them  as  exist.  Nor  is  it  likely  that  the  original  Board,  or  the  College  of 
Medicine,  as  such,  will  ever  be  revived,  although  some  feeble  attempts  were 
made  in  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  to  revive  them  about  1854-55.* 
The  institution  is  too  securely  established  on  the  more  comprehensive  law  of 
1 81 2,  and  has  had  too  long  a  career  of  usefulness  and  success,  to  make  a 
reversion  to  the  earlier  law  a  subject  for  discussion.  Still,  it  is  an  interesting 
*Trans.  Med.  and  Chir.  Fac.  of  Md.,  1854-55. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  45 

fact  that  the  first  law  is  yet  in  legal  force,  although  not  enforced,  and  upon 
this  fact  the  restoration  of  the  institution  to  the  Regents  in  1839  seems 
largely  to  have  depended. 

In  accordance  with  the  new  Act,  on  January  6th,  18 13,  the  Faculty  of 
Physic,  "with  the  advice  and  recommendation  of  learned  men  of  the  sev- 
eral professions,"  "appointed  and  annexed  to  itself,"  the  three  other  Facul- 
ties provided  for,  and  on  April  22d,  18 13,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Regents  thus  constituted,  a  Provost  and  Secretary  were  elected.  The 
Faculty  of  Divinity  consisted  of  Rev.  Frederick  Beasley,  Professor  of 
Theology;  members:  Right  Reverend  James  Kemp,  D.  D.,  Protestant 
Episcopal  Bishop  of  Maryland,  Rev.  James  Inglis,  D.  D.,  and  Rev.  John 
Glendy,  Presbyterian  clergymen,  Rev.  J.  Daniel  Kurtz,  D.  D.,  of  the 
Lutheran  Church,  Rev.  George  Roberts,  Methodist,  Rev.  George  Dashiell, 
Protestant  Episcopal.  These  were  leading  Protestant  clergymen  of  Balti- 
more. The  Faculty  of  Law  consisted  of  Messrs.  David  Hoffman,  Pro- 
fessor of  Law;  William  Pinkney,  Robert  Goodloe  Harper,  John  Purviance, 
Robert  Smith,  Nicholas  Brice  and  Nathaniel  Williams.  The  Faculty  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  was  composed  of  seven  of. the  most  eminent  scholars  in 
the  city,  including  Charles  W.  Hanson,  Moral  Philosophy;  Rev.  John  Allen, 
Mathematics;*  Rev.  George  Ralph,  Rhetoric  and  Belles  Lettres;  Rev. 
Archibald  Walker,  Humanity;  John  D.  Craig,  Natural  Philosophy;  John 
E.  Hall,  History;  and  members:  Samuel  Brown  and  two  vacancies.  Henry 
Wilkins,  M  .D.,  was  made  Lecturer  on  Botany.  It  was  decided  that  each 
Faculty  should  consist  of  seven  Professors  and  members. 

Archbishop  John  Carroll,  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  a  cousin  of 
Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrolton,  the  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, was  chosen  the  first  Provost,  but  declined.     Hon.  Robert  Smith,  late 


*Regents'  Minute  Book.  Rev.  John  Allen  was  an  A.  M.  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  the  author  of  an  edition  of  Euclid  and  an  original  work  on  Conic  Sections  (Fed.  Gaz., 
Oct.  22,  1822).  His  name  appears  on  many  of  the  earlier  medical  diplomas.  There  is  in 
the  University  Library  an  MS.  work  on  Plane  Geometry  written  by  him  in    Dublin   in    1875. 


46  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  was  then  elected,  and  Professor 
Richard  Wilmot  Hall  was  chosen  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Regents. 

Robert  Smith,  statesman,  brother  of  General  Samuel  Smith,  was  born 
at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  November,  1757.  He  took  part  in  the  Battle  of 
Brandywine;  graduated  at  Princeton,  1 78 1 ;  practiced  law  in  Baltimore;  was 
presidential  elector  1789;  state  senator  1793;  member  of  the  House  ot 
Delegates  1 796-1 800;  member  of  City  Council  1 798-1 801;  Secretary  of 
the   Navy    1 802-1 805;   Attorney-General    1805-  ;   Secretary  of  State, 

1809-1811;  Provost  of  the  University  of  Maryland  1813-1815;  President 
of  Maryland  Agricultural  Society  1818;  author  of  an  "Address  to  the 
People  of  the  United  States"  181 1.  Died  in  Baltimore,  November  26, 
1842. — Appleton's  "Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biography." 

The  University  of  Maryland  is  thus  one  of  the  oldest  chartered  Uni- 
versities in  America,  coming  eighth,  according  to  the  official  figures.  The 
seven  antedating  it  are:  Georgia,  1785;  Harvard,  1780;  North  Carolina, 
1789;  Ohio,  1804;  Pennsylvania,  1 79 1  ;  Brown,  1765;  Vermont,  1791.* 
It  is  only  a  few  years  that  Harvard,  Yale  and  Princeton  have  been  spoken 
of  as  Universities.  The  following  letter  has  a  bearing  upon  the  question  as 
to  the  first  of  these  : 

"Harvard  University, 

Cambridge,  May  16,  1904. 
"Dear  Sir: 

"Your  inquiry  as  to  when  Harvard  College  became  a  University,  can 
hardly  be  answered  unless  some  definition  of  the  words  'college'  and  'uni- 
versity' is  first  agreed  upon.  I  can  only  give  you  the  following  facts.  Har- 
•  vafd  College  was  founded  in  1636,  'to  advance  learning  and  perpetuate  it 
to  posterity;  dreading  to  leave  an  illiterate  ministry  to  the  churches  when 
our  present  ministers  shall  lie  in  the  dust.'  The  separation  of  the  Divinity 
School  from  the  College  was  very  gradual,  its  Faculty  not  being  formally 
organized  until  18 19.  The  organization  of  the  three  oldest  professional 
*See  table  in  Old  Maryland,  March,  1906. 


llnN.    ROBERT    SM  ITU 


SECRETARY- OF   THE    NAVY;     ATTORNEY-GENERAL,     ETC.;     PRO- 
VOST   1813-I5. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  49 

departments  of  the  University,  under  the  titles  Theological  School,  Medical 
School  and  Law  School,  is  first  indicated  in  the  Catalogue  for  1827-28.  The 
first  professorship  instituted  in  the  University  was  the  Hollis  Professorship 
of  Divinity,  established  in  1721.  The  first  Professorships  of  Medicine  were 
established  in  the  years  1782  and  1783.  The  first  degrees  in  Medicine  were 
conferred  in  1788.  I  suppose  it  is  impossible  for  any  one  to  fix  a  time  when 
the  College  can  be  said  to  have  become  the  University.  The  seeds  of  the 
University  as  a  seat  of  learning  were  undoubtedly  present  in  the  humble  be- 
ginnings of  the  seventeenth  century.  If,  however,  you  regard  the  establish- 
ment of  instruction  in  one  or  all  of  the  three  great  branches  of  theology,  law 
and  medicine  as  an  essential  characteristic  of  a  University,  you  must  select 
the  date  that  in  your  judgment  best  accords  with  that  definition. 

"Yours  very  truly, 

(Signed)         Jerome  D.  Greene, 

Secretary  to  the  President." 
Charles  Alexander  Warfield,  President  of  the  Board  of  Regents  in 
18  12-13,  was  born  in  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland,  December  3,  1  7 5  1 , 
the  son  of  Azel  Warfield.  He  was  of  the  same  family  as  the  present  distin- 
guished Executive  of  Maryland.  He  is  said  to  have  attended  lectures  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  but  does  not  appear  to  have  graduated. 
[His  name  is  not  in  the  list  of  alumni  of  that  institution,  and  he  does  not 
affix  the  letters  indicating  the  possession  of  a  medical  degree  in  signing  a 
diploma  in  1812.]  He  was  a  member  of  a  "Whig"  Club  at  the  opening  of 
the  Revolution,  at  the  head  of  which,  on  October  19,  1774,  he  proceeded  to 
Annapolis  and  forced  the  owner  of  the  "Peggy  Stewart"  to  burn  his  vessel, 
which  was  laden  with  forbidden  tea.  (See  appendix  for  details  of  this 
affair.)  Recent  paintings  by  Mr.  Mayer  in  the  State  House  at  Annapolis, 
and  by  Mr.  C.  Y.  Turner,  in  the  Court  House  at  Baltimore,  represent  this 
great  historical  event  in  the  history  of  Maryland.  Dr.  Warfield  was  the 
"first"  to  propose  a  separation  from  the  mother  country,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Committee  of  Observation  of  his  county  in  1775.     In   1776  he  was 


5o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

First  Major  of  the  Elk  Ridge  Battalion,  and  the  same  year  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  saltpetre.  In  1777  he  was  Judge  of  the  Anne  Arundel 
Count}   Court. 

He  resided  during  Ins  entire  life  at  his  country  place,  called  "Bushy 
Park."  I  le  had  a  wide  reputation  and  extensive  practice,  and  taught  many 
medical  students  in  his  office.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  faculty  of  Maryland  in  179".  In  1S12,  upon  the  resigna- 
tion of  Dr.  ( Jeorge  Brown,  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Board  of  Regents 
of  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland  (University  of  Maryland),  and 
continued  in  that  office  until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Bushy  Park,  on 
January  i<),  [813.  Dr.  Wariield  married  Miss  Eliza  Ridgely,  a  daughter 
ol  Major  I  lenry  Ridgely'. 

I  Having  now  reached  a  stage  when  the  University  is  launched  upon  its 
career,  it  will  he  necessary  to  consider  first  the  institution  as  a  whole,  leaving 
the  "schools"  or  "departments"  for  later  and  separate'treatment.  Owing  to 
the  peculiar  organization  of  the  institution,  presided  over  hy  an  unpaid 
"Provost,"  whose  sole  function  consisted  in  attending  the  Commencements, 
and  with  the  conduct  of  affairs  in  the  hands  of  the  Faculties  rather  than  the 
Board  of  Regents,  which  rarely  met  and  exercised  no  authority,  there  is  but 
little  to  say  of  University  life  and  activity.  While  the  Provosts  have  been 
among  the  most  eminent  of  our  citizens,  the  lack  of  personal  interest  and 
direction  on  their  part  has  been  a  most  serious  drawback  to  the  growth  and 
prosperity  of  the  institution. 

The  obligations  which  had  been  assumed  by  the  Professors  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Medicine,  in  the  purchase  of  ground  and  erection  of  a  building,  were 
much  greater  than  had  been  anticipated.  The  expenses,  as  is  so  often  the 
case,  far  exceeded  the  estimates.  The  erection  of  a  high  brick  wall  about 
the  grounds  was  one  item  of  large  outlay.*  The  members  of  the  Faculty 
of  Physic — upon  whom  the  burden  of  carrying  on  the  institution  rested — 


This  wall  cost  about  $1,500.    It  was  removed  about  1895. 


CIIAS.   A.   VVARFIELD,   M.  D. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTIOh  53 

contributed  what  they  were  able  and  obtained  loans  from  their  friends. 
But  the  period  of  the  war  was  now  at  hand,  with  its  depressing  influences, 
and  the  classes  increased  but  slowly.  The  creditors — bricklayers,  carpen- 
ters, architect,  etc. — became  importunate,  and  the  lotteries  were  not  yet 
bringing  in  any  revenue.  In  this  critical  stage,  the  property  of  the  corpora- 
tion was  actually  threatened  with  sale  by  the  sheriff.  The  aid  ol  the  banks 
was  invoked,  and  a  loan  of  several  thousand  dollars  was  secured  from  two 
of  them.  The  threatened  calamity  was  thus  averted,  but  the  financial 
anxiety  of  the  Professors  was  not  allayed  until  some  years  later — in  1821  — 
when  a  loan  of  $30,000  from  the  Legislature  was  effected.  The  members 
of  the  Faculty  were  required  to  give  bond  for  the  annual  payment  of  the 
interest  upon  this  loan  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent.,  and  the  Legislature  took 
the  precaution  of  appointing  a  "commission"  to  see  that  the  money  was  de- 
voted to  paying  off  the  debts  of  the  institution  incurred  in  the  erection  of 
buildings,  alone.  Upon  this  commission  were  Messrs.  Reverdy  Johnson, 
David  Hoffman,  William  Howard,  Maxwell  McDowell  and  others.  With 
the  sum  thus  provided,  the  entire  indebtedness — outside  the  Faculty  itself, 
was  paid  off,  necessary  repairs  were  made,  "the  splendid  anatomical  theatre 
and  the  extensive  and  convenient  dissecting  rooms  attached  thereto"*  were 
completed,  and  Practice  Hall  was  erected  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
anatomical  and  pathological  collection  which  was  purchased  at  this  time 
from  Professor  Granville  Sharp  Pattison.  The  means  for  this  purchase 
seem  to  have  been  provided  through  a  fund  of  $7,800,  proceeds  in  hand 
from  the  lottery. 

In  1  8  19,  Rev.  William  E.  Wyatt,  who  had  become  Professor  of  Di- 
vinity, vice  Professor  Beasley,  resigned,  began  a  course  of  lectures  on  Sun- 
day afternoons  upon  theological  subjects,  which  were  continued  annually  for 
several  years.  His  audience  seems  to  have  been  confined  to  the  students  of 
medicine,  and  one  of  the  subjects  treated  was  "The  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity and  Moral  Conduct."  About  the  time  of  the  duel,  he  also  spoke 
*Medical  Recorder,  Phila.,  July.  iSji. 


54  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

upon  the  evils  of  that  practice.  .This  was  all  that  was  ever  attempted  in  the 
way  of  instruction  in  this  department.  "The  "Faculty"  was  kept  up  for 
many  years,  with  its  "Professor"  and  six  "members,"  from  the  several 
Protestant  denominations  of  the  City;  but  after  the  restoration  of  1839, 
interest  in  it  declined,  the  members  gradually  died  out,  until  finally  but  one 
remained,  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Hamner,  D.  D.,  who  officiated  at  the  Commence- 
ments up  to  his  death  in  1878. 

■  The  following  extract  from  a  letter  of  Professor  David  Hoffman  to 
the  Medical  Faculty,  dated- December  28,  1824,  now  in  the  archives  of  the 
University,  shows  the  low  condition  of  the  institution  and  the  financial 
straits  of  the  authorities  at  the  date  when  the  loan  of  $30,000  from  the 
State — above  referred  to — was  effected:  "In  1821,  the  institution  was  at 
its  lowest  ebb.  Professor  Davidge  occupied  two  chairs;  the  number  of  stu- 
dents did  not  exceed  sixty;  a  heavv  debt  of  at  least  $38,000  hung 
over  it.  Executions  to  the  amount  of  nearly  $6,000  were  then 
pending.  The  buildings,  which  had  never  been  finished,  were  in  a 
state  of  gloomy  dilapidation,  and  a  heartlessness  and  despondencv  prevailed 
through  the  institution  to  such  a  degree  that  Professor  De  Butts,  with  much 
feeling,  informed  me,  after  we  had  been  visiting  the  buildings,  that  it  was 
probable  the  institution  could  not  last  more  than  another  session  unless  some- 
thing could  be  done  to  rescue  it  from  its  peril.  He  asked  me  what  could 
be  done.  My  brief  reply  was,  Go  further  in  debt;  get  Dr.  Davidge  to  re- 
sign one  of  the  chairs,  appoint  an  able  Professor  to  supply  the  vacancv, 
repair  your  buildings,  erect  a  new  building  for  a  class-room,  etc.'  " 

In  Ma-rch,  1821,  Mr.  Nathaniel  Williams  offered  a  motion  in  the 
Board  of  Regents,  looking  to  a  change  of  the  charter,  especiallv  of  that 
article  giving  to  the  Faculties  the  power  of  electing  their  Professors  and 
Lecturers.  This  important  motion  was  negatived  by  a  large  majority  of 
the  members. 

In  1823  Professor  David  Hoffman  began  instruction  in  the  School  of 
Law. 


k  I  .    REV.   JAM:-..-    KEMP,   1).    Ii..    PROTESTANT    EPISCOPAL    BISHOP    OF    MARYLAND;    PRO- 
VOST 1815-2(1. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  57 

The  first  Provost,  Hon.  Robert  Smith,  was  succeeded,  on  his  resigna- 
tion, in  1  815,  by  Right  Reverend  James  Kemp,  who  held  the  office  until  the 
Truste'es  took  charge  in  1826. 

James  Kemp,  second  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Maryland,  was 
born  in  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  in  1764,  and  graduated  at  Marischal  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  in  1786.  After  a  year  spent  at  his  Alma  Mater  in  post- 
graduate study,  he  came  to  America  and  was  for  two  years  employed  as 
tutor,  in  Dorchester  County,  Maryland.  Having  abandoned  the  Presby- 
terian Church,  in  which  he  had  been  educated,  he  was  ordained  priest  in  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  in  1789,  and  in  1790  became  rector  of  Great 
Choptank  Parish,  where  he  remained  over  twenty  years.  He  became  asso- 
ciate rector  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Baltimore,  in  18  13,  and  was  consecrated 
suffragan  bishop  in  18  14,  being  placed  in  charge  of  the  churches  on  the 
Eastern  Shore.  In  18  16,  on  the  death  of  Bishop  Clagett,  he  succeeded  to 
the  Bishopric  of  Maryland.  He  held  the  Provostship  from  181  5  to  1826. 
He  died  in  Baltimore,  three  days  after  the  upsetting  of  a  stage-coach  in 
which  he  was  returning  from  Philadelphia,  on  October  28,  1827.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Columbia  College,  New  York,  in  1802. 
"Bishop  Kemp  was  a  man  of  great  modesty,  scrupulously  averse  to  anything 
like  literary  ostentation,  and  was  esteemed  as  one  of  the  best  scholars  in  his 
church." — "National  Cyclopaedia  of  Amer.  Biography,"  N.  Y.,  1896,  vol. 
VI. 

An  interesting  episode  of  the  early  years  of  the  University  was  the 
conferring  of  an  honorary  academic  degree  upon  a  distinguished  foreigner. 
When  in  1824  the  Marquis  de  Ea  Fayette  visited  America,  his  progress 
through  the  country  was  one  continued  series  of  ovations,  each  section  vying 
with  the  others  in  its  efforts  to  heap  the  greatest  amount  of  honors  upon 
the  nation's  benefactor  and  guest.  The  authorities  of  the  University,  as  the 
leading  seat  of  learning  at  that  time  in  the  State,  determined  to  contribute  its 
share  by  conferring  upon  him  a  literary  title.  Accordingly  he  was  invited 
to  visit  the  institution  on  the  9th  of  October,  and  there,  in  the  presence  of  a 


58  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

notable  assembly  gathered  in  Anatomical  Hall,  he  received  from  the  hands 
of  Right  Reverend  James  Kemp,  Provost,  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D., 
"with  a  diploma  and  a  handsome  silver  box  in  which  to  enclose  it."  He 
made  a  feeling  replv,  and  was  then  shown  over  the  buildings.  This  is  the 
first  instance  on  record  of  the  conferring  of  this  degree;  among  those  who 
received  it  later  were  Hons.  John  P.  Kennedy,  Reverdy  Johnson,  George  W. 
Dobbin  and  William  Pinckney  Whyte.  The  first  honorary  M.  D.  and  D.  D. 
were  given  in  i  S  i  8,  the  first  honorary  A.  M.  in  1823,  and  the  first  honorary 
Phar.  D.,  in  1905.* 

It  was  not  long  after  La  Fayette's  visit  when  a  crisis  was  reached  in  the 
affairs  of  the  University,  and  under  the  semblance  of  law  its  whole  character 
and  status  were  changed.  The  Legislature  ignored  the  chartered  rights  of 
the  Regents,  seized  their  property  in  defiance  of  their  protests,  and  gravely 
asserted  the  principle  that  what  the  Legislature  has  the  right  to  create  it  has 
the  right  to  destroy.  This  event  was  preceded  by  and  was  undoubtedly  due 
to  serious  differences  in  the  Faculty  of  Physic.  These  were  represented  as 
being  most  threatening  to  the  welfare,  indeed  to  the  existence,  of  the  I  di- 
versity. It  was  said  that  the  institution  was  ruled  now  by  one  faction,  now 
by  another;  that  the  factions  were  more  intent  upon  securing  the  advantage 
of  each  other  than  upon  advancing  the  welfare  of  the  University;  that 
there  was  no  system  or  discipline,  and  that  the  medical  department  used  all 
the  funds  in  its  own  maintenance,  ignoring  completely  the  other  departments 
which  vet  were  coequal  with  it,  and  which  the  State  by  its  charter  had  de- 
signed to  progress  pari  passu  with  it.     A  rupture  took  place  under  the  fol- 


*The  following  are  some  of  the  honorarv  degrees  which  have  been  conferred:  A.  M.: 
Rev.  George  McEIhinney,  iX_m.  D.  P.:  Rgy."  William  E.  Wyatt,  1820;  Rev.  fames  Moffatt. 
A.  M..  of  Glasgow,  1824;  Rev.  Edmund  D.  Barry.  A.  M.,  t8l8;  Rev.  John  Glendy,  A.  M., 
1818;  Rev.  Henry  Lyon  Davis,  1S10:  Rev.  Donald  Mel. end.  1819.  Phar.  P.:  Charles  Cas- 
pari,  Jr.,  1905.  M.  P.:  Charles  Atkins.  1825;  John  Bibighaus,  1846;  George  W  Boerstler, 
1S34;  Thomas  E.  Bond,  1819;  James  Carmichael,  [822;  Watson  Carr.  1846;  W.  Hazlett  Clen- 
dinen,  1S38;  Jonathan  Crone.  1842;  Francis  Dean.  1840;  M.  A.  DeLeon.  1834;  Robert  A 
Dodson,  1859;  William  Donaldson,  1818;  Frederick  Dorscy.  1824:  Joseph  P.  Gazzam,  (834; 
Alexander  M.  Gibbons,  1868:  John  W.  Gloninger,  1841  ;  James  Hall.  1S46;  Thomas  McKean 
Hall,  1820;  William  W.  Handy.  1819;  Horace  H.  Hayden.  1840:  William  Helmsley.  1845: 
Samuel  Hogg,  iSto;  George  Holcomb,  1S26:  Henry  Huntt.  1824;  Richard  Inge,  1823;  Ed- 
mund P.  James.  1842;  Samuel  K.  Jennings,  1818;  Richard  Mackall,  1838:  Ennalls  Martin. 
1818:   Samuel  B.  Martin.   1838;   Anthony  A.   McDonough,   1841  :   Ephraim   McDowell.    1S25 : 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  59 

lowing  circumstanecs :  Professor  Davidge  had  always  been  in  the  habit  of 
taking  private  students  by  whom  he  was  much  venerated  and  beloved.*  His 
instructions  were  given  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday  evenings,  and  were 
spoken  of  as  "conversational  meetings,"  or  "Medical  and  Chymical  Con- 
versations."! Lately  he  had  associated  Professor  De  Butts  with  himself 
in  these  extra-mural  courses.  In  1824  the  class  had  grown  so  large  that  it 
could  not  be  accommodated  in  private  offices,  and  Craig's  Schoolroom  had 
been  engaged  for  its  meetings.  There  was  doubtless  some  jealousy  in  the 
feelings  with  which  these  private  courses  were  regarded  by  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Faculty.  But  the  grounds  of  opposition,  as  stated,  were  these: 
that  they  were  unauthorized  by  the  Regents;  that  they  imposed  double  fees 
and  double  duties ;  and  that  those  in  charge  assumed  to  teach  branches  as- 
signed to  their  colleagues,  and  thus  came  into  conflict  of  opinion  with  the 
latter,  creating  parties  and  fomenting  dissensions  among  the  pupils. J  The 
majority,  feeling  that  their  prerogatives  were  infringed  upon,  appealed  to 
the  Regents  for  redress.  The  Board  of  Regents  decided  against  the  minor- 
ity and  unanimously  resolved  "that  no  Professor  should,  during  the  session 
of  the  classes,  deliver  any  lecture  to  the  pupils  of  the  College  and  receive 
compensation  therefor,  except  officially  ex  cathedra."^  This  decision  gave 
great  umbrage  to  the  two  Professors  against  whom  it  was  directed,  who 


Maxwell  McDowell.  1818;  David  L.  McGugin  1S44:  Campbell  Morfit,  1853;  Peter  Mowry, 
[825;  Samuel  C.  Muir,  1819:  Joseph  Ennalls  Muse.  1838:  Howard  D.  O'Neil,  1867;  John 
Owen,  1818;  David  Porter,  1826;  Wilson  G.  Regester,  1880;  George  Roberts,  1818;  Jame 
Roberts,  1834;  Thomas  Robertson,  [822;  William  Rogers,  1834;  Henry  P.  Sartwell,  [841; 
William  Savage.  1826;  James  M.  Smith.  1856;  Joseph  Speck.  .1846;  Richard  G  Stockett, 
1826;  J.  B.  Tilden,  1826;  John  O.  Tritman.  1843;  J.  Walker,  1871;  Oscar  V.  Ward,  1871 ; 
George  W.  Williams.  1814:  Otho  Willson,  1834;  John  O.  Witrnan.  (843:  Thomas  Fannin 
Wood,  1868:  Thomas  H.  Wright,  1819;  Peregrine  Wroth,  1841:  Wilson  Yandell,   1823. 

The  honorary  non-medical  degrees  have  been  given  very  rarely. 

In  connection  with  the  Lafayette  episode,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  note  that  while  this 
was  being  written,  a  handsome  portrait  of  Lafayette  was  received  from  the  French  Ambassa- 
dor in  Washington,  M.  Jusserand.  a  gift  to  the  University.  For  the  details  of  the  Lafayette 
Episode  see  Old  Maryland.  June-.  1906. 

*The  author  met  one  of  these  about  twenty-five  years  ago,  the  late  Dr.  John  B.   Bl 
of  Washington,  D.  C.  a  graduate  of  1824.     He  expressed  the  highest  regard  and  admira- 
tion for  his  preceptor. 

\Fed.  Gas-,  Oct.  20,  1S24. 

JPotter,  op.  cit. 

%Jd. 


60  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

declared  that  they  were  restricted  hy  it  in  their  rights.  They  did  not  allow 
the  matter  to  rest  here.  A  movement  was  secretly  set  on  foot  hy  them  with 
a  view  to  turning  the  University  over  to  the  control  of  the  State.  Professor 
Potter  gives  a  graphic  picture  of  his  first  discovery  of  this  scheme.  He  had 
gone  down  to  Annapolis,  in  company  with  Professor  De  Butts,  to  look  after 
some  matter  in  the  Legislature  pertaining  to  the  University — probably  to 
oppose  the  granting  of  a  charter  for  the  founding  of  Washington  College 
Medical  School.  They  had  spent  ten  days  there  performing  the  duties  as- 
signed them,  when  on  the  eve  of  his  departure  for  home.  Professor  Potter 
learned  of  the  proposal  to  change  the  government  of  the  school.  He  was 
"surprised  and  mortified."  No  intimation  of  such  a  design  had  ever  been 
made  to  the  Faculty  or  Regents.  He  "expressed  his  abhorrence  to  his  col- 
league, who  was  silent."  He  deferred  his  departure  and  remained  several 
davs  at  Annapolis.  De  Butts  was  represented  as  the  prime  mover  in  the 
scheme.  There  were  several  plans  afloat,  and  the  minds  of  members  were 
not  at  all  made  up  as  to  the  best  one.  In  one  respect  he  found  them,  how- 
ever, quite  unanimous,  and  that  was  in  the  most  irreconcilable  prejudice 
against  the  Regents  and  Faculty.  In  this  dilemma  he  appealed  to  the  city's 
representatives.  These  were  divided  in  sentiment,  one,  Mr.  Benjamin  C. 
Howard,  advocating  the  change  on  the  ground  of  expediency;  the  other, 
Mr.  John  S.  Tyson,  opposing  it  as  unconstitutional.  The  Speaker  took  the 
remarkable  ground — in  which  he  was  seconded  bv  some  of  the  members — 
that  whatever  the  Legislature  had  the  power  to  create  it  had  also  the  right 
to  destroy.  In  such  a  frame  of  mind,  the  result  was  not  doubtful.  The 
joint  committee  of  the  two  Houses  brought  in  a  bill  taking  possession  of  the 
University  in  the  name  of  the  State,  which,  notwithstanding,  the  adverse 
opinion  of  the  highest  legal  authorities,  passed  both  branches  of  the  Legis- 
lature and  became  law. 

It  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  give  the  full  text  of  this  Act.  The  pre- 
amble reads:  "Whereas,  experience  has  shown  that  the  public  good,  and  the 
proper  government  and  discipline  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  require 


THE  FOl  \  DING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  61 

important  a  Iterations  in  the  Act  of  Incorporation,  therefore,"  etc.  The 
Board  of  Regents  is  abolished,  and  the  members  of  the  several  Faculties,  ex- 
cept Professors,  discontinued.  The  government  of  the  institution  is  trans- 
ferred to  a  board  of  twenty-one  Trustees,  upon  whom  are  conferred  all  the 
duties  and  powers  previously  belonging  to  the  Regents,  and  who  are  made 
responsible  "for  all  debts  due  by  the  University,"  and  "for  contracts  hereto- 
fore made  by  the  said  Regents,"  just  as  the  latter  had  previously  been.  The 
Governor  of  the  State  is  made  ex-officio  President  of  the  Board,  which  has 
the  power  to  appoint  and  dismiss  the  Provost,  Professors  and  Lecturers  at 
pleasure.  In  case  of  a  vacancy  in  any  Professorship,  the  remaining  Pro- 
fessors are  required  each  to  nominate  a  successor,  but  the  Board  is  not 
restricted  in  its  choice  to  such  nominations.  The  pecuniary  affairs  of  the  in- 
stitution are  placed  unreservedly  in  their  hands,  and  they  control  all  ex- 
penditures. Vacancies  in  the  Board  are  to  be  filled  by  appointment  of  the 
Governor.  It  is  expressly  stipulated  that  the  Medical  Faculty  and  its  suc- 
cessors are  not  to  be  released  from  the  payment  of  the  interest  on  the 
$30,000  loan  of  1821.* 

This  act  did  away  with  all  the  Law  Faculty  except  Professor  Hoffman, 
and  with  the  Faculties  of  Divinity,  and  Arts  and  Sciences  entirely.  The 
names  of  the  Trustees  appointed  under  the  Act  were  John  Eager  Howard, 
Theodorick  Bland,  Stevenson  Archer,  Thomas  B.  Dorsey,  Roger  B.  Taney, 
Robert  Smith,  Ezekiel  F.  Chambers,  Robert  Gilmor,  Dennis  Claude,  James 
Steuart,  Reverdy  Johnson,  John  P.  K.  Henshaw,  James  Thomas,  George 
Roberts,  Benedict  J.  Semmes,  John  Nelson,  John  C.  Herbert,  Nathaniel 
Williams,  Isaac  McKim,  Henry  Wilkins  and  William  Frick.  Among  these 
arc  to  be  found  the  most  distinguished  names  in  the  history  of  Maryland. 

The  Regents  did  not  submit  quietly  to  these  proceedings  of  the  Legis- 
lature.    The    Act  was  passed  March  26,  1826.     On  the  17th  of  the  same 
month  a  regular  meeting  of  the  Board  was  held  at  which  a  resolution  was 
adopted,  with  but  one  dissenting  voice,  that  a  committee  of  five  should  be 
'Fi'.m  MS.  certified  copy  of  Act.  in  Records  of  University. 


62  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

appointed  to  obtain  the  opinion  of  counsel  upon  the  constitutionality  of  the 
Act.  Another  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted,  directing  the  commit- 
tee, if  the  opinion  should  be  that  it  was  unconstitutional,  to  prepare  an 
address  to  the  Governor  and  the  Trustees,  informing  them  of  the  fact,  and 
requesting  them  to  defer  acting  until  the  Act  could  be  reconsidered  by  the 
Legislature,  and  in  the  event  of  the  Trustees  determining  to  proceed,  to 
adopt  such  legal  measures  as  might  be  deemed  necessary  to  resist  the  opera-, 
tion  of  the  Act.* 

The  committee  appointed  to  discharge  these  duties  consisted  of  Right 
Reverend  James  Kemp,  Rev.  Dr.  William  E.  Wyatt,  Messrs.  Jonathan 
Meredith  and  Edward  Pinkney,  and  Dr.  Maxwell  McDowell,  representing 
evidently  the  three  Faculties.  In  accordance  with  its  instructions,  this  com- 
mittee selected  Hon.  William  Wirt,  the  Attorney-General  of  the  United 
States,  John  Purviance  and  Hon.  Daniel  Webster,  as  the  counsel  to  be  con- 
sulted. Their  opinion,  rendered  May  21,  1826,  reviews  the  University 
from  its  foundation  as  the  College  of  Medicine  in  1807,  showing  that  it 
began  without  funds,  that  it  was  maintained  upon  the  individual  credit  of 
the  Professors,  who,  disappointed  in  the  receipts  of  the  lotteries,  were  com- 
pelled to  borrow  large  sums  from  the  banks  in  order  to  meet  the  expense 
connected  with  the  purchase  of  ground  and  the  erection  of  buildings,  and 
that  the  Act  of  1826  changes  the  entire  government  of  the  LJniversity  with- 
out its  assent  or  approval.  After  a  careful  and  deliberate  consideration, 
they  had  no  hesitation  in  declaring  as  their  decided  opinion  that  the  late 
Act  was  a  manifest  violation  of  the  rights  created  by  the  Acts  of  1807  and 
1812,  and  therefore  a  direct  infringement  of  that  article  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  which  forbids  any  State  to  pass  a  law  impairing  the 
obligation  of  contracts.! 

Having  obtained  this  opinion,  the  committee  of  the  Regents  pro- 
ceeded, on  the  2 2d  of  May — before  the  corporation  of  the  Trustees  had 


*Decision  of  Court  of  Appeals,  Chief  Justice  Buchanan,  Regents  vs.  Trustees.     Also  cir- 
cular of  Regents'  faculty  to  Members  of  House  of  Delegates,  1838. 

fFrom  copy  of  the  printed  opinion  republished  by  Regents'  Faculty,  Sept.,   1837. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  63 

gone  into  operation — to  communicate  it  formally  to  the  Governor  and  to 
each  of  the  Trustees,  requesting  a  suspension  of  action  on  their  part  until 
the  next  meeting  of  the  Legislature,  when  application  would  be  made  for 
its  repeal.  "Should  it  be  deemed  inexpedient,  however,"  they  say,  "to 
comply  with  this  request,  we  are  prepared,  in  behalf  of  the  Regents,  to  enter 
into  such  arrangements  with  you  as  will  produce  the  speediest  judicial  de- 
cision upon  the  constitutionality  of  the  law  by  the  proper  tribunal,  and  for 
this  purpose,  we  beg  leave  to  say,  that  any  communication  addressed  to  the 
Rgt.  Rev.  Bishop  Kemp,  as  chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Regents,  will 
receive  their  immediate  attention."* 

There  was  no  reply  to  this  communication,  and  on  the  appointed  day 
the  Trustees  took  formal  and  unopposed  possession  of  the  University. 
Fifteen  days  were  given  to  the  Professors  to  decide  whether  they  would 
apply  for  reappointment  to  their  former  chairs  or  not.t  All  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  and  Professor  Hoffman  of  the  Law  Faculty, 
were  duly  appointed  and  accepted  their  places  under  the  new  Board  "and 
from  that  time  until  September,  1837,  the  corporation  of  Regents  ceased  to 
exert  its  corporate  functions."!  The  four  Faculties  united,  however,  111 
making  a  formal  protest  against  the  action  of  the  Trustees. $ 

During  the  same  session  of  the  Legislature  in  which  the  Board  of 
Trustees  was  created,  a  law  was  also  passed  providing  for  the  disposition  of 
the  remainder  of  the  $140,000  authorized  by  the  lottery  acts.  From  the 
funds  first  obtained  after  the  passage  of  the  law,  $14,200  were  appropriated 
to  the  use  of  the  Professorship  of  Law,  "to  be  expended  under  the  direction 
of  the  Trustees,  in  the  erection  or  purchase  of  suitable  buildings,  and  pro- 
curing a  library  and  other  accommodations."  From  the  next  proceeds 
$3,800  were  appropriated  to  reimburse  the  Professors  who  had  erected  the 
Infirmary,  conditional  upon  their  transfer  of  the  title  of  that  building  to  the 


♦Circular  of  Regents'  Faculty,  1838. 
fPotter,  op.  cit. 
JDecision  of  Court,   1839. 
§  Potter,  op.  cit. 


64  I   X/fERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Trustees,  free  of  all  incumbrance  except  ground  rent.  Next,  $6,500  were 
appropriated  for  the  purchase  of  chemical  apparatus,  $2,000  for  the  pur- 
chase of  apparatus  for  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  lastly,  the 
residue  was  appropriated  for  such  use  as  the  Trustees  might  determine  upon. 

Of  the  $14,000  appropriated  for  the  department  of  Law,  $5,000  were 
paid  to  the  Professor  of  Law,  Mr.  David  Hoffman,  for  his  law  library,  and 
the  balance  was  invested  with  a  view  to  the  subsequent  erection  of  necessary 
buildings.  Meanwhile  a  building  was  secured  for  temporary  use  at  an  an- 
nual rental  of  S400.* 

The  election  of  Nathan  R.  Smith  as  Professor  of  Surgery,  in  1827, 
ranks  as  one  of  the  most  important  events  in  the  history  of  the  University. 
1  le  at  that  time  held  the  chair  of  Anatomy  in  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
Philadelphia,  and  was  a  rising  young  surgeon  of  thirty.  Of  commanding 
presence,  cultivated  and  comprehensive  intellect  and  imperious  disposition, 
bold,  original,  self-confident,  brooking  no  rivals,  he  was  for  nearly  half  a 
century  the  central  figure  in  its  Faculties.  No  man  ever  reigned  so  com- 
pletely in  its  councils  as  he  did.  The  language  of  Louis  XIV. — "I'etat,  c 'est 
moi" — might  almost  have  been  applied  to  his  relations  to  the  University. 

The  same  year  is  also  memorable  for  the  founding  of  Washington 
Medical  College — the  first  rival  of  the  University.  The  leading  spirit  of 
this  school  was  Dr.  Horatio  Gates  Jameson,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  a 
graduate  of  the  University  of  Maryland  Medical  School,  class  of  18 13,  a 
bold,  able  and  original  surgeon,  and  a  voluminous  medical  writer.  There 
were  several  circumstances  which  favored  the  founding  of  another  school  at 
that  time  in  Baltimore.  The  city  was  growing  rapidly  in  trade  and  popula- 
tion, and  the  country  at  large  was  experiencing  an  unprecedented  period  of 
prosperity.  The  institution  already  in  existence  had  met  with  success  far 
beyond  the  expectations  of  its  founder.  There  were  moreover  personal 
motives  operating  in  Jameson's  case.     He  had  been  thwarted  in  a  prospect 


'Joint  Memorial  of  Trustees  0/    University  ami  Baltimore  College  to   the  Legislature, 
1830,  Pampht. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  65 

of  a  place  in  the  University,  which  at  one  time  seemed  open  to  him,  and  for 
some  years  his  relations  with  the  Faculty  of  that  School  had  not  been 
friendly — indeed,  he  claimed  that  he  had  been  treated  with  great  discourtesy 
and  injustice  by  its  members.*  Of  course,  the  knowledge  of  the  want  of 
harmony  in  that  Faculty,  which  had  so  seriously  threatened  its  future,  must 
have  had  its  weight.  Very  naturally  the  Faculty  of  the  University  Medical 
School  did  not  regard  with  favor  the  attempt  to  found  a  rival  school.  It 
was  charged  that  they  referred  to  Jameson  and  his  colleagues  in  contemptu- 
ous terms,  and  they  appointed  a  committee  to  visit  Annapolis  and  oppose 
the  granting  of  the  charter. t  This  was  during  the  winter  session  of  182  ^-26, 
the  same  in  which  the  Act  changing  the  government  of  the  University  was 
put  through.  Their  charter  was  granted,  notwithstanding  this  opposition, 
and  the  new  College  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1827  in  a  building  on  North 
Holliday  street,  between  Lexington  and  Saratoga.  At  the  close  of  the  first 
session,  degrees  were  conferred  on  twelve  graduates.  For  a  time  it  flour- 
ished and  was  a  formidable  competitor  of  the  University  Medical  School, 
dividing  with  the  latter  the  student  patronage.  In  a  few  years  its  Faculty 
purchased  ground  on  Broadway  and  erected  a  hospital  and  college  building 
— the  central  building  of  the  present  Church  Home  and  Infirmary.  It 
numbered  in  its  Faculty  some  men  of  distinction — Samuel  Annan,  James  B. 
Rogers,  John  P.  Mettauer,  John  R.  W.  Dunbar,  Henry  M.  Baxley,  Charles 
Bell  Gibson,  etc. J  In  1839  a  University  charter  was  secured,  the  College 
being  authorized  "to  constitute  and  annex  to  itself  the  three  other  Colleges 
or  Faculties — Law,  Divinity,  and  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  such  academies,  or 
preparing  school  or  schools  as  may  be  deemed  essential  to  the  support  and 
maintenance  of  said  Colleges  or  Faculties."  Nothing  resulted  however 
from  this  legislation,  none  of  the  additional  Faculties  being  established. 
In  1849  it  was  determined  to  move  to  the  central  part  of  the  city,  and 
ground  was  bought  and  a  building  erected  on  the  south-east  corner  of  Han- 

*See  Jameson's  "Synopsis  of  the  Hintze  Trial,"  Am.  Med.  Recorder,  Jan..   iXjij 
:|:Jameson  resigned  in  1835  to  accept  a  chair  in  Cincinnati. 
fSee   p.   52. 


66'  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

over  and  Lombard  streets,  later  known  as  the  "New  Assembly  Rooms." 
This  involved  the  authorities  in  such  debt  that  they  were  unable  to  extricate 
themselves,  and  during  the  session  of  1851-52  both  buildings  were  sold  to 
meet  their  obligations,  and  the  college  was  closed.  In  1867  it  was  revived 
by  Drs.  Warren,  Byrd  and  others,  and  had  a  second  career  of  ten  years, 
when  it  was  merged  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  founded 
in  1872.  Other  medical  colleges  founded  more  recently  in  Baltimore  were: 
Baltimore  Medical  College,  1881  ;  Woman's  Medical  College,  1882;  Balti- 
more University,  1885;  Southern  Homoeopathic  Medical  College,  1890; 
Johns  Hopkins  Medical  College,  1893;  Maryland  Medical  College,  1898. 

Mention  may  be  made  here  of  the  "Gray  legacy."  This  was  a  sum  of 
$5,000  which  was  bequeathed  to  the  Infirmary  by  Mr.  George  Gray,  a 
merchant  of  Baltimore,  in  1829,  in  testimony  of  his  gratitude  for  care  and 
attention  received  while  a  patient  in  it.  This  bequest  was  used  by  the  Medi- 
cal Faculty  for  the  erection  of  the  corner  addition  to  the  institution  in  1852, 
which  was  secured  by  a  deed  executed  to  the  Board  of  Regents. 

An  event  which  was  regarded  with  much  interest  at  the  time,  and  which 
it  was  hoped  would  prove  the  beginning  of  a  prosperous  career,  was  the 
opening  of  the  Academic  or  Literary  Department,  in  1831.  The  "Faculty" 
appointed  in  January,  18 13,  had  been  continued  with  more  or  less  alterations 
up  to  the  advent  of  the  Trustees,  but  had  never  actually  discharged  the  duties 
of  their  office.  They  were  removed  by  the  Trustees,  and  successors  ap- 
pointed. An  effort  appears  to  have  been  made  in  December,  1828,  to  put 
this  department  in  operation,  for  "an  appropriation  not  exceeding  $400  was 
made  to  rent  rooms  and  furnish  them  in  the  central  part  of  the  city  to  ac- 
commodate the  Professors  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy,*  of  History,  and 
of  Moral  Philosophy,  and  the  Professors  of  the  other  departments  not  con- 
nected with  the  Medical  Faculty,  and  the  Professors  in  said  departments 
were  required  to  proceed  to  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  their  professor- 


:J.  T.  Ducatel  held  the  chair  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  67 

ships.'"  The  results  of  this  essay  were  however  extremely  meagre,  ami  it 
was  not  until  1830  that  any  real  advance  was  made.  In  that  year,  a  joint 
memorial  was  presented  to  the  Legislature  by  the  Trustees  of  the  University 
of  Maryland  and  the  Trustees  of  the  Baltimore  College,  asking  that  the  two 
institutions  be  united,  the  latter  to  surrender  its  charter,  and  turn  over  its 
property  to  the  Trustees  of  the  University.  The  College  which  it  was  thus 
proposed  to  absorb,  already  mentioned  as  one  of  two  in  Baltimore  ante- 
dating the  founding  of  the  College  of  Medicine,  originated  from  a  union 
of  the  academies  of  Mr.  James  Priestly,  on  St.  Paul's  lane(  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  the  discoverer  of  oxygen,  who  lived  in  Pennsylvania)  and  Rev. 
James  Knox,  corner  Chatham  or  Fayette  street  and  McClellan's  alley.  It 
was  chartered  in  1803  ;  organized  in  1804  by  Bishop  Carroll  and  others;  the 
first  session  began  in  Knox's  school,  in  1808,  and  two  years  later  the  Col- 
lege was  removed  to  Mulberry,  opposite  Cathedral  street,  where  a  building 
had  been  erected  by  the  aid  of  a  lottery.  The  first  class,  of  five,  was  gradu- 
ated with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1812.  It  had  a  brief  career,  was  reopened 
in  1821,  but  again  languished.! 

In  compliance  with  the  joint  memorial,  the  Legislature  passed  a  bill 
turning  over  the  property  and  franchises  of  the  College,  conditional  upon 
the  payment  of  a  debt  of  $7,000  which  rested  upon  it.  This  condition  was 
complied  with  by  the  Trustees,  and  due  preparations  having  been  made,  the 
department  of  Arts  and  Sciences  was  opened  with  a  Faculty  of  eleven  Pro- 
fessors on  the  third  of  January,  183  1,  by  a  public  address  delivered  by  Mr. 
John  P.  Kennedy,  Professor  of  History.  This  scholarly  address  was  pub- 
lished, and  is  still  well  worth  reading. if 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  amount  authorized  to  be  raised  by  the 

lottery  of  1807  was  $40,000,  and  by  that  of  18 16,  $100,000 — a  total  of 

$140,000.     The  amount  actually  realized  from  these  enterprises  up  to  1830 

was  $77,000.     Adding  to  this  the  $30,000  loaned  by  the  State,  and  fur- 

*Minutes   of   Trustees. 

f Joint  Memorial,"  1830.     ''Life  of  J.  P.  Kennedy,"  by  H.  T.  Tuckerman.  N.  Y.,  1871. 

JSee  abstract  in  sketch  of  Department  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 


68  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

ther  sums  borrowed  or  advanced  by  the  Professors,  and  we  have  an  aggre- 
gate of  about  $i  17,000.  The  following  statement  is  given  of  the  disposition 
of  this  fund,  exclusively  for  the  use  of  the  medical  department,  as  will  be 

observed.* 

For  lot  on  which  medical  buildings  stand,  with  enclosure $15,600  00 

The  said  buildings 65,00000 

Chemical  apparatus 8,300  00 

Medical  Library 2,600  00 

Anatomical  Museum 8,000  00 

Infirmary— Building $15,°°°  00 

Furniture   2,50000 

17,500  00 

$117,000  00 

In  1833  the  Trustees,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  the  Faculty, 
made  dissection  compulsory,  thus,  it  is  believed,  giving  the  priority  to  this 
institution  among  the  Medical  Schools  of  America  in  the  introduction  of  this 
reasonable  regulation. 

In  December,  1836,  a  new  seal  was  procured,  in  accordance  with  a 
resolution  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  adopted  in  1833.  It  is  described  as 
"bearing  as  a  device  the  arms  of  the  State  of  Maryland  on  a  shield,  with  a 
shield  appended  thereto  by  a  chain  with  the  words,  'University  of  Mary- 
land, incorporated  A.  D.,  1812.'  "t  In  March,  1837,  Lombard  street  was 
opened  towards  the  west,  and  the  University  was  assessed  $63.39  for  it.J 

The  Trustees  had  no  easy  or  pleasant  task  before  them  when  they  took 
charge  in  the  spring  of  1826.  With  an  entirely  new  Faculty  they  would 
have  had  far  better  chances  for  success.  As  it  was,  they  had  under  them  a 
Faculty  some  of  whom,  at  least,  could  never  forget  their  lost  rights  and 
privileges.  During  their  eleven  years  of  submission,  the  latter  lost  no  op- 
portunity to  oppose  them  and  seek  to  thwart  them  in  every  way  in  their 
management  of  affairs.  From  the  first,  they  submitted  with  but  a  bad  grace, 
and  were  only  deterred  by  the  most  formidable  obstacles  from  testing  in  the 

*"Joint   Memorial  of  Trustees."  etc.,   1830. 

■(•Minutes  of  Trustees.  The  present  seal  of  the  University  contains  only  a  picture  of  the 
main  University  building,  surrounded  by  the  words  "Sigillum  Academine  Terra?  Maris," 
and  the  date,  MDCCCVII. 

tide  111. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  69 

courts  the  law  deposing  them  from  their  rights.  Their  positions  had  heen 
declared  vacant  by  the  Trustees,  and  they  were  forced  to  make  application 
for  them  and  receive  them  back  at  the  hands  of  the  latter.  This  humiliation 
brought  to  them  their  first  realization  of  the  inferiority  of  their  new  posi- 
tions. A  feeling  of  irritation  and  hostility  on  their  part  towards  their  new 
masters  was  altogether  natural  under  the  circumstances,  and  it  was  height- 
ened by  the  opinion  of  the  eminent  counsel  whom  they  had  consulted.  I  he 
suddenness  of  the  change  made  it  all  the  more  impressive. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  we  are  compelled  to  rely  so  largely  upon  the 
statements  of  one  side  in  the  ever  recurring  differences  that  arose  between  the 
Faculty  and  the  Trustees.  Dr.  Potter  is  a  most  prejudiced  historian  of  those 
times,  and  we  can  never  feel  certain  that  his  prejudice  does  not  lead  him  to 
misrepresent  the  truth.  It  may  be  that  the  Trustees  lacked  tact,  and  held 
themselves  too  much  aloof  from  the  Faculty,  but  it  is  certain  that  the  latter 
were  in  that  frame  of  mind  which  is  ever  ready  to  find  fault  and  to  imagine 
offense.  In  proof  of  this,  we  may  compare  the  attitude  of  those  who  re- 
ceived appointments  from  the  Trustees  with  that  of  those  who  had  held 
over  from  the  Regents.  We  do  not  find  complaints  and  dissensions  emanat- 
ing from  Geddings,  Dunglison  and  Ducatel. 

Professor  Davidge  did  not  fare  better  at  the  hands  of  the  Trustees  in 
regard  to  his  private  class  than  with  the  Regents.  Although  he  made  per- 
sonal application  for  the  restoration  of  the  lost  privilege,  December  9th, 
1826,  and  although  his  application  was  seconded  by  the  students,  the  appeal 
was  in  vain.  This  must  have  been  a  bitter  disappointment,  for  it  was  upon 
this  very  point  that  he  had  been  tempted  to  apply  to  the  Legislature  for  the 
Act  of  1826.*  Potter  adds:  "They"  (Davidge  and  De  Butts)  "mag- 
nanimously acknowledged  their  error,  and  were  the  first  to  complain,  and 
repented  in  sackcloth  and  ashes." 

The  following  event  occurred  in  December,  1826:  A  student  named 
Adreon  brought  a  friend  into  the  yard  for  the  purpose  of  showing  him  some 


*Potter.  op.  cit. 


7o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

anatomical  preparation  which  he  had  made.  This  was  against  the  rules, 
and  he  was  stopped  by  the  janitor  at  "the  inner  gate."  An  altercation 
ensued,  in  the  course  of  which  strong  language  was  used  by  both  parties,  and 
the  janitor  struck  the  student.  The  latter  did  not  return  the  blow,  but 
preferred  charges  against  the  janitor  of  insulting  language  and  personal 
violence.  The  case  was  examined  into  at  the  office  of  Mr.  Roger  B.  Taney, 
who  was  then  the  Vice-President  of  the  Board.  The  janitor  made  the  most 
humble  apology,  pleading  that  he  had  a  wife  and  large  family  dependent 
upon  him,  and  recalling  his  good  character  and  services  in  the  position,  which 
he  had  held  "from  nearly  the  commencement  of  the  College."  He  acknowl- 
edged his  imprudence,  for  which  ther£  was  no  justification,  and  humbly 
begged  for  mercy.  The  sequel  leaves  us  in  more  than  doubt  as  to  his  sin- 
cerity. The  apology,  however,  was  accepted,  and  he  was  allowed  to  retain 
his  position.* 

The  abolition  of  the  graduation  fee  was  another  cause  of  complaint. 
In  1827,1  tne  Professors  were  deprived  of  the  graduation  fees,  of  which 
they  had  alone  retained  possession  in  the  transfer  of  the  revenues  of  the 
University.  This  item  of  income  was  claimed  by  them  as  a  special  per- 
quisite of  their  chairs,  and  an  inalienable  right  of  their  office.  They  looked 
upon  it  as  due  them  for  the  time  and  labor  required  in  the  examinations,  and 
for  certifying  in  the  diploma  to  the  standing  and  capacity  of  the  graduate.! 
It  was  restored  to  them  in  1  833,  when  it  was  estimated  that  the  loss  incurred 
by  the  Faculty  amounted  to  $6,405,  viz.:  427  graduates  (from  1827  to 
1833,  inclusive),  at  $15  each.§  We  must  not  infer  from  Dr.  Potter's 
words,  as  we  might  be  justified  in  doing,  that  this  large  sum  had  been 
diverted  into  the  treasury  of  the  University;  the  fact  was,  that  during  this 
period  the  graduation  fee  had  been  abolished,  and  upon  this  act  of  the 
Trustees  we  may  quote  the  approval  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Lincoln,  a  prominent 


*Minutes  of  Trustees. 

f'Without  Shadow  of  right  or  law."     Prof.  Hall,  MS.  Records  of  University. 

iPotter,  op.  cit. 

§Prof.  Hal!,  MS.  Records  of  University. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  71 

teacher  of  the  day:  "The  only  school  in  the  United  States,  so  far  as  known, 
which  has  had  the  good  sense  and  magnanimity  to  abolish  the  'graduation 
fee,"  is  the  Medical  College  of  the  University  of  Maryland."* 

Professor  Potter  kept  his  eye  upon  the  janitor,  and  so  when  in  Decem- 
ber, 1828,  he  observed  that  some  of  the  students,  instead  of  proceeding  after 
his  lecture  to  the  room  of  his  successor,  were  in  the  habit  ol  going  to  the 
apartments  of  the  janitor,  his  suspicions  were  aroused,  and  he  determined 
to  investigate.  Accordingly,  one  day,  he  unexpectedly  entered  the  janitor's 
room  and  found  several  students  "regaling  themselves  with  spirits  and 
cards."  Now,  it  was  against  the  regulations  for  the  janitor  to  sell  liquor, 
and  he  privately  reproached  him  for  it.  That  functionary  first  denied,  then 
became  angry,  and  wound  up  by  "giving  the  lie."  The  Professor  preferred 
charges  against  him,  and  demanded  his  discharge,  claiming  that  he  had 
already  been  guilty  of  one  offense,  and  had  therefore  forfeited  all  claim  to 
further  indulgence.  The  committee  of  the  Trustees  charged  with  the  ex- 
amination, dictated  a  letter  of  apology  which,  after  requiring  the  janitor 
to  sign,  they  sent  to  the  Professor.  The' Trustees  also  passed  a  regulation 
forbidding  the  janitor  in  future  "to  sell  liquors  of  any  kind,  fruit,  nuts, 
cigars,  or  tobacco,  or  to  permit  the  students  to  play  at  cards  or  any  other 
game  in  his  house  for  money  or  any  other  thing."  Potter  was  not  satisfied 
with  this  action,  nor  with  the  note  of  apology,  and  wrote  a  sharp  letter  to  the 
committee,  which  they  refused  to  receive  and  directed  to  be  returned  to  the 
writer.  Thev  determined,  nevertheless,  that  it  was  necessary  to  inquire  into 
the  conduct  of  the  janitor  generally,  as  well  as  in  this  particular  instance. 
Professors  Davidge,  De  Butts,  Smith,  Hall,  Baker  and  McDowell,  and  two 
of  the  students,  were  summoned  before  the  committee  and  bore  unanimous 
testimony  to  the  capacity,  general  good  conduct  and  valuable  services  of  the 
janitor,  although  Professor  Smith  thought  he  had  been  wanting  in  respect  to 
himself  upon  one  occasion.     The  janitor  was  summoned  and  examined  as  to 


*"Hint.s  on  the  Present  State  of  Medical  Education,"  etc.by  Dr.  Benjamin  Lincoln,  Burl- 
ington, 1833.     Pampht, 


72  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

this,  but  the  committee  was  satisfied  that  he  had  been  guilty  of  no  disrespect; 
he  was  accordingly  ordered  to  resume  his  duties.  But  the  redoubtable  Pro- 
fessor had  declared  war,  and  nothing  would  appease  him  except  absolute 
surrender  of  the  enemy.  According  to  the  "Sketch,"  the  janitor  threatened 
him  with  personal  violence,  and  would  have  carried  out  the  threat  but  for 
the  intervention  of  the  Professor's  student  friends,  whom  he  could  scarcely 
restrain  from  "sacrificing"  the  irrepressible  subordinate.  "I  had  to  go 
armed,"  he  says,  "for  the  remainder  of  the  session.  The  class  clamored  so 
loudly  for  justice  that  the  Trustees  had  to  meet  and  request  the  janitor  'to 
beg  my  pardon,  or  say  he  was  sorry  for  what  he  had  said.'  He  was  kept 
in  office  till  spring,  selling  whiskey  and  brandy  in  defiance  of  all  authority. 
Early  in  the  spring  he  offended  them,  and  was  ejected  for  another  offense, 
after  annoying  me,  as  the  instrument  of  their  revenge,  for  half  the  session."* 
The  author  of  the  "Sketch"  has  fallen  into  an  error  here,  for  we  have  it 
upon  record  that,  although  Professor  Smith  made  a  second  complaint  the 
following  spring,  it  was  not  until  three  years  later  (January,  1832)  that 
the  janitor  was  forced  to  resign  his  position.  This  was  in  consequence  of 
another  complaint  made  by  one  of  the  students,  and  accompanied  by  a 
request  from  the  Faculty  for  his  immediate  removal.  His  resignation  was 
accordingly  presented  and  accepted,  and  the  Dean  was  instructed  to  take 
charge  of  the  keys  until  the  vacancy  could  be  filled. t 

During  the  session  of  1829-30,  Professor  Smith  "converted  to  his  own 
use  a  part  of  the  dissecting  room  without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  the 
Demonstrator."  The  latter  objected,  and  the  Trustees  ordered  restitution 
to  be  made.  This  discomfiture  of  the  high-spirited  Professor  of  Surgery 
could  not  have  failed  to  leave  some  bitterness  of  feeling  on  his  part  towards 
the  Trustees. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Act  appointing  the  Trustees  provided 
that  they  should  assume  entire  charge  of  the  pecuniary  affairs  of  the  institu- 


*  Potter,  op.  cit. 
•(Trustees'  Minutes. 


THE  EOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  73 

tion,  and  pay  off  all  of  its  debts,  with  one  single  exception;  this  was  the 
interest  on  the  $30,000  loan  of  1821,  amounting  to  $1,500  annually.  The 
members  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic  were  required  to  give  bond  for  the  regu- 
lar payment  of  this  interest,  and  they  continued  to  pay  it  until  the  winter  of 
1842-43.  It  is  hard  to  comprehend  what  justification  could  have  been 
found  for  the  imposition  of  this  burden  upon  the  Faculty.  The  money  had 
been  borrowed  for  the  erection  of  Practice  Flail,  the  purchase  of  a  Museum, 
and  the  completion  of  Anatomical  Hall  and  the  Dissecting  Room  in  the  main 
building,  and  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  overhanging  the  corporation;  and 
it  had  been  faithfully  devoted  to  this  purpose  under  the  direction  of  a  "com- 
mission" appointed  by  the  same  Legislature  which  had  made  the  loan.  The 
University  having,  therefore,  been  benefited  by  it,  and  not  the  Professors  in 
their  private  capacity,  it  seems  clearly  to  have  been  a  debt  of  the  corporation 
which  the  Trustees  should  have  assumed  like  any  other  debt.  The  Faculty, 
being  now  deprived  of  all  control  over  the  income  of  the  corporation,  had 
lost  the  means  of  paying  it  upon  which  they  had  doubtless  relied,  and  were 
compelled  to  make  it  up  from  their  private  resources.  In  justice  to  the 
Trustees,  however,  attention  should  be  called  to  the  fact  that  the  Act  of 
1826,  by  which  they  had  received  their  appointments,  stated  in  express  terms 
that  the  Medical  Faculty  and  their  successors  were  to  be  held  bound  to  the 
payment  of  the  interest  of  this  loan,  and  the  Trustees  were  in  no  degree  re- 
sponsible for  this  action.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  here  that,  notwithstanding 
the  burden  of  this  interest,  the  Faculty  were  not  deterred  from  assuming 
the  bond  for  the  payment  of  the  annuity  of  $1,000  to  Professor  Maxwell 
McDowell,  in  1833,  whom  they  desired  to  get  rid  of.* 

The  Infirmary  constituted  another  source  of  dissatisfaction.  The 
building  had  been  erected,  not  by  the  Board  of  Regents,  nor  by  the  Faculty, 
but  by  several  of  the  Professors,  who  had  contributed  liberally  from  their 
private  means,  and  when  these  had  failed,  had  borrowed  money  from  the 


*The  graduation  fees,  restored  to  the  Faculty  in   1833,  nearly   sufficed  to  make  up   the 
amount  due  on  this  bond. 


74  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

banks  to  meet  the  exDense,  and  the  deed  to  it  stood  in  their  names.  Yet  the 
building  had  been  seized  by  the  Trustees  and  held,  despite  the  protest  of 
these  gentlemen,  who  were  required  to  contribute  their  services  to  it  as  at- 
tending physicians  without  compensation.  The  establishment  having  thus 
been  taken  possession  of  by  agents  of  the  State,  the  several  Professors  to 
whom  it  belonged  made  out  a  bill  against  the  Trustees  for  the  entire  amount 
of  the  private  funds  which  they  had  expended  in  its  erection  and  mainten- 
ance. The  latter  refused  to  pay  any  portion  of  this  claim,  and  an  appeal 
was  made  to  the  Legislature,  which  passed  an  Act  requiring  them  to  make 
a  settlement.  "With  great  reluctance,"  the  Board  then  appointed  a  com- 
mittee, consisting  of  Messrs.  Gwynn,  McCulIoh  and  Williams,  to  investigate 
the  accounts  of  the  University  and  report  what,  if  any,  sum  was  due  the 
Professors  for  funds  advanced.  Professor  Hall  was  appointed  on  the  part 
of  the  Faculty  to  confer  with  this  committee.  After  a  protracted  and 
exhaustive  examination,  extending  back  to  the  year  1807,  the  committee  re- 
ported on  the  11th  of  October,  1830,  that  $15,474  were  due  the  Pro- 
fessors.* According  to  Professor  Potter,  there  was  a  suit  still  pending  in 
1838  for  the  recovery  of  this  debt,  in  whole  or  in  part. 

The  management  of  the  Infirmary  was  severely  criticised.  Professor 
Potter  contrasts  the  entire  absence  of  expense  for  offices,  stationary,  etc., 
under  the  Regents,  with  the  extravagance  of  the  Trustees'  government  with 
respect  to  these  items.  The  latter,  for  example,  had  a  secretary,  the  son  of 
the  Vice-President,  who  received  $250  per  annum.  Later,  the  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  the  Infirmary  received  $200  for  his  services;  still  later, 
as  the  income  of  the  Infirmary  increased,  the  same  officer  was  given  the  title 
of  "Superintendent,"  and  $400  a  year,  and  at  last  he  became  "Governor," 
with  $800  salary.!  This  officer  had  absolute  control  over  the  affairs  of  the 
institution.      Patients  were  admitted   and  discharged  by  his  command;  he 

Potter,  op.  cit.  I  have  followed  Professor  Potter,  but  according  to  Mr.  J.  H.  B.  Latrobe, 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  in  a  report  made  in  1852.  the  Infirmary  was  transferred 
to  the  Trustees  in  1832,  on  the  latter  assuming  the  debt  due  the  bank  which  was  then  threat- 
ening its  sale. 

fMr.  Solomon  Etting  held  these  offices,  and  no  doubt  deserved  all  he  got  for  his  wise 
and  economical  management  of  affairs. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTITUTION  75 

appointed  the  subordinates;  he  purchased  the  supplies  and  medicines  for  the 
inmates;  he  handled  all  the  funds,  and  paid  out  money,  and  one  of  the  senior 
students  served  as  his  secretary.  According  to  Professor  Potter,  the  medi- 
cines were  inferior  in  quality,  and  were  purchased  wherever  they  could  be 
gotten  at  the  lowest  rates.  The  Professors  were  compelled  to  use  their  own 
instruments,  and  they  could  not  obtain  even  so  necessary  an  article  as 
leeches.* 

Potter  goes  so  far  as  to  charge  the  Board  with  the  most  discreditable 
conduct.  For  instance,  he  states,  that  in  order  to  get  rid  of  opposition,  "the 
schemers  in  the  Board"  had  its  number  reduced  by  the  following  device : 
Three  of  the  members  were  Judges  of  judicial  districts  in  the  State,  and 
were  "true  friends  of  the  school."  In  order  to  get  rid  of  them,  a  resolution 
was  passed  that  absence  from  four  successive  meetings  vacated  a  seat. 
Then  finding  that  these  gentlemen  had  been  absent  three  meetings,  the  fourth 
was  appointed  on  a  ciay  on  which  the  Judges  were  to  sit,  and  thus  they 
were  expelled  from  the  Board.  Again,  the  Regents  had  made  a  contract 
with  Messrs.  Yates  and  Mclntyre,  lottery  brokers,  which  stipulated  that  they 
should  pay  over  to  the  Regents  $2,000  every  four  months  until  the  privilege 
was  exhausted.  Although  the  amplest  security  was  given  and  the  terms 
strictly  and  honorably  complied  with,  the  Trustees  annulled  this  solemn  ob- 
ligation and  substituted  a  specific  annual  sum. 

The  charge  was  also  made  against  the  Trustees  that  they  ignored  the 
wishes  of  the  Faculty  as  to  the  appointment  of  Professors.  With  reference 
to  this,  it  may  be  said  in  their  behalf,  that  they  were  not  bound  by  the  Act 
appointing  them  to  conform  to  such  wishes. t  But,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
they  did  comply  with  every  request  of  the  Faculty  upon  this  sub- 
ject up  to  May,  1837,  except  in  the  case  of  Professor  Ducatel,  the  wisdom 
of  whose  appointment  was  not  questioned  by  his  colleagues. 

As  may  be  inferred,  Potter  was  the  most  bitter  against  the    Trustees 


♦Potter,  op.   cit. 

fActs  of  Legislature,  Chap.  LXII,  3. 


76  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

of  all  the  members  of  the  Faculty,  and  naturally  the  most  obnoxious  to  them, 
"because,"  as  he  says,  "uniformly,  without  reserve,  at  all  times  and  in  all 
places,  exposing  their  acts."*  The  affairs  of  the  University  were  freely  dis- 
cussed with  the  students,  who  naturally  sided  with  the  Professors  and  laid 
the  blame  on  their  opponents.  The  Trustees  are  said  to  have  "declared 
that  should  either  of  the  Professors,  in  their  intercourse  with  the  students, 
speak  disrespectfully  of  them  or  their  acts,  they  "should  forfeit  their  chairs 
and  be  expelled  from  them."  To  this  Potter  says  that  he  made  reply  pub- 
licly, that  "if  they  would  let  him  appear  before  their  Board  he  would  give 
them  the  opportunity  to  resort  to  still  more  extreme  acts  of  tyranny."* 

Early  in  1837  the  Faculty  endeavored  to  secure  the  passage  of  an  Act 
by  the  Legislature  giving  its  members  seats  in  the  Board  of  Trustees,  "with 
power  to  vote  on  all  matters  appertaining  particularly  to  the  medical  de- 
partment, and  on  the  appointment  and  removal  of  a  Provost,  Professor, 
Lecturer,  tutor,  demonstrator,  or  other  officer  connected  with  said  depart- 
ment, or  on  questions  relative  to  their  duties  or  the  duties  of  any  of  them, 
or  on  the  establishment,  alteration  or  abolishment  of  a  professorship,  lec- 
tureship, or  any  other  office  in  said  department,  but  not  to  vote  on  fiscal 
questions  or  on  business  of  other  departments."!  The  Trustees,  of  course, 
opposed  this  measure,  and  presented  a  memorial  giving  the  reasons  why 
it  should  not  be  passed.     They  carried  their  point,  and  it  was  rejected. 

But  the  circumstance  that  particularly  precipitated  the  crisis  was  the 
appointment  of  Dr.  Henry  W.  Baxley  to  the  chair  of  Anatomy,  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  Professor  Geddings.  Dr.  Baxley  first  became  connected  with  the 
Faculty  in  1834,  as  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  succeeding  Dr.  Samuel 
Lyon.  At  that  time  Dr.  Augustus  L.  Warner  had  a  private  dissecting  room 
on  Cider  alley,  just  in  the  rear  of  the  College  building,  but,  on  his  election 
to  a  chair  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Dr. 
William  N.  Baker,  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  1832,  and  a  son  of  Professor 


*Potter,  op.  cit. 

fCopy  of  proposed  bill,  MS.  Records  of  University. 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  INSTFTUTION  77 

Samuel  Baker.  Young  Baker  had  been  well  educated  and  possessing  a  fine 
address  and  marked  social  qualities,  was  a  general  favorite.  His  students 
were  warmly  attached  to  him,  and  his  dissecting  rooms  were  more  fre- 
quented than  those  of  the  College.  Dr.  Baxley,  on  the  other  hand,  was 
devoid  of  sociability,  and  stood  much  upon  his  dignity,  and  the  preroga- 
tives of  his  office.  A  spirit  of  rivalry  readily  sprang  up  between  the  two 
classes,  and  as  Baker  had  such  personal  attractions  and  was  so  much  liked 
by  the  students,  with  whom  the  members  of  the  Faculty  kept  up  the  most 
friendly  relations  during  the  difficulties  with  the  Trustees,  and  especially  be- 
cause he  was  the  son  of  one  of  their  colleagues  and  of  a  founder  of  the 
school,  it  was  not  long  before  the  Professors  began  to  give  the  preference  to 
young  Baker. 

In  Februarv,  1835,  Dr.  Baxley  had  the  misfortune  to  have  a  difficulty 
with  one  of  the  students.  In  a  communication  which  he  addressed  to  Pro- 
fessor Geddings  on  February  3d,  he  complains  of  the  conduct  of  a  Mr. 
Gilmer,  of  Virginia,  at  the  previous  day's  lecture  on  anatomy.  He  charges 
this  gentlemen  with  "taking  his  seat,  a  seat  appropriated  to  the  Demonstra- 
tor of  Anatomy,  and  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to  use  during  the  session, 
and  refusing  to  give  it  to  him."  He  says  that  the  offense  was  all  the  more 
censurable  because  committed  in  the  presence  of  the  entire  class  and  of  the 
Professor.  On  being  refused  his  seat  he  says  that  he  left  the  room.  He 
desires  to  know  "what  course  he  should  pursue."  He  received  a  reply  to  the 
effect  that  Mr.  Gilmer  disclaimed  any  intended  disrespect,  and  said  that  he 
was  not  aware  of  the  seat  having  been  appropriated  and  that  had  it  been 
solicited  in  a  proper  manner  he  would  have  given  it  up.  In  answer  to  this 
Dr.  B.  said  that  he  simply  presented  himself  before  the  seat,  which  he  had 
been  in  the  habit  of  occupying  every  day,  and  which  Mr.  G.  had  relinquished 
on  a  similar  application  in  manner  on  a  former  occasion.  He  was  now 
directed,  however,  to  "go  on."  He  added  that  he  would  have  considered  it 
an  improper  surrender  on  his  part  of  the  rights  of  the  station  which  he 
held,  and  a  culpable  indifference  to  the  respect  due  to  that  station  from  the 


78  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

pupils  of  the  school,  to  do  other  than  plainly  intimate  a  consciousness  of 
those  rights  and  the  determination  to  require  that  respect  to  be  observed. 
He  accordingly  replied:  "I  will  occupy  this  seat,  sir!"  to  which,  receiving 
the  answer,  "No,  you  won't,  sir!"  he  retired  as  above  stated,  intending,  if 
necessary,  to  bring  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  the  authorities  of  the  Uni- 
versity, "alike  competent  and  disposed  to  secure  becoming  subordination." 
He  adds  that  he  has  heard  that  Mr.  G.'s  conduct  before  and  after  the  trans- 
action did  not  accord  with  his  statements  to  Professor  Geddings,  and  he 
must  therefore  request  a  written  disavowal  from  him,  or  a  written  statement 
of  that  disavowal  by  the  Dean,  Professor  Dunglison.  The  latter,  as  being 
probably  most  easily  obtained,  was  accordingly  given,  and  affairs  were  thus 
in  appearance  accommodated  for  the  time.*  But  it  is  probable  that  this 
affair  left  unpleasant  impressions,  and  although  we  find  no  other  record  of 
any  open  difficulty  during  Dr.  Baxley's  incumbency  of  office,  he  seems  to  have 
been  on  suspiciously  intimate  terms  with  the  Trustees,  and  this  was  sufficient 
to  cause  the  members  of  the  Faculty  to  look  upon  him  with  distrust,  ami  to 
give  rise  to  the  charge  by  Professor  Potter  that  Geddings  had  been  "banished 
by  intrigue,  injustice  and  envy."t 

It  was  known  to  the  Faculty  that  Dr.  Baxley  was  the  choice  of  the 
Trustees  for  the  chair  vacated  by  Professor  Geddings  at  the  close  of  the 
session  of  1836-37.  They  unanimously  favored  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
Baker.  Baxley  had  now  become  so  offensive  to  them  that  they  had  deter- 
mined not  to  remain  in  the  Faculty  if  he  were  admitted  to  it.  At  a  meeting 
held  in  the  Infirmary,  on  the  2d  of  May,  1837,  the  "arbitrary  and  injudicious 
acts  of  the  Trustees,  and  the  unconstitutionality  of  the  Act  of  1825"  were 
discussed.  At  a  later  meeting,  Professor  Hall  reported  the  opinion  of  coun- 
sel on  the  probable  success  of  a  suit,  and  urged  that  one  be  entered  upon. 
It  was  now  unanimously  resolved  that,  if  the  Trustees  should  make  an  ap- 
pointment to  the  chair  of  Anatomy  of  "an  individual"  proposed  by  them, 


*MS.  Records  of  the  University. 
fPotter,  op.  cit. 


TR  US  TEES  AND  REGEN  TS  79 

in  direct  opposition  to  the  nomination  of  the  Faculty,  the  Professors  should 
resign,  and  the  resignations  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  Professor  Hall, 
tthe  Dean,  to  be  used  in  accordance  with  the  resolution.  As  soon  as  the 
official  announcement  was  received  of  the  obnoxious  appointment,  the  resig- 
nations were  delivered  to  the  chairman  of  the  Board.  Drs.  Potter  and  Hall, 
senior  members  of  the  Faculty,  in  resigning  their  appointments  under  the 
Trustees,  expressly  retained  those  formerly  held  from  the  Regents  under  the 
charter  of  18 12.* 

Having  thus  declared  themselves  independent  of  their  late  masters,  no 
time  was  lost  in  reorganization.  The  two  senior  members  constituted  the 
nucleus,  the  direct  successors  of  the  last  Faculty  under  the  Regents,  and  they 
elected  Professors  Smith  and  Griffith  to  the  same  chairs  in  the  revived  Re- 
gents' Faculty  which  they  had  just  resigned.  Professor  Hall  was  made 
Dean,  and  as  Secretary  of  the  old  Board  of  Regents,  was  directed  to  call  a 
meeting  of  that  body,  a  majority  of  whom  were  still  alive.  In  accordance 
with  the  notice,  the  Regents  met  and  resolved  to  obtain  further  advice  from 
counsel  as  to  the  legality  of  holding  lectures  under  the  old  charter.  The 
gentlemen  consulted,  Messrs.  Martin,  Mayer  and  Evans,  declared  that  the 
Faculty  of  the  Regents  was  the  legitimate  faculty,  and  as  such  had  full 
authority  to  lecture  and  confer  degrees.  The  Faculty  of  Law  entirely  con- 
curred in  this  opinion.  Committees  were  appointed  from  the  Faculties  of 
Medicine,  Law  and  Arts  and  Sciences,  to  co-operate  in  the  management  of 
the  impending  suit,  Drs.  Potter  and  Hall  representing  the  Faculty  of  Physic. 

The  counsel  selected  by  the  joint  committee  to  carry  on  the  suit  were 
Messrs.  Meredith,  Evans,  Mayer  and  R.  N.  Martin,  all  prominent  lawyers 
of  that  period.  They  were  requested  to  have  the  suit  docketed  as  soon  as 
possible  during  the  current  term  of  the  Baltimore  County  Court.  A  re- 
taining fee  of  $150  was  proposed  and  accepted  by  all  except  Mr.  Evans, 
who  declined  any  fee  for  his  services.! 


*Mimites  of  Regents'  Faculty,  1837-39 
fMinutes  of  Regents'  Faculty. 


8o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Any  account  of  this  period  would  be  incomplete  without  some  allusion 
to  the  "outrage"  committed  on  the  night  of  the  21st  of  September,  1837. 
This  was  a  successful  attempt  by  the  Regents'  Faculty  to  get  possession  of 
the  University  buildings.  From  depositions  taken  subsequently  by  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Trustees,*  and  especially  from  the  statements 
of  the  janitor,  the  following  account  of  this  transaction  is  obtained:  Pro- 
fessor Samuel  G.  Baker  called  at  the  house  of  the  janitor,  Thomas  Maguire, 
within  the  University  walls  at  the  northern  extremity  of  Practice  Hall,  and 
finding  him  out,  left  word  with  his  wife  that  he  wished  to  see  him  at  seven 
o'clock.  Accordingly,  at  that  hour  Maguire  repaired  to  the  Doctor's  office, 
where  he  was  told  that  the  latter  would  soon  be  in,  and  asked  to  take  a  seat. 
He  waited  there  until  8  o'clock  without  seeing  anything  of  the  Doctor.  On 
returning  then  home,  he  was  surprised  to  find  the  outer  gate  fastened.  He 
rapped,  and  his  name  was  demanded  by  a  voice  within.  He  gave  it,  and 
was  told  that  he  could  not  enter.  The  gate  was  then  opened,  and  he  saw 
Professor  Smith  within.  Professor  Baker  now  came  out  and  walked  with 
him  down  the  alley  to  the  tavern  at  the  corner  of  Paca  and  German  streets. 
Here  they  met  Professor  Hall.  The  two  Professors  then  told  him  that  the 
steps  they  had  taken  were  adopted  in  accordance  with  the  advice  of  their 
counsel,  and  with  the  object  of  getting  possession  of  the  property  of  the 
University.  He  then  went  to  the  Infirmary  and  reported  to  the  Governor 
of  that  institution  what  had  taken  place.  Here  he  found  his  wife  and  a 
woman  who  lived  with  them.  These  two  had  been  sent  out  on  various 
pretexts  when  the  premises  were  seized,  and  being  unable  to  get  back,  had 
gone  to  the  Infirmary.  The  Trustees  were  convened  the  next  morning,  when 
Mr.  Nelson  was  directed  to  examine  into  the  proceeding  and  make  arrange- 
ments for  the  recovery  of  the  buildings  from  "the  trespassers,"  and  Messrs. 
Reverdy  Johnson  and  McMahon  were  employed  as  assistant  counsel.  The 
property  was  held  until  the  afternoon  of  the  23d,  when  the  janitor  was  told 
by  Professor  Hall  that  they  had  determined  to  give  it  up  for  the  present  and 


*Minutes  of  Trustees. 


TR I JS '//•; ES  .  1ND  R EGEN TS  8 1 

let  the  matter  take  its  regular  course  in  law,  and  that  he  could  get  the  keys. 
He  then  went  to  the  gate  and  saw  two  of  the  students  shutting  up  his  house. 
They  offered  him  the  keys,  but  he  refused  them,  preferring  that  they  should 
be  left,  as  agreed  upon  with  Professor  Hall,  at  a  neighbor's.  He  then  went 
for  Mr.  James  W.  McCulloh,  one  of  the  Trustees,  and  Professor  Baxley, 
and  accompanied  by  them  got  the  keys  and  examined  all  the  buildings.  They 
found  some  articles  missing  from  the  Museum  which  had  been  claimed  by 
members  of  the  Regents'  Faculty  as  private  property.  They  also  found  in 
one  of  the  rooms  of  his  house  three  vessels  that  had  contained  liquors,  and  a 
coarse  bowie-knife  made  out  of  a  part  of  an  old  sword,  which  one  of  the 
young  men  afterwards  called  for.  This  account  was  corroborated  by  other 
witnesses.  Thus  ended  this  brief  reign  of  hostilities,  and  fortunately  with- 
out the  shedding  of  any  blood.  Had  there  been  any  resistance  on  the  part 
of  the  janitor  or  Trustees,  or  any  attempt  to  recover  possession  by  force,  it 
is  probable  that  the  historian  would  not  have  been  able  to  chronicle  so  happy 
a  termination  of  this  affair. 

For  the  next  two  years  there  were,  therefore,  two  Universities  of  Mary- 
land— that  of  the  Regents,  extra-mural  and  not  recognized  as  yet  by  law, 
and  that  of  the  Trustees,  in  possession  of  the  buildings,  and  recognized  and 
supported  by  the  State.  The  Faculty  of  Physic  of  the  former  opened  their 
session  of  1837-38  in  the  old  Indian  Queen  Hotel,  on  the  south-east  corner 
of  Baltimore  and  Hanover  streets.  There  was  a  very  noticeable  reduction 
in  the  total  number  of  students  attending  the  institution  as  represented  by  its 
two  divisions.  The  patronage  was  mostly  local  and  with  the  Regents' 
Faculty,  students  from  the  counties  and  other  States  being  diverted  by  the 
distractions  here  to  other  cities.*  The  introductory  lectures  in  the  two 
schools  were  delivered  by  Professors  Samuel  G.  Baker  and  Henry  Willis 
Baxley,  respectively.  The  former  dwelt  upon  the  subject  then  uppermost 
in  the  minds  of  himself  and  colleagues — the  University  and  its  recent  diffi- 
culties.    He  refers  to  the  enthusiastic  interest  manifested  in  the   Regents' 


*Memorial  of  Trustees,  Feb.,  1838. 


S2  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

school,  and  the  widespread  sympathy  for  it  of  the  community,  and  compares 
the  entrance  of  the  Trustees  to  Burr's  visit  to  Elennerhasset,  so  eloquently 
depicted  by  Wirt  in  the  trial  of  the  former.  He  speaks  of  "a  few  master- 
spirits of  faction,"  admitting  into  their  secret  conclave  an  inferior  officer  of 
the  school,*  whose  pliancy  adapted  him  to  any  service,  and  gravely  and 
deliberated  planning  an  entire  revolution  in  the  Medical  School. 

The  Trustees  opened  their  session  about  the  same  time,  according  to 
Potter  "to  a  beggarly  array  of  empty  benches. "t  The  Faculty  consisted  of 
Henry  Willis  Baxley,  of  Baltimore,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology; 
Henry  Howard,  of  Montgomery  county,  Maryland,  Obstetrics  and  Diseases 
of  Women  and  Children;  Robert  Edward  Dorsey,  of  Baltimore  county, 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics;  M.  A.  Finley,  of  Washington  county, 
Maryland,  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine;  John  Frederick  May,  of 
Washington  City,  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery;  William  R.  Fisher,  of 
Baltimore,  Chemistry;  Ellis  Hughes,  of  Annapolis,  Demonstrator.  A  cir- 
cular of  the  Regents'  Faculty,  issued  in  i  S 3 7 ,  refers  to  these  gentlemen, 
rather  derogatively,  in  the  following  words:  "The  chairs  in  which  the  Pro- 
fessors recently  labored  are  now  occupied  by  strangers,  having  in  vain  been 
offered  to  almost  every  prominent  medical  man  in  Baltimore  and  to  many 
in  other  places."  But  this  slur  was  undeserved,  for  they  were  quite  the 
equals,  if  not  the  superiors,  of  the  Regents'  Faculty.  Baxley  was  recognized 
as  a  teacher,  surgeon  and  writer  of  ability,  and  held  chairs  subsequently  in 
the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Washington  University  Medical 
School,  and  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio;  Howard  held  a  chair  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  for  twenty-eight  years;  May  was  a  distinguished  surgeon 
of  Washington,  and  long  connected  with  the  Columbian  College  Medical 
School,  and  Fisher  was  a  gifted  and  eloquent  chemist,  a  leading  spirit  in  the 
Maryland  Academy  of  Science  and  Literature,  and  later  a  Professor  of 
Pharmacy  in  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy. 


♦Evidently  referring  to   Professor  Baxley. 
fPotter,   .''/>.   at. 


TR  US  TEES  AND  REGEN  TS  8  3 

During  the  following  winter  the  Regents'  Faculty  presented  a  memo- 
rial to  the  Legislature  praying  for  the  repeal  of  the  Act  of  1826,  and  to 
this  the  Trustees  offered  a  counter-memorial,  in  which,  whilst  acknowledging 
the  failure  of  their  session,  they  declared  that  "the  character  and  talents  of 
their  Faculty  were  such  that  the  University  by  another  session  would  fully 
resume  its  former  standing."* 

The  suit  against  the  Trustees  was  first  tried  in  the  County  Court  and 
decided  in  their  favor.  An  appeal  was  then  taken,  and  early  in  1839,  the 
famous  decision  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  was  rendered  reversing  the  action 
of  the  lower  court.  The  case  was  tried  before  Judges  Buchanan,  Stephen 
and  Spencer,  the  other  three  Judges  comprising  the  bench  (Archer,  Dorsey 
and  Chambers)  taking  no  part,  being  debarred  by  the  fact  that  they  had 
been  members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  The  Regents  were  represented  by 
Messrs.  Evans  Mayer,  Martin  and  Meredith;  the  Trustees  by 
Messrs.  Reverdy  Johnson  and  Nelson. t  The  opinion  was  delivered  by 
Chief  Justice  Buchanan. 

The  question  was  as  to  the  constitutionality  of  the  Act  of  1825.  The 
Court  declared  that  the  University  had  none  of  the  characters  of  a  public 
corporation,  as  had  been  claimed.  It  was  not  created  for  political  purposes, 
and  was  invested  with  no  political  power.  It  was  not  an  instrument  of  the 
State,  created  for  its  own  uses.  Its  members  were  not  officers  of  the  State, 
nor  were  they  subject  to  State  control  in  its  management,  and  none  of  its 
property  or  funds  belong  to  the  State.  The  State  was  not  its  founder,  it  was 
merely  its  creator  by  virtue  of  the  Act  of  Incorporation.  In  its  creation  the 
State  gave  it  the  capacity  to  acquire  and  hold  property,  and  whatever  prop- 
erty the  corporation  has  is  its  own,  to  be  managed  and  disposed  of  by  the 
Regents  for  the  uses  of  the  Institution  in  such  manner  as  they  may  judge 
most  promotive  of  its  interests.  No  donations  or  endowment  by  the  State 
could  make  it  public,  but  it  nowhere  appears  that  any  such  have  been  made. 
The  interest-bearing  loan  of  1821  can  scarcely  be  called  an  endowment;  it  is 

*Minutes  of  Trustees. 
■(■University  Records. 


8+  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

rather  of  the  nature  of  a  loan  to  a  private  corporation.  The  authority  to 
raise  money  by  lottery  certainly  was  not;  it  was  a  mere  privilege  costing  the 
State  nothing.  But  if  it  was  a  public  corporation,  its  debts  were  the  debts 
of  the  State,  contracted  by  the  State's  own  officers,  which  the  State  was  bound 
to  discharge  instead  of  lending  money  for  that  purpose  and  taking  security 
for  the  payment  of  interest  on  it.  The  corporation  is  as  much  private  as 
the  individuals  were  before  the  Act  of  Incorporation  was  passed.  The 
charter  of  the  University  is  a  contract  between  the  State  and  the  corporation. 
The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  says  no  State  shall  pass  any  law  im- 
pairing the  obligation  of  contracts.  The  franchises  of  the  University  are 
vested  rights  and  cannot  be  taken  from  the  Regents  by  any  act  of  the  legis- 
lature without  the  assent  of  the  corporation.  The  State  had  plighted  its 
faith  that  the  franchises  should  remain  inviolate.  If  the  State  had  the  right 
at  will  to  revoke  this  grant,  it  had  the  same  right  in  relation  to  railroads, 
canals  and  other  corporations,  which  would  not  be  pretended.  The  Act  of 
1825  aims  to  strip  the  corporation  of  Regents  of  all  privileges  and  powers 
conferred  upon  it  by  the  act  of  its  creation — to  destroy  the  old  and  create  a 
new  corporation  in  its  place,  giving  to  the  latter  all  the  powers  and  privileges 
of  the  former,  with  others  additional  and  important.  It  deprives  the  cor- 
poration of  Regents  of  the  capacity  to  acquire  and  hold  property;  it  even 
goes  so  far  as  to  take  from  them  the  property  they  had  already  acquired  and 
give  it  to  others,  whom  it  connects  with  the  political  power  of  the  State,  by 
making  the  Governor  President,  and  authorizing  him  to  fill  vacancies.  Not 
only  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  had  been  violated,  but  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  right  and  justice.  The  Legislature  has  no  right,  with- 
out the  assent  of  a  corporation,  to  alter  its  charter,  or  to  take  from  it  any  of 
its  franchises  or  property;  these  are  private  property,  regarded  as  such  by  the 
law,  and  are  under  the  safeguard  of  the  same  principle  that  protects  and 
preserves  the  property  and  rights  of  individuals.  Vested  corporate  and  in- 
dividual rights  rest  for  protection  on  the  same  principle.  The  Act  of  1825 
was  a  judicial  act,  a  sentence  that  condemned  without  a  hearing.     It  is  neces- 


TRUSTEES  AND  REGENTS  85 

sary  to  declare  judicially  a  forfeiture  before  the  Legislature  can  act.  The 
franchises  can  only  be  surrendered  by  deed  to  the  State.  Those  of  the  Pro- 
fessors who  accepted  appointments  under  the  Trustees  merely  joined  another 
corporation,  there  was  no  evidence  that  they  offered  to  resign  from  the 
corporation  of  Regents,  or  of  any  acceptance  of  their  resignations  by  the 
said  Regents.  The  acceptance  of  positions  under  the  Trustees  did  not 
amount  to  resignations  of  those  under  the  Regents,  and  did  not  dissolve  or 
suspend  the  latter  corporation.  Therefore,  the  Act  of  1825,  being  contrary 
to  the  Bill  of  Rights  and  to  the  Constitutions  of  the  United  States  and  the 
State  of  Maryland,  was  null  and  void.* 

This  decision,  as  will  be  seen,  settles  many  points  with  reference  to  the 
status  of  the  University,  and  gives  a  singularly  clear  idea  as  to  its  scope  and 
functions.  The  subject  is  rendered  so  simple  and  clear  that  it  seems  strange 
that  any  other  view  could  have  been  entertained,  and  yet,  as  we  have  seen, 
not  only  the  Legislature  but  eminent  lawyers  were  led  into  error  regard- 
ing it. 

Immediatelv  after  the  decision  was  rendered,  the  Regents  met  and 
prepared  a  memorial  for  presentation  to  the  Legislature,  then  in  session, 
asking  the  State  to  direct  its  agents,  the  Trustees,  to  surrender  their  property. 
But  the  Trustees  were  still  unwilling  to  abandon  the  fight,  anil  determined 
to  resist  to  the  last.  They  seem  to  have  apprehended  another  "outrage"  by 
the  Regents'  Faculty,  for  on  the  1  sth  of  January,  1839,  they  passed  a 
resolution  authorizing  the  employment  of  "watchmen  and  other  proper 
guards  for  the  protection  of  the  buildings  and  premises."  I  hey  also  pre- 
sented on  March  1st  to  the  Legislature  a  memorial, t  in  which  they  say  that, 
as  agents  of  the  State,  they  hold  "certain  fee-simple  and  leasehold  property, 
viz.:  The  Medical  College  and  its  adjacent  buildings,  the  Infirmary  pur- 
chased in  1832  by  the  Trustees  with  State  funds  for  $12,000,  together  with 
the  lot  adjoining  thereto,  also  purchased  with  State  Funds  In   the    I  rustees 


♦Printed  opinion  of  the  Court.     Pampht. 
tMinutes  of  Trustees. 


86  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

in  1833  for  $6,ooo,  and  the  Baltimore  College,  surrendered  and  conveyed 
to  the  Trustees  in  1 83  1 ,  the  whole  property  being  valued  at  $87,916.67; 
as  also  certain  personal  property  derived  from  the  State  funds,  to  the 
amount  of  $18,000;  excepting  therefrom  a  special  bequest  of  $5,000  by 
Mr.  Gray  to  the  Trustees  for  the  use  of  the  Infirmary  in  1833,  and  a  few 
articles  of  minor  importance.  Thev  therefore  pray  the  State,  in  view  of  the 
preservation  of  its  rights  in  its  own  property,  thus  acquired  and  held,  not 
by  any  legislation,  to  surrender  up  the  possession  of  the  same,  as  asked 
by  the  Regents,  but  to  leave  the  rights  of  others  thereto  to  be  inquired  into 
by  the  tribunals." 

The  two  memorials  were  referred  to  a  joint  committee  of  the  two 
houses,  which  brought  in  a  lengthy  report,  reviewing  the  origin  of  the  ques- 
tions at  issue,  recognizing  fully  "the  individual  merits  and  hazards"  of  the 
Professors  in  founding  and  maintaining  the  institution,  and  recommending 
the  passage  of  a  bill  restoring  the  property  to  the  Regents  in  accordance  with 
their  "just  request."  This  bill  was  accordingly  passed,  but  in  doing  this  the 
Legislature  required  the  Regents  to  "certify^to  the  Treasurer  of  the  State 
that  the  property  and  estate  of  the  University  shall  never  be  disposed  of  or 
converted  to  any  other  use  than  that  of  Medical  Science  or  the  Arts  and 
Sciences  generally,  without  the  consent  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Mary- 
land," which,  in  the  event  of  a  violation  ol  this  obligation,  shall  have  power 
to  "take  possession  of  and  control  and  direct  the  said  property  and  estate 
for  the  purpose  of  promoting  general  science."  There  was  much  debate  in 
the  Board  of  Regents  as  to  compliance  with  this  requirement.  It  was 
finally  decided  to  issue  the  certificate,  Messrs.  Meredith,  Hoffman  and  Hall 
voting  in  the  negative. 

The  Legislature  also  passed  an  Act  the  same  session,  making  valid  all 
the  diplomas  granted  by  the  Faculty  of  Physic  from  1826  to  1839  inclusive.* 

On  the    1st  of  April,    Mr.   Solomon  Etting,   the   "Governor"   of  the 

Infirmary,  resigned,  and  on  the  6th  of  the  same  month  Dr.  Ashton  Alex- 

*When  it  was   found  that  the  State  had  no  control  of  the  University,  there  was  some 
suggestion  in  the  Legislature  of  a  "State  University,"  but  it  was  not  carried  out. 


TRUSTEES  .EX I)  REGENTS  87 

ander,  Provost  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  addressed  a  communication  to  Mr. 
Nathaniel  Williams,  transmitting  a  certified  copy  of  the  Act  of  the  Assembly 
above  referred  to  (act  of  restitution),  together  with  a  copy  of  the  certificate 
required  of  the  Regents  by  the  5th  section  of  the  same,  at  the  same  time- 
notifying  him  that  the  Regents  had  appointed  Charles  F.  Mayer,  Ksq., 
A.  B.  Cleveland,  M.  I).,  and  R.  W.  Hall,  M.  I).,  a  committee  with  author- 
ity on  their  behalf,  "to  receive  all  the  estate,  real  and  personal,  including  all 
stocks,  monies,  evidences  of  debt  and  choses  in  action,  in  the  hands  or  under 
the  control  of  the  Trustees,  ami  that  the  said  Committee  would  be  in  at- 
tendance at  the  University,  April  10th,  at  10  a.  m.,  to  accept  the  transfer." 
Mr.  Williams- replied  on  the  8th  that  the  Regents,  or  a  portion  of  then'. 
had  taken  actual  possession  of  the  College  and  Infirmary  some  eiays  before,* 
and  that  he  had  not  therefore  deemed  a  formal  transfer  necessary;  that  the 
stocks,  money  and  evidences  of  debt  were  in  the  possession  of  the  I  reasurer 
of  the  Trustees,  who  was  ready  to  hand  over  the  same  "on  the  suit  in  chan- 
cery of  Potter  and  others  against  the  Trustees,  and  the  two  suits  broug!  t 
by  the  Regents  against  him,  all  in  the  Baltimore  County  Court,  being  entereel 
satisfied  or  stricken  off ;"  and  that  the  only  chose  in  action  belonging  to  tb" 
Trustees  was  an  unsatisfied  judgment  in  the  said  Court  against  David  1  !ol'- 
man,  Esq.,  which  was  in  charge  of  William  Gwynn,  Esq.f 

On  the  9th  of  April  the  committee  met  Mr.  Joseph  B.  Williams,  the 
Treasurer  of  the  late  Board  of  Trustees,  anel  received  from  him  the  follow- 
ing: "1.  A  certificate  of  stock  of  the  State  of  Maryland,  signed  by  George 
Macubin,  Treasurer  Western  Shore  of  Maryland,  elate  8th  December, 
1829,  for  $5,000,  bearing  interest  at  5  p.  c,  redeemable  after  the  31st 
of  March,  1844,  being  the  proceeds  of  a  bequest  of  $5,000,  made  by  George 
Gray  in  favor  of  the  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Maryland  for  the 
Baltimore  Infirmary.     2.   A  certificate  of  stock  of  the  State  of  Maryland. 

*There  was  some  hesitation  on  the  part  of  the  Regents  in  taking  possession  when  Mr 
George  W.  Miltenberger  and  two  other  students  went  to  the  back  gate  and  rapped.  The 
janitor  was  called  out  and  the  party  slipped  in  and  locked  the  door  on  the  inside.  I  he 
Faculty  were  then  notified  and  came  in.  The  Trustees  made  no  attempt  to  eject  them  (oral 
communication  from  Professor  Miltenberger). 

fMinutes  of  Trustees. 


88  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

dated  May  II,  1837,  for  $1,000,  with  5  p.  c.  interest,  redeemable 
after  1 843.  3.  A  certificate  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  for  $6,000, 
July  25th,  1836,  bearing  6  p.  c.  interest.  4.  A  certificate  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  for  $4,000,  August  4th,  1836,  bearing  6  p.  c.  in- 
terest. 5.  One  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety-one  dollars  and  forty- 
nine  cents,  balance  of  money  remaining  in  the  said  Williams'  hands."*  We 
thus  perceive  that  personal  property  (stocks  and  cash),  to  the  amount  of 
$17,791.49  was  transferred  to  the  Regents,  together  with  real  estate  (Col- 
lege building,  Practice  Hall,  Infirmary  building  and  lot  adjoining,  building 
of  the  School  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  the  grounds  upon  which  these 
various  buildings  were  situated)  estimated  to  be  worth  $87,916.67.  The 
funds  were  invested  in  good  interest  paying  stock,  and  the  real  estate  was 
in  good  condition  and  free  from  incumbrance. 

Thus  ended  the  reign  of  the  State's  representatives — the  Trustees, — 
and  the  institution  reverted  to  its  former  position  of  a  private  corporation 
controlled  by  its  faculties.  There  were  many  who  thought  this  an  unfor- 
tunate event,  and  we  may  well  indulge  in  reflections  as  to  what  might  have 
been.  If  a  great  State  University  could  have  been  built  up,  it  would  un- 
doubtedly have  reflected  credit  upon  Maryland  and  promoted  the  cause  of 
higher  education  here.  What  has  been  done  in  the  West  and  South  might 
have  been  done  equally  as  well  here. 

The  Trustees  displayed  energy,  capacity  and  forbearance,  and  defended 
themselves  with  vigor  and  intelligence.  In  their  memorial  to  the  Legisla- 
ture, dated  March  7,  1837 — objecting  to  the  admission  of  members  of  the 
Faculty  of  Physic  to  their  Board — they  declare  that  at  the  time  of  their 
advent  the  institution  was  in  a  state  of  anarchy,  and  that  the  charter  was 
ignored;  in  confirmation  of  which  statements  they  point  to  representations 
made  by  members  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic  themselves,  and  to  the  report  of 
the  joint  committee  of  the  two  houses  appointed  to  examine  into  the  state 
of  the  University.     According  to  this  report,  although  $100,000  had  been 

*Minutes  of  Trustees.     Potter  says :    "All  attempts  to  secure  from  the  Trustees  a  state- 
ment of  accounts  were  in  vain."     Op.  cit. 


TRUSTEES  AND  REGENTS  89 

expended,  only  two  of  the  four  Faculties — those  of  Medicine  and  Law — 
had  gone  into  operation,  whilst  all  the  funds  had  been  applied  by  the 
Faculty  of  Physic  to  their  own  benefit,  none  being  appropriated  to  the  other 
departments;  the  charter  was  radically  defective,  and  the  Regents  met  ir- 
regularly and  at  long  intervals,  and  had  neglected  to  make  rules  and 
regulations  for  the  discipline  of  the  University  as  required  by  the  charter. 
They  point  to  the  advantage  of  having  an  independent  board  to  manage  the 
affairs  of  the  institution — "a  board  free  from  the  influence  of  personal 
interest,  and  therefore  looking  to  the  promotion  of  the  general  good,  re- 
moved from  the  operation  of  prejudice  or  partiality  by  official  station,  and 
therefore  unbiased  in  extending  justice  to  all  those  employed  in  performing 
the  detailed  duties  necessary  to  the  fulfillment  of  the  whole  design;  a  gov- 
ernment which  now  prevails  and  has  been  found  to  be  productive  of  the 
happiest  results  in  all  the  Universities  of  this  country."  The  then  prosper- 
ous condition  of  the  University  with  refernece  to  pecuniary  affairs,  they  say, 
was  admitted  bv  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  who  yet  intimated  that  the  gradual 
diminution  of  the  classes  had  been  due  to  their  misgovernment.  In  answer 
to  this,  they  say,  that  the  classes  during  the  previous  eight  years  had  varied 
but  little,  and  they  attribute  the  loss  of  patronage  previous  to  that  time  to 
the  resignation  of  Professor  Pattison,  whose  personal  popularity  had  at- 
tracted so  many,  and  to  the  rapid  multiplication  of  medical  schools.  In 
answer  to  the  objection  by  the  Faculty  to  their  requiring  all  students  to  take 
the  ticket  of  the  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  once,  at  least,  before  graduation, 
on  the  ground  that  this  obtained  in  no  other  school  in  the  United  States, 
they  quote  Professor  Dunglison  to  the  effect  that  most  of  the  schools  require 
one  year's  attendance  in  the  Clinics,  and  some  the  same  on  Practical  An- 
atomy, in  addition  to  two  courses  of  the  Professor  of  Anatomy.  In  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  the  candidate  for  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  was 
required  to  have  attended  one  course  of  dissections  and  one  of  anatomical 
demonstrations,  and  two  of  these  were  required  for  the  degree  of  surgeon.* 

*According  to  the  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Edinburgh  Anatomical  School,  by  John 
Struthers,  1867,  practical  anatomy  was  not  absolutely  imperative  at  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh until  1833.  It  was  not  until  about  1848  that  the  schools  of  this  country  began  to  make 
it  compulsory. 


9o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

But  as  the  Demonstrator  in  the  University  was  also  a  "lecturer,"  there  had 
heen  no  choice  in  the  matter,  since  the  charter  prescribed  attendance  as  a 
duty.  As  a  matter  of  simple  justice,  too,  it  was  demanded,  since  the  Faculty 
had  required  that  the  Demonstrator  should  pay  one-seventh  of  the  current 
expenses  of  the  school. 

We   must  acknowledge   that  these   objections   are   very   powerful   and 
had  it  been  an  abstract  question  we  could  hardly  hesitate  as  to  our  decision 


HON.   ROGER   B.  TANEY,  CHIEF  JUSTICE  OF   U.   S.,   PROVOST,    1826-39. 

in  the  premises.  But  there  had  been  a  great  wrong  and  injustice  per- 
petrated by  the  State  and  no  amount  of  argument,  no  mismanagement  could 
outweigh  these.  The  Regents  had  the  field,  and  it  was  their  business  and 
nobody  else's,  and  that  settled  the  matter. 

Roger  Brooke  Taney  was  the  son  of  a  planter,  and  was  born  in  Calvert 
County,  Maryland,  March  17,  1777.  He  was  descended  from  early  Roman 
Catholic  settlers  of  the  State,  of  which  communion  he  was  a  most  devout 
member.      He  graduated  at   Dickinson  College,   Carlisle,   Pennsylvania,   in 


STATUE   OF   ROGER    B.   TANEY,    CHIEF   JUSTICE   OF    MARYLAND. 


TRUSTEES  AND  REGENTS  93 

1795,  read  law  at  Annapolis,  having  for  a  fellow  student  Francis  Scott 
Key,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1799.  I  le  was  elected  to  the  Mouse  of 
Delegates  from  his  native  county  in  the  same  year,  being  the  youngest  mem- 
ber of  that  body.  He  moved  to  Frederick  City  in  1801,  and  in  1  806  mar- 
ried a  sister  ot  Francis  Scott  Rev.  He  rapidly  built  up  a  lucrative  practice, 
and  in  1811  successfully  defended  General  Wilkinson,  Commander-inChief 
of  the  United  States  Army,  before  a  military  court,  for  which  service  he 
refused  a  fee  In  1816  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State  Senate.  He 
removed  to  Baltimore  in  1  S 23  and  became  the  head  of  the  bar  of  this  city. 
From  1826  to  1839  he  was  Provost  of  the  University  of  Maryland.  In 
1827  he  was  appointed  Attorney-General  of  Maryland,  and  in  1831  Presi- 
dent Andrew  Jackson  gave  him  the  same  position  in  his  cabinet.  He  was  the 
trusted  and  confidential  adviser  of  President  Andrew  Jackson,  and  was  in- 
volved in  the  bitter  party  strife  connected  with  the  veto  of  the  bill  for  the 
removal  of  the  United  States  Bank,  being  the  only  member  of  the  cabinet 
who  favored  the  veto.  Nominated  as  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  he  was 
rejected  by  the  Senate  June  23,  1834,  but  received  ovations  in  Baltimore 
and  Frederick  two  days  later.  He  wrote  Jackson's  farewell  address  in 
1837.  On  the  death  of  John  Marshall,  he  became  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  his  appointment  dating  from  March 
15,  1836.  In  1857  he  gave  his  opinion  in  the  famous  Dred  Scott  Case. 
This  was  the  name  of  a  slave  belonging  to  a  Missouri  master,  who  on  his 
return  from  a  residence  in  Illinois  sued  his  master,  and  the  case  was  taken 
for  decision  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The  points  raised  were :  Was  he  freed 
by  this  residence  in  a  Free  State,  and  could  a  negro  of  African  descent, 
whose  ancestors  were  imported  as  slaves,  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States? 
The  case  was  dismissed  before  the  Court  for  lack  of  jurisdiction.  The  Chid 
Justice's  opinion  was  delivered  at  great  length.  In  it  he  made  statements 
regarding  the  negro  race  which  roused  the  people  of  the  North  to  a  high 
pitch  of  resentment  and  excitement,  and  from  this  time  the  Chief  Justice, 
if  not  his  Court,  was  practically  in  abeyance.     In  1861  he  boldly  attempted 


94  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

to  release  a  prisoner  from  Fort  McHenry  and  to  attach  the  commandant 
for  ignoring  his  writ,  but  the  military  authorities  ignored  his  action.  He 
freed  his  slaves  and  provided  for  the  aged  among  them  while  he  lived.  He 
was  undoubtedly  one  of  America's  greatest  lawyers.  Bronze  statues  at 
Baltimore  (as  seen  in  illustration)  and  Annapolis,  and  a  sympathetic 
memoir  by  Samuel  Tyler,  LL.,  D.,  1872,  attest  the  reverence  of  Maryland 
for  this  her  foremost  son.  St.  John's  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.,  in 
18^9.  He  died  at  Baltimore,  October  12th,  1864,  aged  eighty-one  years 
and  six  months,  and  was  buried  at  Frederick  City.  His  epitaph  says:  "He 
was  a  profound  and  able  lawyer,  an  upright  and  fearless  judge,  a  pious  and 
exemplary  Christian.  At  his  own  request  he  was  buried  in  this  secluded 
spot  near  his  mother." 

The  following  constituted  the  Board  of  Regents  at  the  time  of  the 
restoration  :* 

Provost:      Ashton  Alexander,  M.  D. 

Faculty  of  Theology:  Professor — William  E.  Wyatt,  D.  D. ;  B. 
Kurtz,  D.  D. ;  George  Roberts,  I).  D.;  John  C.  Backus,  I).  D. ;  James 
Hamner,  Stephen  Hill,  John  G.  Morris,  D.  I). 

Faculty  of  Law:  Professor  David  Hoffman,  LL.  D. ;  Jonathan 
Meredith,  George  Winchester,  Hugh  Davy  Evans,  Charles  F.  Mayer, 
George  W.  Dobbin,  William  Wilmot  Hall. 

Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences:  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Belles 
Lettres,  John  P.  Kennedy;  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  Charles  Han- 
son; Professor  of  Mathematics,  D.  J.  Capron;  Professor  of  Natural  Phil- 
osophy, A.  B.  Cleveland,  M.  D.;  Principal  of  Academy,  William  Hamilton, 
Esq. ;  two  vacancies. 

Faculty  of  Physic:  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine, 
Nathaniel  Potter,  M.  D.;  Professor  of  Surgery,  Obstetrics,  Hygiene  and 
Medical  Jurisprudence,  Richard  Wilmot  Hall,  M.  D. ;  Professor  of  Materia 
Medica   and  Therapeutics,   Samuel   George   Baker,    M.   D. ;   Professor  of 


*Apr.  4,  J839,  Regents'  Min.  Book  "B." 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  95 

Chemistry  and  Mineralogy,  William  E.  A.  Aikin,  M.  I).;  Professor  of 
Anatomy,  William  N.  Baker,  M.  D. ;  one  vacancy. 

The  Regents,  being  once  more  in  possession  of  their  property  and 
rights,  set  to  work  to  repair  the  fortunes  of  the  institution,  shattered  by  the 
recent  dissensions.  I  he  Faculty  of  Physic  issued  a  circular  announcing  its 
restoration,  and  urging  the  friends  ami  alumni  of  the  school  to  unite  in 
helping  to  build  it  up  again.  A  marked  and  immediate  improyement  in 
the  size  of  the  medical  classes  attests  the  success  of  these  efforts.  The  fol- 
lowing figures  show  the  numbers  in  attendance  and  the  graduates  from  1  S3 8 
to  1S41  :  1838-39  (Regents'  class),  24  students,  7  graduates;  1839-40,  60 
students,   14  graduates;  [840-41,  9]  students,  30  graduates.* 

At  the  time  of  the  restoration,  the  Faculty  of  Physic  was  in  arrears  to 
Dr.  McDowell  for  two  installments  of  his  annuity,**  viz.:  for  1837  anil 
[838,  and  he  was  pressing  them  for  payment,  having  obtained  judgment 
on  the  Faculty's  bond  in  the  Baltimore  County  Court  in  September,  1  8 3  S . 
The  Faculty  induced  the  Regents  now  to  pay  this  indebtedness  out  of  the 
funds  of  the  University;  on  the  ground  that  two  of  those  who  had  signed 
the  bond,  viz.:  Messrs.  Potter  and  Hall,  had  claims  against  the  institution 
greater  than  their  share  of  the  bond.  At  the  same  time  the  Regents  paid 
the  counsel  fees  incurred  in  the  recent  suit,  and  appropriated  $2,140  for 
needed  repairs  to  the  College  ami  Infirmary  buildings.  In  order  to  meet 
these  expenses,  certain  of  the  stocks  which  had  been  received  from  the 
Trustees  were  disposed  of.  I  he  Infirmary  continued  tor  several  years  a 
source  of  much  anxiety.  In  April,  1S40,  the  Board  of  Regents  was  forced 
to  adopt  the  temporary  expedient  of  issuing  certificates  of  indebtedness  to 
its  creditors,  "as  no  funds  were  available  and  they  were  unwilling  to  mort- 
gage or  sell  the  property  of  the  University."  So  crippled  were  the  finances 
at  this  epoch  that  the  janitor  was  even  notified  to  cease  acting,  as  there  were 
no  means  of  paying  his  salary.  On  motion  of  Professor  Aikin,  a  commit- 
tee was  appointed  to  solicit  aid  from  the  citizens  lor  the  University. f     Ai 

♦Matriculation  List,  MS.  Records  of  University. 

•{■Regents'   Minute  Book. 


96  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

a  meeting  held  by  the  Regents,  November  4,  1842,  there  was  some  talk  of 
mortgaging  the  property  of  the  University  in  order  to  pay  the  increasing 
debt  of  the  Infirmary,  which  amounted  at  this  time  to  $3,340,  with  but  $448 
in  the  hospital  treasury.  This  debt  had  accumulated  within  two  years,  for 
there  was  none  at  the  restoration,  and  yet  it  represented  only  "ordinary" 
expenses.  It  shows  that  the  wise  and  economical  management  by  the  Trus- 
tees did  not  deserve  the  harsh  criticisms  of  the  Potter  "Sketch."  The  Board 
passed  a  vote  of  censure  upon  the  managers  of  the  Infirmary  for  this  evi- 
dence of  gross  mismanagement,  and  authorized  a  ground  rent  to  be  created 
for  the  purpose  of  meeting  these  new  obligations.  The  embarrassment  was 
further  increased  by  the  State  failing  to  pay  any  interest  on  its  stock.  But, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  Medical  Regents  were  much  cheered  up  by  the  pass- 
age of  a  resolution  by  the  Legislature  the  following  winter,  releasing  them 
from  further  payments  of  interest  upon  the  $30,000  loan  made  by  the 
State  in  1821.  They  record  their  appreciation  of  this  "generous  act"  in  the 
catalogues  of  this  period.  The  interest,  amounting  to  $1,500  annually, 
had  by  this  time  nearly  equaled  the  principal  of  the  loan. 

On  the  27th  of  March,  1840,  for  the  first  time  since  their  institution, 
"ordinances"  were  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Regents  for  the  government 
of  the  University.  Previous  to  that  date,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Board  appear  to  have  been  carried  on  without  any  other 
rules  than  those  which  the  judgment  of  its  members  at  the  time  imposed. 
Frequent  attempts  were  made  to  secure  action  on  this  important  matter,  and 
it  is  curious  to  note  in  the  minutes  of  the  Board  the  evident  indisposition  to 
deal  with  it.  The  first  committee  on  a  code  of  laws,  of  which  mention  is 
made  in  the  Regents'  minutes,  was  appointed  May  29th,  1 8 1 5 .  In  March, 
1818,  this  committee  having  failed  to  report,  a  new  committee  was  ap- 
pointed. Again  in  March,  1821,  it  was  found  necessary  to  appoint  a  third 
committee,  which  finally,  on  October  29th,  of  the  same  year,  presented  a 
report  upon  which,  however,  no  action  was  taken.  During  the  government 
of  the  Trustees,  affairs  were  conducted  in  a  more  orderly  manner,  and  it  is 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  <>; 

probably  owing  to  their  example  that  one  of  the  first  aets  ol  the  Regents, 
on  their  restitution  in  1839,  was  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  prepare 
ordinances.  On  the  3d  of  January,  1840,  a  report  was  presented  and  "dis- 
cussed," and  a  substitute  was  offered;  both  report  and  substitute  were  "laid 
on  the  table."  They  were  taken  up  March  12th,  and  referred  to  another 
committee.  After  being  discussed  March  20th  and  27th,  the  amended  rules 
were  at  last  adopted  on  the  latter  date,  with  but  one  dissenting  vote.  After 
all  this  "to  do"  over  them,  they  seem  to  have  been  almost  a  dead  letter,  and 
the  meetings  of  the  Board  were  held  very  irregularly,  sometimes  after  in- 
tervals of  several  years. 

The  first  impeachment  of  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  took  place 
in  1843.  ^or  several  years  prior  to  this  there  had  been  complaints  on  the 
part  of  the  students  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  lectures  of  Professor  Richard 
Wilmot  Hall,  the  Professor  of  Obstetrics,  etc.  His  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ments were  also  said  to  be  very  great,  and  so  distracting  as  to  prevent  that 
attention  to  his  professorial  duties  which  their  satisfactory  discharge  re- 
quired. In  May  the  members  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  Aikin,  Smith,  Chew, 
Roby  and  Steuart,  addressed  a  letter  to  him  requesting  his  resignation,  and 
assigning  as  the  ground  for  the  request  their  loss  of  confidence  in  him.  They 
also  took  away  from  him  the  department  of  hygiene,  to  which,  as  was  al- 
leged, he  had  devoted  undue  attention  during  the  course,  to  the  neglect  of 
the  more  important  departments  of  his  chair.*  Hall  protested  against  this 
latter  indignity,  claiming  that  it  was  a  violation  of  the  charter.  He  re- 
turned a  spirited  reply  to  the  letter,  upbraiding  his  colleagues  with  in- 
gratitude, telling  them  that  he  held  such  letters  in  contempt,  and  had 
refused  himself  on  previous  occasions  to  sign  them.  Such  a  precedent,  he 
said,  could  only  become  a  source  of  discord  and  a  vehicle  of  insult  and 
injustice,  under  dictates  of  personal  dislike  or  trifling  causes.  He  said  that 
he  could  prove  by  documentary  evidence  that  he  had  spent  more  than 
$28,000  on  the  University,  and  he  claimed  vested  rights  in  it.f 

*Hall's  Impeachment     Pamphlet. 

fProfessor  Mall's  letter,  MS.  Records  of  University. 


oS  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

The  charges  were  drawn  up  by  three  members  of  the  Faculty  and  pre- 
sented to  the  Regents.  They  were  :  "  i .  Refusing  to  comply  with  the  regula- 
tions of  the  Faculty.  2.  Incompetency.  3.  Loss  of  the  confidence  and 
respect  of  the  profession." 

The  first  charge  related  to  a  regulation  of  the  Faculty  requiring  that 
all  the  receipts  from  students'  fees,  etc.,  should  be  turned  over  to  the  treas- 
urer," who,  after  deducting  the  amount  necessary  to  pay  the  McDowell 
annuity  (now  several  years  in  arrears),  and  meet  the  other  expenses  of 
the  institution,  should  turn  over  the  balance  remaining,  if  there  were  any, 
in  due  proportion  to  the  several  professors. 

The  Regents  in  answer  stated  that  the  charter  only  provided  for  the 
vacation  of  a  chair  upon  a  formal  impeachment,  and  with  the  assent  of 
three-fourths  of  the  whole  numbei  of  Regents;  and  that  the  grounds  of 
impeachment,  which  were  not  stated  in  the  charter,  must  be  determined  by 
the  Board.  The  charges  were  referred  by  the  Board  to  a  committee  of 
three  of  their  members,  all  of  the  Faculty  of  Law,  Messrs.  J.  H.  B.  Latrobe, 
Chairman;  George  W.  Dobbin,  and  Charles  F.  Mayer,  with  instructions 
to  examine  witnesses,  take  their  sworn  testimony,  and  present  the  same  to  the 
Board  without  comment. 

The  trial  excited  great  interest  in  the  profession  of  Baltimore.  Pro- 
fessor Hall  appeared  to  court  it.  A  large  number  of  physicians  (forty- 
three  according  to  him)*  testified  before  the  committee  and  their  evidence 
shows  that  much  personal  feeling  had  been  aroused.  Dr.  John  Buckler  and 
others  of  his  former  students  gave  the  accused  credit  for  "original  views" 
on  puerperal  fever,  eclampsia,  placenta  praevia,  and  non-support  of  the 
perinaeum,  which  were  subsequently  the  current  and  accepted  views  of  the 
profession  on  these  subjects,  but  were  then  at  variance  with  the  opinions  of 
the  profession.! 

The  testimony  was  gathered  and  returned  to  the  Board,  whereupon  the 

vote  of  those  present  was  taken,  showing  fourteen  to  two  in  favor  of  the 

'  I  lis  Idler  MS.  Records  of  University. 
fHall's  Impeachment.     Pamphlet. 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  99 

first  and  second  charges,  and  thirteen  to  three  in  favor  of  the  third  charge. 
This  not  being  the  requisite  three-fourths  of  the  entire  Board  required  by  the 
charter,  the  result  was  favorable  to  the  defendant.* 

Professor  Hall  looked  upon  Professor  Nathan  R.  Smith,  as  the  chiel 
instigator  of  his  impeachment,  ami  his  feelings  were  so  wrought  up  that  a 
personal  encounter  resulted.  This  took  place  at  the  Infirmary  when  the  two 
happened  to  meet.  Professor  H.  carried  a  cane,  with  which  he  leveled  a 
blow  at  his  adversary,  who,  seizing  the  handle,  drew  forth  the  sword  which 
it  contained.  The  latter  then  had  his  assailant  at  his  mercy,  but  mag- 
nanimously refrained  from  making  use  of  his  advantage. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  institution  at  the  University  in  April,  1844, 
of  a  course  of  lectures  on  Pharmacy  under  the  auspices  of  the  Maryland 
College  of  Pharmacy,  incorporated  three  years  before.  This  was  in  con- 
sequence of  a  proposal  made  by  a  committee  of  the  College,  suggesting  a 
course  of  at  least  sixteen  lectures  in  one  of  the  lecture-rooms  of  the  Univer- 
sity, provided  permission  were  given  the  College  to  occupy  a  small  room 
for  its  meetings  and  for  the  arrangement  of  its  cabinet  of  specimens.  The 
proposal  was  accepted  by  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  and  a  chair  of  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Pharmacy  was  instituted  by  the  College,  the  first  professorship 
of  pharmacy  in  America.  Dr.  David  Stewart,  an  alumnus  of  the  School  of 
Medicine,  held  this  chair  and  continued  to  lecture  until  1S48,  when  the 
course  was  discontinued. 

Dr.  Ashton  Alexander,  Provost  of  the  University,  resigned  in  1850, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Hon.  John  P.  Kennedy. 

Ashton  Alexander  was  born  in  1772,  near  Arlington,  Alexandria 
county,  Virginia.  The  town  of  Alexandria  was  named  after  his  ancestors, 
who  owned  large  tracts  of  land  in  its  vicinity,  and  his  father  commanded 


*The  Regents'  Minutes,  after  announcing  the  result  of  the  vote,  are  singularly  silent 
regarding  this  impeachment.  The  late  Judge  Dobbin  was  unable  to  supply  any  information. 
The  late  Professor  Aikin  told  me  that  the  defendant  was  cleared  by  one  vote,  thai  of  his 
brother,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Board.  The  number  of  members  of  the  Board  (belonging 
to  the  several  Faculties)  is  not  known-  Professor  Aikin  seemed  to  havi  changed  bis  mind 
regarding  the  case,  for  although  his  name  was  attached  to  the  charges,  he  told  me  that  the 
trial  ought  never  to  have  taken  place,  and  he  thought  Professor  Hall  had  been  treated  with 
great  injustice. 


too  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

a  company  of  cavalry  in  the  Continental  Army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.  He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Philip  Thomas,  of 
Fredericktown,  Maryland,  and  graduated  as  M.  D.,  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1795,  the  subject  of  his  thesis  being:  "The  Influence  of 
One  Disease  on  the  Cure  of  Another."  While  a  student  in  Philadelphia 
he  was  an  inmate  of  the  family  of  Dr.  Rush.  He  first  settled  in  North 
Carolina,  but  in  1  796  removed  to  Baltimore.  He  was  one  of  the  incorpora- 
tors of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1799,  and  its 
first  Secretary.  Other  positions  held  by  him  were:  Commissioner  of  Health, 
1804,  and  again,  1812;  Attending  Physician,  Baltimore  General  Dispensary, 
1801-03;  Treasurer  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty,  1801-03;  Con- 
sulting Physician,  Baltimore  Hospital,  1812;  President,  District  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Society,  1819-20.  He  was  twice  married,  first  in  1799,  to 
a  daughter  of  his  preceptor,  Dr.  Thomas,  and  again  in  1855,  to  Miss 
Merryman  (his  first  wife  having  died).  He  was  chosen  Provost  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  on  its  revolt  from  the  Trustees  in  1837,  and  held  that 
office  until  1850,  when  he  resigned.  He  died  at  Baltimore  in  February, 
1 855)  °f  pneumonia,  in  his  eigthy-third  year,  being  the  last  surviving  charter 
member  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland.  Dr.  Alex- 
ander was  a  man  of  fine  presence  and  of  dignified  and  courtly  manners,  a 
successful  and  popular  physician,  and  one  who  prospered  financially. 

Under  date  March  24,  [850,  in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  Mr.  Kennedy 
refers  facetiously  to  his  election  and  to  the  ensuing  commencement:  "I 
found  mvself  one  morning,  by  some  process  of  which  I  was  certainly  igno- 
rant, Provost  of  the  University  of  Maryland.  I  learned  afterwards  that 
old  Doctor  Alexander,  who  has  been  a  sort  of  locum  tenens  ever  since  the 
death  of  Bishop  Kemp,  had  resigned  this  post,  and  that,  the  Regents  coming 
together  to  make  a  new  election,  first  debated  the  point  whether  they  would 
give  it  to  Bishop  Whittingham,  and  decided,  thereupon  unanimously  in  the 
negative,  holding  that  one  laymen  was  worth  a  dozen  priests.  Then  came 
the  question  what  laymen?  or,  as  1  suppose  from  what  followed,  the  secre- 


ASHTON    ALEXANDER,    M .    D..    PROVOST,    [839-5O. 


LIBRARY 

UWTORSTTY  OF  CAtWCfRlfTK 

SANTA   BARBARA 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  103 

tary  must  have  written  it,  what  laud-man? — which  question  suggested  the 
author  of  the  memoirs  of  Wirt.  So  forthwith  they  went  to  work  and  made 
a  unanimous  job  of  it.  Now,  Sir,  think  of  Macaulay,  Provost  of  Glasgow, 
and  then  you  have  one  of  Plutarch's  parallels — quod  notae.  I  he  election 
preceded  the  Commencement,  which  was  to  be  held  in  a  few  days;  and  this 
threw  me  into  a  vortex  of  business  among  the  learned  clerks  of  the  College, 
where  I  had  to  sign  some  diplomas  and  do  sundry  other  professional  things 
most  strangely  incongruous  with  all  my  habits,  even  to  the  breaking  up  of 
my  billiards  for  two  or  three  evenings.  Think  of  a  Provost  with  his  coat 
off  at  billiards!  Then  I  had  to  meet  the  young  gentlemen  the  evening  before 
Commencement,  to  give  them  the  light  of  my  provostial  or  prefectial  coun- 
tenance at  a  social  entertainment;  then  the  next  day,  Tuesday  last,  a  grand 
glorious  churchful  of  beautiful  girls,  with  the  Germania  band  and  a  great 
array  of  Regents  and  Faculties,  and  seventy-two  diplomas  to  distribute  with 
suitable  words  of  encouragement  and  sage  advice  delivered  Provost-wise  - 
all  of  which  1  went  through  to  the  minutest  point  of  customary  observance, 
without  flinching.  In  the  midst  of  this  public  display,  up  rose  a  reverend 
clergy,  to  say  that  a  most  grateful  duty  had  been  assigned  him;  and  there- 
upon he  began  to  expatiate  upon  the  singular  merits  ot  some  great  un- 
known, whose  incredible  virtues  had  entitled  him  to  a  kind  oi  College 
apotheosis,  which  was  appropriately  given  in  as  a  resolution  ol  the  Regents, 
conferring  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  upon  John  Pendleton  Kennedy. 
There  I  sat  all  the  time,  expecting  to  hear  the  eulogy  wound  up  with  the 
name  ot  Bishop  Whittingham,  at  least,  it  not  Pius  the  Ninth. 

"They  had  kept  this  part  of  the  ceremony  a  dead  secret  from  me,  and 
seemed  to  enjoy  very  much  my  surprise,  which  I  took  occasion  to  express  in 
'a  neat  and  eloquent  response,'  as  the  papers  have  it;  and  so  ended  that 
morning;  after  which  I  took  my  dinner  and  went  to  billiards  with  an  in- 
creased earnestness,  bv  way  of  disabusing  my  mind  of  the  humbug  I  had 
been  practicing  before  the  world. 

"I  don't  know  whether  I  have  done  right  in  accepting  this  post,  which 


io4  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

in  many  respects  is  incompatible  with  my  character.  There  is  a  make- 
believe  in  all  these  masquerades,  which  requires  a  better  actor  than  I  am  to 
play  off  well  before  the  world.  That,  however,  I  should  not  mind  so  much, 
because,  by  force  of  study,  I  may  reach  the  art  necessary;  but  such  a  posi- 
tion in  some  degree,  binds  me  to  the  profession  of  some  principles  of  con- 
duct or  deportment  which  I  have  been  accustomed  all  my  life  to  hold  in 
utter  neglect.  I  have  a  Theological  Faculty  to  look  after  as  well  as  the 
Medical,  and  a  Law  Faculty  and  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  which  again  are 
connected  with  a  College;  all  of  which  puts  upon  me  the  necessity  of  a  cer- 
tain sobriety  both  of  walk  and  opinion,  which  nature  has  utterly  denied  me, 
and  which  T  shall  not  condescend  to  counterfeit;  so  that  if  you  ever  hear 
that  I  have  brought  scandal  on  the  learned  bodies,  say  that  I  made  a 
protest  early  to  you  against  the  responsibility  of  it.  I  shall  see  how  it  works, 
and  then  determine  how  long  to  hold  it."* 

In  October,  1869,  the  School  of  Law  was  resuscitated  through  the 
instrumentality  of  Messrs.  George  W.  Dobbin  and  John  H.  B.  Latrobe, 
the  surviving  members  of  that  Faculty,  who  filled  up  their  number  by  the 
election  of  Messrs.  George  William  Brown,  Bernard  Carter,  H.  Clav  Dal- 
lam and  John  P.  Poe.  Mr.  George  W.  Dobbin  was  elected  Dean,  and 
Hons.  Robert  X.  Martin  and  John  A.  Inglis,  both  of  whom  had  tilled  with 
distinction  high  judicial  positions,  were  chosen  profes§ors.  Instruction 
began  on  the  first  Monday  in  February,  1870,  and  continued  until  the  fol- 
lowing June,  the  class  numbering  twenty.  The  second  course  began  in 
October,  1870,  and  the  first  Commencement  was  held  in  June,  1871,  six 
candidates  then  receiving  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  For  several  years  the  lec- 
tures were  held  in  the  building  of  the  School  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  on 
Mulberry  street,  but  on  the  opening  of  Cathedral  street,  a  different  arrange- 
ment was  necessitated,  as  this  building  lay  in  the  bed  of  that  street  and  was 
therefore  condemned.     It  was  therefore  sold  to  the  city,  and  with  the  funds 


The  Life  of  John  Pendleton  Kennedy  by  Henrv  T.  Tuckerinan,  N,  Y._,  1871. 


HON.    JOHN    P.    KENNEDY,    SECRETARY    OF    NAVY,    ETC.,    PROVOST,     185O-7O. 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  107 

thus  derived  a  building  was  erected  on  the  Lombard  street  lot,  at  the  south- 
east corner  of  it,  which  was  formally  occupied  on  February  28th,  1884. 

In  1870  Hon.  John  Pendleton  Kennedy,  Provost,  died,  and  was 
succeeded  in  that  office  by  the  distinguished  lawyer,  Mr.  S.  Teackle  Wallis. 

John  Pendleton  Kennedy  was  a  native  of  Baltimore,  and  was  born 
October  25,  1795.  He  graduated  at  Baltimore  College  in  1812,  and  was 
in  the  engagements  at  Bladensborg  and  North  Point  two  years  later;  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  181 6.  He  was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Dele- 
gates from  1820  to  1822,  and  a  member  of  Congress  from  1838  to  1844. 
In  1846  he  was  a  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Delegates  of  Maryland;  in  1852 
he  became  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  from  1850  to  1870,  as  already 
stated,  he  was  Provost  of  the  University  of  Maryland.  It  was  mainly 
through  his  efforts  while  Secretary  of  the  Navy  that  Commodore  Perry's 
expedition  to  Japan,  and  the  second  Arctic  expedition  of  Dr.  Elisha  K.  Kane, 
were  undertaken.  He  opposed  the  secession  of  Maryland  during  the  Civil 
War,  issuing  an  appeal  in  support  of  his  opinion  which  was  pronounced 
"one  of  the  most  statesmanlike  and  patriotic  expositions  of  the  subject." 
He  visited  Europe  several  times,  and  was  United  States  Commissioner  to 
the  Paris  Exposition  in  1867.  He  made  the  acquaintance  of  most  of  the 
literary  men  of  his  time,  and  was  especially  intimate  with  Thackeray.  His 
home  in  Baltimore  was  a  literary  centre,  and  he  gathered  around  him  a 
number  of  gentlemen  for  purposes  of  social  enjoyment  and  literary  rec- 
reation. This  little  coterie,  known  as  "The  Monday  Club,"  consisted  of 
four  doctors  of  law,  four  of  divinity,  four  of  medicine  and  four  gentlemen 
of  superior  literary  attainments  and  reputation.  He  distinguished  himself 
at  these  meetings  by  the  brilliancy  of  his  conversation  and  wit.  He  received 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  Universities  of  Maryland  and  Harvard. 
He  died  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  August  18,  1870.  Mr.  K.  was  a 
distinguished  and  prolific  author  as  well  as  statesman.  He  wrote  much  tor 
the  press,  and  in  18 18,  in  association  with  Peter  Hoffman  Cruse,  he  founded 
a  periodical  under  the  name  of  the  Baltimore  Red  Book.     He  wrote  the 


108  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

following  novels,  which  gave  him  his  chief  celebrity  as  an  author:  "Swal- 
low Burn,  a  Story  of  Rural  Life  in  Virginia"  (1832)  ;  "Horseshoe  Robin- 
son, a  Tale  of  the  Tory  Ascendency"  (1835),  and  "Rob  of  the  Bowl,  a 
Legend  of  St.  Inigoes"  (1838),  in  the  last  describing  the  province  of  Mary- 
land in  the  days  of  the  second  Lord  Baltimore.  He  also  wrote,  at  Thack- 
eray's request,  the  fourth  chapter  of  the  second  volume  of  "The  Virginians," 
describing  Virginia  scenery,  with  which  he  was  so  familiar. 

Literature  with  him  was  more  a  pastime  than  a  pursuit,  and  possessing 
the  advantages  of  wealth  from  his  vouth  up,  he  never  looked  upon  it  as  a 
source  of  emolument,  and  was  careless  of  the  success  and  reputation  of  his 
literary  ventures;  yet  for  vigor  of  thought,  freshness  of  style  and  felicity  of 
expression,  he  may  be  placed  by  the  side  of  the  best  writers  in  the  English 
language.  A  uniform  edition  of  his  complete  works  in  ten  volumes  ap- 
peared in  1  870. 

The  late  Hon.  George  W.  Dobbin  thus  wrote  of  Mr.  Kennedy:  "In  a 
long  and  useful  life,  blessed  with  fortune  and  leisure,  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  genius  and  acquirements,  and  for  a  nobleness  of  nature  which  di- 
rected them  to  the  good  of  his  fcllowmen.  The  fascinating  productions  of 
a  genial  and  fertile  imagination,  flowing  through  a  graceful  pen,  the  severe 
labors  of  the  philosopher  and  the  unselfish  statesman,  the  admiration  be- 
stowed on  a  winning  oratory,  which  made  solemn  themes  attractive  and 
dignified  those  which  in  less  skilful  hands  would  be  considered  trivial,  at- 
tested through  his  whole  career  the  homage  which  genius  directed  by  judg- 
ment and  cultivated  with  assiduity  must  ever  earn.  To  mental  endowments 
of  the  highest  order  were  added  in  him  the  adornment  of  a  general  goodness 
which  shone  with  graceful  ease  in  all  his  intercourse  with  the  world,  and 
commingled  in  blended  harmonv  the  learning  of  the  closet  with  the  soften- 
ing courtesies  of  the  highest  refinement.  Though  it  might  well  be  supposed 
that  in  a  life  so  prominent  in  the  public  eye  as  his,  many  occasions  would 
arise  in  which  the  asperities  of  conflicting  opinion  might  have  engendered 
animosities  culminating  in  detraction  and  abuse,  yet  in  his  case  it  was  not  so. 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  109 

None  will  he  found  to  take  one  stone  from  the  fabric  of  his  noble  fame  by 

attributing  to  him  any  but  the  purest  motives." 

On  accepting  the  position  of  Provost  Mr.  Wallis  wrote  as  follows: 

"Baltimore,  Sept.  24,  1870. 
"Gentlemen : 

"I  beg  leave  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of 
this  date,  announcing  to  me  on  behalf  of  the  Regents  my  election  to  the 
office  of  Provost  of  the  University  of  Maryland.  I  feel  the  honor  to  be  a 
distinguished  one,  and  it  is  made  doubly  grateful  to  me  by  the  unanimity 
with  which  you  say  it  has  been  conferred.  I  have,  therefore,  much  gratifi- 
cation in  accepting  it,  and  you  will  oblige  me  by  making  my  acknowledg- 
ment to  the  Regents  for  the  kindness  of  their  preference. 

"It  has  given  me  great  pleasure  to  notice  the  recent  and  successful 
reorganization  of  the  Law  Department  of  the  University  under  the  most 
favorable  auspices,  as  well  as  the  fresh  development  which  has  been  given 
to  the  scope  and  resources  of  the  Department  of  Medicine,  already  so 
distinguished  among  the  scientific  schools  of  the  country.  These  evidences 
of  vitality  and  vigor  in  so  venerable  and  popular  an  institution  are  especially 
welcome  at  this  moment,  when  the  progress  of  our  community  in  population 
and  material  prosperity  demands  and  encourages  a  corresponding  move- 
ment in  professional  and  scientific  education.  It  is  little  that  I  can  hope  to 
contribute  personally  to  the  consummation  of  ends  for  which  so  many  able 
hands  are  sedulously  laboring  in  their  allotted  spheres.  I  shall,  neverthe- 
less, feel  myself  further  honored  by  your  permission  to  do  what  I  may. 

"With  thanks  for  your  courteous  expressions,  I  have  the  honor  to  be, 

gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"S.  T.  Wallis." 

A  department  of  Dentistry  was  instituted  in  the  year  1882,  authority 
having  been  granted  by  the  Legislature  by  a  supplement  to  the  charter  of 
the  University,  of  which  the  following  from  "The  Laws  of  Maryland"  of 
that  year  is  a  copy: 

"Chapter  88.      An  Act  supplementary  to  the  Act  of  November  ses- 


no  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

sion,  eighteen  hundred  and  twelve,  chapter  one  hundred  and  fifty-nine,  en- 
titled 'An  Act  for  founding  an  University  in  the  city  or  precincts  of 
Baltimore,  by  the  name  of  the  University  of  Maryland,'  and  authorizing 
the  Regents  of  said  University  to  grant  degrees,  diplomas  and  certificates  to 
students  of  Dental  Surgery,  Pharmacy  and  other  cognate  branches  of  Medi- 
cal Science  in  said  University.  Section  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  Maryland,  That  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  Maryland 
be  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  to  admit  to  the  degree  of  Doctor  or 
Licentiate  of  Dental  Surgery,  Pharmacy  or  any  other  cognate  branch  or 
department  of  Medical  Science,  any  of  the  students  of  the  said  University, 
who,  after  having  passed  through  such  course  of  study  and  such  examina- 
tion as  shall  have  been  prescribed  therefor  by  the  Faculty  of  Physic  of  the 
same,  shall  be  recommended  by  said  Faculty  to  said  Regents  as  meriting  such 
degree;  and  the  said  Regents  shall  have  power  to  issue  diplomas  and  cer- 
tificates of  such  admission  to  the  said  students  in  the  same  manner  and 
form,  and  to  the  same  effect  prescribed  and  authorized  by  the  thirteenth 
section  of  the  act  to  which  this  is  a  supplement  as  to  other  degrees.  Section 
2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  degree  of  Doctor  or  Licentiate  in  Pharmacy 
referred  to  in  the  first  section  of  this  Act  shall  not  be  conferred  upon  any 
one  who  has  not  served  an  apprenticeship  of  four  years  with  some  competent 
pharmacist,  and  shall  have  attended  at  least  two  full  courses  of  lectures  in 
the  theory  and  practice  of  pharmacy,  and  at  least  one  full  course  in  qualita- 
tive analysis,  and  shall  be  at  the  time  of  receiving  the  degree  at  least  twenty 
years  old."     Approved  March  21,  1882. 

It  began  with  seven  chairs,  five  being  held  by  members  of  the  Faculty 
of  Physic,  viz.:  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Materia  Medica,  Chemistry  and 
Surgery  (oral).  There  were  two  dental  chairs,  one  of  Principles  of  Dental 
Science,  Dental  Surgery  and  Dental  Mechanism,  held  by  Ferdinand  J.  S. 
Gorgas,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  the  other  of  Operative  and  Clinical  Dentistry, 
held  by  James  H.  Harris,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.;  both  of  these  gentlemen  having 
recently   resigned   from  the   Faculty  of  the   Baltimore   College  of   Dental 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  lit 

Surgery;  there  were  also  eleven  demonstrators.  In  an  announcement  of 
this  department  issued  at  this  time,  the  rapid  advancement  of  dental  surgery 
as  both  an  art  and  a  science,  and  its  recognition  as  a  specialty  in  medicine 
are  adverted  to.  "Hence  it  is  in  the  highest  degree  desirable  that  dental 
students  should  be  educated  as  doctors  of  medicine.  The  advantages,  there- 
fore, of  the  connection  with  a  University  fitted  to  give  a  thorough  training  in 
collateral  branches,  is  obvious  to  all." 

A  Dental  Infirmary  and  Laboratory  Building  was  built  on  the  Greene 
street  side  of  the  University  grounds,  and  was  completed  in  time  for  the 
session  of  1882-83.  It  was  two  stories  in  height,  the  Laboratory  occupying 
the  first  floor,  the  Infirmary  the  second.  In  1884  this  building  was  enlarged 
by  the  addition  of  wings,  and  in  1889  there  was  a  further  extension  of  the 
north  end  along  Cider  alley.  Practice  Hall  was  also  turned  over  to  this 
department  for  didactic  lectures. 

The  success  of  this  project  was  immediate  and  marked.  It  will  be 
followed  in  detail  in  the  section  dealing  specially  with  this  department. 

On  the  1  ith  of  April,  1894,  the  University  lost  its  head,  Maryland's 
foremost  citizen,  Severn  Teackle  Wallis.  Mr.  John  P.  Poe  thus  speaks  of 
him  in  relation  to  this  institution:  "At  the  commencements  he  was  invariably 
the  central  figure,  and  by  the  singular  aptness,  felicity  and  beauty  of  his  re- 
marks to  our  graduating  classes  lent  a  grace  and  charm  to  these  annually 
recurring  occasions,  which  none  who  enjoyed  the  pleasure  of  listening  to 
them  can  ever  forget.  At  the  meetings  of  the  Regents,  he  always  mani- 
fested the  deepest  interest  in  every  matter  that  concerned  the  University, 
and  by  his  wise  counsel,  discriminating  judgment  and  broad  and  enlightened 
views,  secured  the  admiration,  as  by  the  elegance  of  his  manners,  the  un- 
excelled attractiveness  of  his  conversation  and  the  sincere  cordiality  of  his 
friendship  he  won  the  affectionate  reverence  of  his  associates.  When  death 
came  at  last  to  quench  the  light  of  his  brilliant  and  cultivated  intellect,  to 
silence  the  fervid  utterances  of  his  most  eloquent  tongue,  anil  put  an  end  to 
the  insatiable  cravings  of  his  lofty  spirit  for  what  was  most  enlightened  in 


ii2  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

law,  most  elegant  in  literature  and  most  pure  and  elevating  in  politics,  we 
all  realized  the  difficulty  in  the  way  of  finding  a  suitable  successor  to  such  a 
rare  combination  of  natural  endowment  and  superadded  graces  and  acquire- 
ments."* 

Severn  Teackle  Wallis  was  born  in  Baltimore  on  the  8th  of  September, 
1 8 1 6.  His  family  on  both  sides  were  residents  of  the  Eastern  Shore  of 
Maryland,    and   he  bore  the   name   of   his   maternal   grandfather — Severn 


HON.     SEVERN    TEACKLE    WALLIS,     I.L.D.,     PRESIDENT     PEABODV     INSTITUTE     AND     MD. 
HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,    PROVOST,    1870-94. 

Teackle.  of  Talbot  county — a  captain  in  the  Revolutionary  army.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore,  receiving  there  the  Bachelor's 
degree  at  the  early  age  of  sixteen.  Two  years  later  his  Alma  Mater  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  Master's  degree,  and  in  1841  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws. 

Immediately  after  his  graduation  he  entered  upon  the  study  of  law  in 


*From    address   delivered   at   -'5th     Anniversary   of   Reorganization    of    School    of    Law, 
VI,  .    1895. 


S.  TEAKLE  WALLIS  STATUE,  BALTIMORE 


RESTORATION  OF  REGEh  Is  115 

the  office  of  the  distinguished  jurist  and  lawyer,  William  Wirt.  Upon  the 
death  of  Mr.  Wirt,  in  1  834,  he  continued  his  law  studies  in  the  office  of  Mr. 
John  Glenn,  who  later  hecanie  Judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court.  \i 
the  age  of  twenty-one  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 

His  fondness  for  Spanish,  which  he  learned  to  speak  with  the  greatest 
fluency  and  correctness,  led  him  to  pay  a  visit  to  Spain  in  1  S47,  and  again 
two  years  later,  when  he  was  commissioned  by  the  United  States  govern- 
ment to  report  upon  the  title  to  public  lands  in  Florida.  The  results  of  these 
visits  were  two  volumes  by  him  on  Spain,  her  institutions  and  people.  He 
revisited  Europe  in  1856  and  1884. 

In  1  Si; 8  he  took  part  in  the  reform  movement  which  restored  order  and 
good  government  to  the  city  in  i860.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
his  sympathies  were  with  the  South.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, which  met  in  Frederick  City  in  the  spring  and  summer  of  1861,  as  a 
result  of  a  participation  in  which  he  was  arrested  on  the  12th  of  September 
of  that  year,  and  continued  a  prisoner  until  November,  1862.  A  year  of 
this  period  was  spent  at  Fort  Warren,  in  Boston  Harbor.  Being  naturally 
of  a  delicate  constitution,  Mr.  Wallis  suffered  keenly  from  the  privations 
and  discomforts  incident  to  this  confinement,  but  he  bore  himself  through  it 
with  unfailing  fortitude  and  dignity. 

Returning  after  his  captivity  he  devoted  himself  to  his  profession, 
and  continued  in  its  active  practice  until  the  inroads  of  disease  and  old  age 
made  this  impossible.  He  died  at  his  residence  in  Baltimore  on  the  11th 
of  April,  1894,  and  was  buried  in  his  lot  in  Greenmount  Cemetery. 

Mr.  Wallis  never  married,  although  he  was  a  man  of  deep  personal 
attachments  and  strongly  domestic  in  his  tastes  and  habits.  He  loved  his 
home,  his  books  and  the  society  of  his  friends,  whom  he  delighted  to  have 
about  him,  and  who  found  him  at  all  times  the  most  charming  of  hosts  and 
companions.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  wide  range  of  knowledge,  classical 
and  linguistic,  for  his  ready  wit,  and  his  delicate  sense  of  personal  and 
professional  honor.     He  was  ever  foremost  in  the  defense  of  the  right,  and 


no  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

his  power  of  satire  and  invective  against  evil  doers  was  like  a  besom  of 
destruction.  Although  a  partisan  in  politics,  he  would  never  surrender  his 
personal  independence  to  party,  and  he  was  prominently  identified  with  the 
movement  for  reform,  and  was  President  of  the  Reform  League  of  Balti- 
more up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  held  public  office  but  once.  After  the 
death  of  Mr.  I.  Nevitt  Steele,  he  was  by  unanimous  verdict  recognized  as 
the  head  of  the  Baltimore  bar  and  its  brightest  ornament.  Among  foreign 
honors  which  Mr.  Wallis  held  were  corresponding  membership  in  the  Royal 
Academy  of  History  of  Madrid,  and  Fellowship  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Northern  Antiquarians  of  Copenhagen.  A  memorial  edition  of  Mr.  Wallis' 
writings,  including  his  poems,  was  published  in  lour  volumes  in  1896. 
Among  his  writings  particularly  admired  are  his  addresses  to  the  graduating 
classes  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  his  discourses  on  George  Pea- 
body  (1870)  and  Chief  Justice  Roger  B.  Taney  (  1872).  His  poem,  "The 
Blessed  Hand,"  which  was  inspired  by  the  Southern  Relief  Fair,  held  in 
Baltimore  in  186';,  is  a  gem  of  the  first  water.  He  was  President  of  the 
Maryland  Historical  Society,  and  also  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Peabody  Institute. 

The  present  Provost,  Bernard  Carter,  L'L.  D.,  who  is  regarded  as  the 
successor  of  Mr.  Wallis  in  the  leadership  of  the  Bar,  was  elected  to  the 
position  in  June,   1894,  and  worthily  holds  the  primacy  of  the  corporation. 

Bernard  Carter  is  a  native  of  Prince  George  county,  Maryland,  and 
is  descended  from  the  well-known  Carter  family  of  lower  Virginia,  and  the 
Calvert  family  of  Maryland.  He  was  born  on  the  twentieth  of  July,  1834, 
and  was  educated  at  St.  James'  College,  in  Washington  county,  Maryland. 
He  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Law  from  Harvard  University  in 
1855.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  1865,  when  he  argued  the  case  of  the  steamer  "Louisiana"  (re- 
ported in  "Wallace's  Reports"),  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  complimented 
by  the  reporter  of  the  court  for  his  excellent  argument.  In  1869  and  1870 
he  was  a  member  of  the  City  Council,  and  it  was  chiefly  through  his  personal 


RESTORATION  OF  REGEN  TS  1 1 7 

exertions  as  chairman  of  the  building  committee  that  the  new  City  Hall 
was  constructed  so  economically.  In  1867  he  was  a  member  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Convention  which  framed  the  present  constitution  of  the  State,  and 
was  appointed  on  the  Committee  of  Revision  and  Compilation,  the  highest 
compliment  the  Convention  could  bestow.  He  was  also  city  solicitor  under 
several  Mayors.  In  1878  he  was  elected  to  a  chair  in  the  School  of  Law, 
which  he  held  for  five  years. 

In  politics  Mr.  Carter  has  always  been  a  Democrat.  He  enjoys  a  large 
and  lucrative  law  practice,  the  result  of  fine  talents  well  improved  and  of  a 
private  character  above  reproach.  He  has  been  for  many  years  the  chief 
counsel  for  the  Pennsylvania  system  of  railroads.  He  has  always  been  an 
indefatigable  student  of  his  profession,  preparing  his  cases  with  great  care 
and  thoroughness.  Even  at  the  age  of  seventy-two  his  activity  is  incessant, 
and  he  seems  both  mentally  and  physically  to  be  as  alert  and  capable  of 
work  as  ever  he  was.  He  has  the  same  bright  eye,  springy  step  and  cool  and 
mature  judgment  that  have  always  distinguished  him.  He  has  crossed  the 
ocean  a  number  of  times  to  Europe,  which  seems  to  be  his  favorite  and  almost 
his  only  pastime.  His  tastes  are  simple;  he  cares  nothing  for  club  life,  pre- 
ferring the  companionship  of  .his  family,  his  friends  and  books.  Surrounded 
by  these  he  passes  his  leisure  at  his  beautiful  home  on  Eutaw  place.  He  is 
a  man  of  striking  presence,  erect  of  carriage,  quick  of  step,  and  over  six 
feet  in  height;  he  is  noted  for  his  courtly  and  beautiful  manners.  As  a 
speaker,  he  is  fluent  anil  graceful,  with  a  distinct,  agreeable  and  well- 
modulated  voice  and  a  dignified  and  impressive  manner.  He  is  a  devout 
and  devoted  Episcopalian,  and  a  member  oi  the  vestry  of  St.  Paul's  Church; 
he  often  takes  a  leading  part  in  the  church  convocations  and  conventions, 
and  is  considered  the  leading  ecclesiastical  lawyer  of  the  State.  He  has  six 
sons  and  three  daughters;  several  of  the  former  have  followed  him  in  the 
choice  of  a  profession.  For  several  years  before  becoming  Provost,  he  held 
a  chair  in  the  School  of  Paw. 

We  have  thus  brought  the  history  of  the  institution  down  to  the  pres- 


n8  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

ent  time,  and  we  will  conclude  this  section  of  our  subject  by  first  a  glance 
back  over  its  past,  and  then  a  description  of  its  present  condition  and  its 
future  prospects  as  a  University. 

In  its  origin  we  are  at  once  struck  with  the  fact  that  it  began  as  a 
School  of  Medicine.  This  is  not  unique,  as  some  suppose,  for  we  can  point 
to  Salernum  and  Montpellier  as  having  had  a  similar  mode  of  origin  (and 
we  might  in  this  connection  refer  also  to  Bologna  beginning  as  a  school  of 
law,  and  Paris  as  a  school  of  divinity),  but  it  is  extremely  unusual,  and  has 
undoubtedly  been  a  drawback  to  its  success.  The  Academic  or  literary  de- 
partment is  the  rounding  off  or  complement  of  the  general  education  of  the 
students  and  must  ever  be  the  basis  of  all  University  life.  It  also  furnishes 
a  feeder  from  which  the  professional  schools  receive  many  and  their  best- 
trained  students.  The  want  of  it,  therefore,  for  so  long  a  period  of  our 
history  has  been  a  most  serious  defect  in  the  organization  and  conduct  of 
this  institution.  It  has  caused  it  to  be  incomplete,  undeveloped,  lacking  in 
its  full  stature,  and  to  it  we  owe  the  fact  that  our  University  has  not  re- 
ceived recognition  as  such  in  the  official  publications  of  the  State  and  of  the 
United  States,  and  has  not  succeeded  in  gaining  a  place  among  the  great 
Universities  of  the  country.  After  nearly  a  century  of  existence  we  are  as  a 
University  practically  where  we  were  when  we  began.  It  is  easy,  of  course, 
to  take  a  superficial  view  of  the  situation  and  to  attribute  our  failure  to  the 
lack  of  an  endowment.  But  why  have  we  not  had  an  endowment?  There 
can  be  no  doubt  in  the  mind  of  any  one  impartially  considering  our  history, 
that  the  essential  cause  is  to  be  found  in  our  charter.  That  instrument  is 
radically  and  fatally  defective  in  not  providing  for  government  by  a  board 
of  Trustees.  Universal  experience  shows  the  wisdom  in  such  cases  of  a  body 
apart  from  the  teaching  corps,  invested  with  supreme  authority  and  en- 
trusted with  the  management  of  the  institution's  interests  as  a  whole.  Our 
charter  places  this  supreme  authority  in  an  unwieldly  Board  of  Regents  com- 
posed of  the  members  of  the  various  Faculties.  The  result  has  been  that 
this  body  exercises  no  control  over  either  the  financial  or  other  affairs  of  the 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  i  19 

institution.  It  meets  but  rarely  and  in  a  perfunctory  way,  and  leases  the 
management  of  each  department  to  the  Faculty  thereof.  When  we  find  that 
it  is  without  a  tit  usurer,  we  realize  what  a  small  part  it  takes  in  the  lite  of 
the  institution.  The  funds  do  not  pass  into  any  central  hands  but  into  those 
oi  Faculty  Treasurers.  Thus  there  is  no  provision  made  for  the  expenses 
of  University  government  or  salary  of  Provost,  in  consequence  ol  which 
the  latter  officer  takes  no  active  part  and  exercises  no  active  control  in  the 
working  of  the  institution.  What  the  institution  loses  by  the  want  of  an 
efficient,  active,  enthusiastic  head,  recognized  as  its  representative,  and  ever 
striving  to  advance  its  interests,  is  well  appreciated  by  all  who  take  an  im- 
partial view  of  its  affairs.  We  have  only  to  consider  for  a  moment  what 
Harvard  would  be  without  its  Elliott,  Yale  without  its  Hadley,  Columbia 
without  its  Butler,  Princeton  without  its  Wilson,  Pennsylvania  without  its 
Harrison,  Virginia  without  its  Alderman.  No  collection  ol  varied  human 
interests  can  be  expected  to  exhibit  that  co-operation  and  efficiency  which 
are  essential  to  life  and  development,  without  a  directing  and  guiding  head, 
anil  we  might  as  well  expect  a  campaign  to  be  carried  on  without  a  general, 
a  ship  to  make  a  voyage  without  a  captain,  a  country  to  be  governed  with- 
out its  king  or  President. 

We  will  now  take  a  general  view  of  the  University  as  it  is  to-day. 
There  are  two  Colleges,  or  Faculties — I. aw  and  Medicine — the  latter  hav- 
ing attached  to  it  subordinate  departments  of  Dentistry  and  Pharmacy.  I  he 
School  of  Law  consists  of  a  teaching  Faculty  of  thirteen,  two  ol  whom  are 
fudges  of  the  City  Courts.  Mr.  John  P.  Poe  is  the  Dean.  The  lectures  are 
all  delivered  after  4  p.  m.  The  course  of  study  extends  over  three  years  of 
eight  months  each,  but  a  student  who  passes  the  examinations  satisfactorily 
may  graduate  in  two  years.  Instruction  is  by  lectures,  reading  and  catechis- 
ing. The  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Law  is  conferred  and  a  thesis  is  required. 
Students  are  required  to  argue  cases  in  the  Moot  Court.  The  Law  Building 
is  situated  upon  the  L'niversity  grounds,  corner  of  Lombard  and  Greene 
streets,  and  consists  of  a  lecture  hall  and  a  reading  room.     The  number  of 


no  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

students  during  the  session  of  1905-06  was  240;  the  number  of  graduates, 
28.  The  total  number  of  graduates  since  the  reorganization  in  1869  is 
1,204.  The  total  expenses  for  the  three  years'  course  (including  library 
fee)  are  $T232.  There  is  a  library  of  1,600  volumes  which  also  contains  tin- 
principal  law  reviews. 

The  School  of  Medicine  is  the  largest  and  most  important  department 
of  the  University,  and  the  only  one  having  an  unbroken  career  from  the 
incorporation  of  the  University  in  1  8  13.  The  course  is  one  of  four  years,  of 
eight  months  each,  and  graded.  A  preliminary  training  is  required  in 
accordance  wi-th  the  rules  of  the  American  Medical  College  Association,  of 
which  this  school  is  a  member;  this  corresponds  with  a  four-year  high  school 
course.  There  are  sixty-four  instructors  in  the  teaching  corps.  Laboratory 
instruction  is  a  prominent  feature  of  the  course,  there  being  laboratories  of 
Chemistry,  Physiological  Chemistry,  Normal  Histology  and  Embryology, 
Pathological  Histology  and  Bacteriology,  and  also  a  Clinical  Laboratory. 
Clinical  instruction  is  conveyed  in  the  University  Hospital,  and  its  Lying-in 
Department,  just  across  the  street  (both  owned  by  the  Faculty  of  Physic)  ; 
also  in  the  Presbyterian  Eye,  Ear  and  Throat  Charity  Hospital,  the  Hos- 
pital for  the  Relief  of  Crippled  and  Deformed  Children,  and  Bayview 
Hospital,  in  the  staff  of  all  of  which  members  of  the  Faculty  are  to  be 
found,  and  in  the  large  out-patient  or  dispensary  department.  Bedside  in- 
struction is  an  important  feature.  There  is  a  library  of  7,000  volumes, 
4,200  pamphlets  and  forty-six  current  journals,  which  is  open  during  the 
year.  The  total  fees  for  the  four  years  are  $570,  with  a  reduction  if  paid  in 
advance.  The  number  of  students  during  the  session  of  1905-06  was  340, 
with  eighty-three  graduates.  The  total  number  of  graduates  in  the  ninety- 
nine  years  was  5,41  2.  The  buildings  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  this  school 
are  situated  on  the  University  grounds,  corner  of  Greene  and  Lombard 
streets,  and  consist  of  the  main  building,  containing  the  great  Chemical  and 
Anatomical  Theatres,  Dean's  office,  library  rooms,  museum,  and  rooms  for 
apparatus,  preparation,  etc. ;  Practice  Hall,  four  stories  in  height,  in  rear  of 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  121 

the  Law  Building,  containing  dissecting  rooms  and  various  laboratories; 
and  the  third  floor  of  the  new  Laboratory  building  on  Greene  street,  con- 
taining the  department  of  Pathology  and  laboratories  of  Pathology  and 
Physiological  Chemistry.  The  new  University  Llospital,  175x175  feet, 
one  of  the  largest  College  hospitals  in  America,  is  on  the  corner  diagonally 
opposite.  It  contains  one  hundred  and  ninety  beds,  has  a  students'  building 
adjoining,  accommodating  thirty  internes,  and  also  has  a  nurses'  building 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  pupils  of  the  Training  School  for  Nurses. 
There  were  28,150  visits  paid  to  the  Out-Patient  Department  last  year. 
The  Lying-in  Department  is  just  across  the  street  from  the  University  Hos- 
pital, and  contains  thirty  beds.  The  Legislature  of  Maryland  has  just 
appropriated  $60,000  to  the  University,  for  the  benefit  of  the  hospital.  It 
is  purposed  with  this  to  build  an  addition  on  the  west,  where  the  Faculty  of 
Physic  already  owns  three  dwelling  houses. 

The  Dental  Department  occupies  the  New  Laboratory  Building  on 
Greene  street.  The  operating  room  is  100x33  feet.  There  are  several 
laboratories  and  a  fine  museum.  There  is  a  graded  course  of  three  years, 
each  session  lasting  seven  months.  There  are  thirty-three  instructors  in 
this  department.  Six  of  the  eight  Professors  are  also  connected  with  the 
Faculty  of  Physic,  giving  the  instruction  the  completeness  and  thorough- 
ness of  university  methods.  The  department  being  a  member  ot  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Dental  Faculties,  conforms  in  all  respects  to  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  that  body;  therefore,  matriculants  are  required  to  pass  an 
examination  corresponding  to  that  required  at  the  close  of  the  second  year's 
course  in  a  high  school,  or  to  furnish  an  equivalent  certificate.  This  pre- 
liminary examination  is  in  the  hands  of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction.  No  scholarships  are  granted,  and  students  must  enter  within 
the  first  ten  days  of  the  session  to  obtain  credit  therefor.  The  fees  for  the 
three  years'  course  are  $355.  The  total  number  of  students  for  1905-06 
was  150,  the  number  of  graduates  42.     The  total  number  of  graduates  since 


122  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  foundation  of  the  department  in  1882  is  1,206.  F.  J.  S.  Gorgas,  A.  M., 
M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  is  the  Dean  of  this  department. 

The  Department  of  Pharmacy  occupies  for  its  special  uses  apartments 
in  the  Laboratory  Building.  Chemical  lectures  and  laboratory  courses 
are  also  given  in  the  other  buildings.  There  are  eleven  instructors,  two  of 
whom  are  also  members  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic.  During  the  session  of 
1905-06  there  were  seventy-one  students  in  attendance,  of  whom  twenty-four 
received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Pharmacy  (Phar.  D.)  at  its  close.  The 
total  number  of  graduates  in  this  department,  since  its  foundation,  is  1,085. 
The  School  is  a  member  of  The  American  Conference  of  Pharmaceutical 
Faculties.  The  course  required  is  two  years  of  eight  months  each.  A  pre- 
liminary entrance  examination  in  rudimentary  branches  is  required  of  those 
who  cannot  present  a  certificate  of  proficiency.  The  entire  fees  amount  to 
$220. 

The  very  recent  merger  of  St.  John's  College,  Annapolis,  as  the  De- 
partment of  Arts  and  Sciences  will  be  noticed  at  length  in  connection  with 
the  Sketch  of  the  latter. 

Connected  with  the  University  Hospital  is  a  Training  School  for 
Nurses  (of  which  Miss  Nettie  Flanagan  is  Superintendent,  and  members  of 
the  Faculty  of  Physic  are  lecturers).  The  class  of  1905-06  numbered  fifty- 
five,  and  there  were  thirteen  who  received  diplomas.  The  total  number  of 
graduates  since  its  foundation  in  1889  is  140. 

The  course  is  a  three-year  one,  and  four  months  of  this  time  are  re- 
quired to  be  spent  in  the  Hospital  for  Crippled  and  Deformed  Children, 
whose  Chief  burgeon  is  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic. 

In  addition  to  the  buildings  already  mentioned,  two  others  are  ex- 
pected to  be  added  to  the  resources  of  the  School  of  Medicine  as  soon  as 
some  details  relating  to  title  are  satisfactorily  adj"sted.  These  are  Calvary 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South,  situated  on  a  third  of  the  corner:  of 
Greene  and  Lombard,  and  the  parsonage  immediately  adjoining  it.  The 
need  of  a  public  hall  where  meetings  of  various  sorts,  concerts,  smokers,  and 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  123 

entertainments  may  be  held,  has  been  urgently  felt  for  sometime  at  the 
University,  and  this  church  building,  by  its  convenience  of  site  and  size,  will 
exactly  fill  this  want,  whilst  the  Sunday-school  room  on  the  ground  floor  may 
possibly  be  found  suited  for  the  use  of  the  growing  library  of  the  School  of 
Medicine  (possibly  a  general  library  of  all  the  departments).  The  par- 
sonage has  been  suggested  for  the  use  of  an  additional  number  of  internes, 
who  are  much  needed  in  the  hospital.  We  are  also  informed  that  the  second 
house  west  of  the  students'  building  has  recently  been  acquired  by  the  Medi- 
cal Faculty — the  first  having  been  owned  by  it  for  some  years.  Finally — 
since  the  above  lines  were  written — the  Faculty  has  acquired  possession  of 
the  fourth  north-west  corner  of  these  streets  and  the  four  houses  there 
situated,  three  being  held  in  fee.  A  College  dormitory,  for  the  use  of  stu- 
dents, will  probably  be  erected  upon  this  site  within  the  present  year.  These 
evidences  of  activity  and  pushing  ahead,  on  the  part  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic 
especially,  augur  well  for  the  future,  and  we  hope  to  see  them  extend  to  the 
other  departments  and  to  the  entire  University. 

We  can  thus  count  nine  buildings  either  in  actual  use  or  shortly  to  be- 
come so,  for  the  various  purposes  of  the  University.  An  institution  of  the 
size  and  rank  of  the  University  of  Maryland  requires  many  and  commodious 
buildings  for  its  varied  activities,  and  even  with  these  nine  we  shall  still 
feel  greatly  cramped.  We  urgently  need  more  space;  more  ground  for 
growth.  Our  buildings  are  becoming  planted  too  close  together  and  one  of 
the  questions  that  will  demand  the  urgent  attention  of  our  authorities  is 
how  to  enlarge  our  campus  or  secure  additional  ground  for  building. 
There  are  other  buildings,  too,  which  we  need  very  greatly — especially  a 
gymnasium  and  a  general  utility  building  for  the  use  of  the  Provost  and 
Regents,  the  University  records,  and  administration,  etc. 

Of  University  organizations  we  have  quite  a  number,  notwithstanding 
the  backwardness  of  that  side  of  our  life.  The  Board  of  Regents  heads  the 
list  with  Professor  John  P.  Poe,  as  Secretary,  meeting  annually  and  at  the 
call  of  the  Secretary.     The  General  Alumni  Association,   founded  January 


i24  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

2  i  st,  1903,  meets  quarterly,  and  has  now  over  two  hundred  members.  Its 
object  is  indicated  in  its  motto,  "Toti  nun  partibus,"  and  much  has  already 
been  accomplished  through  its  efforts  in  uniting  the  various  departments  and 
in  stirring  up  a  University  esprit  de  corps.  I  o  it  we  owe  the  "University" 
Endowment  Fund  and  the  Charles  Frick  Research  Fund,  the  University 
button,  and  the  official  adoption  of  the  University  colors  by  the  Board  of 
Regents.  Through  it  has  been  adopted  a  University  Latin  ode,  and  the 
movement  for  securing  an  academic  department,  and  for  the  development 
of  the  University,  has  been  set  on  foot.  Very  recently  it  has  started  a 
movement  for  a  University  of  Maryland  Club,  which  has  been  received 
with  enthusiasm  by  the  alumni,  and  promises  to  be  a  success,  and  it  is  fos- 
tering the  organization  of  branch  University  Alumni  Associations  in  various 
States.  Its  membership  is  open  to  all  alumni  of  the  University,  including 
those  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  and  St.  John's  College,  upon 
registering  their  names  with  the  Secretary  and  paying  the  annual  dues,  one 
dollar.  It  is  chartered  under  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  its  President  is 
J.  Harry  Tregoe,  IX.  B. 

The  movement  for  a  permanent  endowment  fund  was  set  on  foot  in 
1893  by  rrie  Alumni  Association  of  the  School  of  Medicine.  The  first  con- 
tributions to  it  were  made  in  1897,  and  it  grew  slowly.  In  1903  it  was 
taken  up  with  renewed  vigor  by  the  General  Alumni  Association,  and  a 
special  charter  was  obtained  from  the  Legislature,  which  authorizes  the 
Board  of  Trustees  "to  receive  and  hold  funds  for  the  University  at  large, 
or  any  other  departments  in  like  manner  and  upon  the  same  conditions"  as  it 
had  previously  done  for  the  department  of  medicine  alone.  The  Board 
is  independent  and  self-perpetuating,  filling  its  own  vacancies,  and  is  limited 
by  the  terms  of  the  charter  to  the  expenditure  of  the  interest  of  the  Fund, 
and  that  in  its  discretion  for  the  promotion  of  the  welfare  of  the  institution. 
The  Board,  as  at  present  constituted,  consists  of  Hon.  Henry  Stockbridge, 
President;  J.  Harry  Tregoe,  LL.  B.,  Secretary-Treasurer;  Messrs.  Clayton 
C.    Hall    and    Allan    McSherry,    and    Drs.    Samuel    C.    Chew,    Thomas 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  125 

A.  Ashby,  Joshua  W.  Hering,  Harry  Adler  and  Eugene  F.  Cordell, 
all  being  alumni  of  the  University.  The  total  amount  of  subscriptions  to 
date,  paid  and  unpaid,  is  about  $9,000,  a  considerable  part  of  which  is  in- 
vested in  first  mortgage  five  per  cent.  University  bonds.  An  earnest  effort 
is  being  made  to  raise  this  Fund  to  $100,000  by  the  Centennial  in  May, 
1907.  The  interest  of  the  Fund  for  1904  was  appropriated  by  the  Board 
to  research  work  in  the  Pathological  Laboratory,  which  was  carried  on 
under  the  direction  of  Professor  Jose  L.  Hirsh,  Professor  of  Pathology, 
and  has  been  published  in  the  Journal  0/  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  Flarvard  University, 
with  all  its  millions,  has  deemed  it  expedient,  within  the  last  few  months, 
to  found  a  permanent  Fund,  similar  to  this  one,  founded  by  our  alumni  in 
1893.  At  a  mass  meeting  of  alumni,  held  January  22,  1907,  over  $6,000 
were  added  to  the  Endowment  Fund. 

On  December  20th,  1904,  a  "Library  and  Historical  Society"  was 
founded  in  Chemical  Hall,  of  which  Dr.  Cordell  is  President.  It  embraces 
all  departments  of  the  University,  and  has  for  its  objects  "The  investiga- 
tion and  elucidation  of  questions  of  literary,  scientific  and  historical  char- 
acter, and  the  fostering  ol  the  various  libraries  of  the  University." 

There  is  a  University  Athletic  Association,  which  embraces  baseball, 
football,  basketball  and  relay  and  track  teams.  Our  basketball  team  won 
die  championship  of  the  State  in  1904-05,  and  the  others  have  done  them- 
selves credit  on  the  athletic  field,  and  athletics  is  now  well  represented  in 
our  institution,  although  the  want  of  a  gymnasium,  a  cage  and  a  field,  are 
serious  obstacles  to  success.  There  is  also  a  Musical  Association  which 
three  years  ago  gave  a  notable  concert  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
Theodore  Hemberger,  and  an  attempt  has  been  made  at  the  formation  of  a 
Mandolin  and  Banjo  Club.  The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  is  in 
a  flourishing  condition,  and  last  session  raised  a  considerable  sum  of  money 
through  a  series  of  entertainments,  for  the  purpose  of  fitting  up  its  rooms. 

The  publications  are  a  University  monthly,  bearing  the  name  of  Old 


126  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Maryland,  founded  at  the  beginning  of  1905,  and  devoted  to  the  interests 
of  the  University  generally.  Dr.  Cordell  is  its  editor,  with  associates  from 
the  various  departments.  It  has  met  with  a  warm  reception  among  the 
alumni,  and  promises  to  advance  materially  the  welfare  of  the  University. 
Its  motto  is  cresco  merendo.  The  Students'  Year-Book,  founded  under 
the  title  of  Rones,  Molars  and  Briefs,  in  1897,  appeared  during  the  summer 
of  1905  under  the  new  title.  Terra  Mariae.  It  is  a  very  creditable  pro- 
duction, especially  the  last  two  issues.  The  Alumni  Association  of  the  De- 
partment of  Dentistry  publishes  a  monthly,  The  University  Grist,  of  which 
Timothy  O.  Heatwole,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  is  editor.  It  began  in  January, 
1904.  There  is  also  a  monthly  publication  in  the  School  of  Medicine, 
known  as  The  Hospital  Bulletin.  It  is  published  bv  "The  Hospital  Bulletin 
Company  of  the  University  of  Maryland,"  and  is  edited  by  a  committee  of 
the  Hospital  staff.     The  first  number  appeared  in  April,  1901;. 

The  contemplation  of  the  first  century's  existence  of  our  University  is 
not  one  which  can  afford  satisfaction  to  its  friends.  We  have  built  up  suc- 
cessful professional  schools,  but  we  have  not  yet  built  up  a  University.  That 
side  of  our  life  is  neglected  and  dwarfed,  and  the  reasons  therefor  have 
been  given.  Our  authorities  have  allowed  the  School  of  Arts  and  Sciences 
to  languish  and  to  die,  and  that  at  a  time  when  the  field  was  free  and  it 
should  have  succeeded.  We  cannot  expect  that  recognition  as  a  University 
which  is  our  due  and  should  be  our  unceasing  aim,  until  we  have  revived 
our  Academical  department.  There  are  but  two  ways  in  which  that  can 
be  accomplished:  1.  Starting  it  anew.  2.  Affiliating  with  ourselves  some 
collegiate  institution  already  in  existence.  The  first  seems  impracticable  in 
view  of  our  lack  of  funds;  at  any  rate,  it  could  only  be  accomplished  by  the 
aid  of  some  generous  citizen  who  would  supply  the  necessary  means,  and 
such  a  thing  is  nowhere  in  prospect  or  at  all  likely.  Among  the  various  in- 
stitutions already  in  existence,  St.  John's  College  at  Annapolis  seems  to  offer 
us  the  best  opportunity  for  affiliation,  and  a  proposal  to  that  effect  is 
actually  at  this  time  under  consideration.     The  suggestion  of  a  union  with 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS  127 

St.  John's  has  led  to  the  further  query,  whether  the  Maryland  Agricultural 
College  and  perhaps  other  technical  institutions  also  might  not  be  brought 
into  such  a  combination,  and  indeed,  whether  we  might  not  wisely  seek  the 
aid  and  patronage  of  the  State  in  founding  once  for  all  a  great  State  Uni- 
versity. This  idea  has  met  with  wide  favor  among  the  alumni  of  the 
University,  and  seems  to  be  approved  by  the  authorities  of  the  Colleges  that 
have  been  heard  from.  Indeed,  it  grows  more  and  more  acceptable  as  we 
consider  it.  It  offers  to  us  the  solution  of  many  of  the  most  perplexing  prob- 
lems that  beset  us.  In  it  we  see  the  realization  of  Trustees,  and  of  an  effective 
head,  of  an  academic  foundation  and  through  the  finances  of  the  State  of 
that  which  is  equivalent  to  an  endowment.  Our  University  is  peculiarly 
fitted  to  till  this  role.  It  already  bears  the  name  of  the  State,  and  it  is  free 
from  competition  and  antagonism  with  these  other  institutions  whose  sup- 
port it  needs  to  complete  its  organization.  It  is  an  ambition  to  aspire  to 
to  seek  to  become  a  great  State  University — the  capstone,  as  it  were,  of  the 
public  educational  system  of  the  State.  We  are  assured  that  there  is  a 
strong  sentiment  in  this  community,  especially  outside  of  Baltimore,  in  favor 
of  such  an  institution.  That  the  standing  of  our  institution  would  be  very 
greatly  enhanced,  who  can  doubt,  when  he  reflects  upon  the  augmented  in- 
fluence, the  perfected  organization,  the  financial  betterment  it  would  secure 
for  us?  Nor  are  we  trying  a  new  thing:  the  example  of  the  Trustees'  gov- 
ernment— one  of  the  most  glorious  periods  in  the  career  of  the  institution — 
is  before  us  for  encouragement  and  instruction.  Nor  does  it  detract  from 
that  example  that  the  courts  decided  their  rule  was  illegal;  history  remains 
the  same,  and  it  is  the  more  to  their  credit  that,  under  such  disadvantages  ami 
opposition,  they  achieved  such  splendid  results.  True,  the  change  would 
cause  the  loss  of  authority  in  the  Regents,  but  this  can  hardlv  be  regarded  in 
the  light  of  a  sacrifice  on  their  part,  in  view  of  the  greater  honor  for  their 
chairs,  the  increase  and  greater  security  of  salary,  and  the  promotion 
<>l  the  growth  ami  welfare  of  the  University  which  it  will  secure. 
An  advantage  of  the  change  would  be  that  it  would  enable  us  to  place  all 


i28  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

our  departments  upon  an  equal  footing:  it  is  an  anomaly  that  the  schools  of 
Dentistry  and  Pharmacy  should  be  mere  appendages  to  the  School  of  Medi- 
cine. There  is  no  subject  upon  which  the  agreement  seems  to  be  so  general 
as  upon  that  of  the  necessity  of  trustees.  A  central  board  of  managers,  com- 
posed of  business  men  accustomed  to  the  direction  of  large  financial  interests 
commends  itself  to  us  immediately,  both  from  an  executive  point  of  view 
and  as  furnishing  by  the  instrumentality  and  influence  of  its  members  that 
bond  with  the  community  and  with  the  wealthy  and  public-spirited  that  is 
needed  to  secure  large  gifts  and  endowment.  And  if  we  add  to  this  the 
services  of  an  indefatigable  and  influential  representative,  giving  up  all  his 
time  and  talents  to.  the  promotion  of  the  interests  and  advancement  of  the 
institution,  we  secure  the  highest  advantages,  which  must  impress  its  career 
with  immediate  and  rapid  growth.  Such  an  individual  would  repay  many 
times  for  his  salary  by  the  results  of  his  exertions. 

The  present  period  is  a  most  important  epoch  in  the  history  of  this 
institution  that  seems  to  call  for  stirring  comment.  We  are  about  to  close 
the  first  century  of  our  existence  as  a  University,  and  to  enter  upon  another. 
Let  us  strive  to  make  this  occasion  memorable  for  all  time  to  come.  Let  us 
celebrate  it  by  all  the  pomp  and  ceremony  due  to  so  venerable  an  institution. 
Let  us  stir  up  in  each  other  new  devotion,  and  make  fresh  sacrifices  to  the 
cause  of  our  Alma  Mater.  Let  us  hasten  ourselves  to  give  and  to  induce 
others  to  give  to  that  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  we  have  in  our  hearts 
promised  for  an  endowment  fund.  Let  us  correct  without  delay  the  faults 
of  that  antiquated  and  radically  defective  instrument,  our  charter,  that  has 
been  so  long  about  our  neck  like  a  veritable  shirt  of  Nessus.  Time  and 
opportunity  are  slipping  from  our  grasp  while  we  are  looking  idly  on. 
Others  are  straining  every  nerve  and  are  reaping  the  benefits  of  their  exer- 
nons  in  streams  of  contributions  and  benefactions.  Shall  it  be  left  for  us  of 
the  University  of  Maryland  alone  to  continue  this  exhibition  of  apathy  and 
helplessness? 

All  graduates  of  this  University,  of  whatever  department,  are  required 


RESTORATION  OF  REGENTS 


i  H) 


to  give  their  formal  assent  at  the  public  Commencements  to  the  following 
pledge,  read  to  them  by  the  Provost:  "You  receive  these  diplomas,  gentle- 
men, under  the  charter  of  the  University,  as'  honorable  and  perpetual  testi- 
monials,' upon  condition  only,  that  so  long  as  you  shall  exercise  the  privileges 
which  they  confer,  you  will  diligently  and  faithfully  discharge  the  duties 
of  your  calling,  that  you  will  abstain  from  irregular  and  unprofessional 
practices  of  every  sort  and  bear  yourselves,  toward  society  and  your  brethren, 
with  charity  and  honor:  will  you  pledge  yourselves  so  to  do?" 


SEAL  OF      OLD   MARYLAND. 


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MEDIC  \l.    DII'I  DMA,    I  S  1  1. 


II. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE 


II.     SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE. 

WE  I IAVE  already  traced  this  Department  up  to  the  period  when 
on  April  22,  [813,  the  Board  oi  Regents  <>l  the  i  niversit) 
met  and  organized.  The  Medical  continued  to  be  the  onlj 
active  department  until  1823,  when  Mr.  David  1  [offman,  the 

I'm  lessor  of   Law,   began   his   lectures. 

During  the  session  of  1 812-13  a  gold  medal  was  instituted,  to  be  con- 
ferred annually  upon  the  student  writing  the  best  thesis  in  the  Latin  lan- 
guage. According  to  the  report  of  a  committee,  of  the  Faculty,*  it  was 
designed  "as  an  expression  of  the  estimation  in  which  the  College  of  Medi- 
cine of  Maryland  holds  classical  learning,  and  as  an  encouragement  to 
medical  students  who  may  attend  the  institution  to  acquire  it."  It  was  con- 
ferred, for  the  first  time,  upon  John  D.  Sinnott,  in  I  8 13,  the  graduating  class 
then  numbering  ten.  It  was  given  lor  the  last  time  in  1S37,  Dr.  E.  J. 
Chaisty  being  the  recipient.  From  a  similar  motive,  the  announcement  was 
made  at  this  time  that  graduates  in  arts  and  sciences  would  be  exempted 
from  the  payment  of  the  graduation  iee. 

The  session  lasted  four  months,  from  November  1  st  to  February  28th, 
and  at  first  the  lectures  were  all  delivered  in  Anatomical  Hall,  excepl  those 
of  the  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy.  Not  until  the  session  ot 
1815-T6  was  a  separate  room  provided  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Pro- 
fessors of  Theory  and  Practice,  Institutes,  Surgery,  Materia  Medica  and 
Obstetrics.  This  was  derived  from  "an  alteration  oi  the  Library, "t  and 
was  situated  in  the  front  of  the  building,  west  ol  the  hall  ( the  present  Dean'., 
apartment ) . 

At  the  beginning  ol  the  session  ol  iS  13-14,  the  I  niyersity  sustained  a 
severe  loss  by  the  death  of  Professor  Cocke. 

■Xitrs'  Register,  Aug.  24,    1813. 

■(•Communication  from  "Viator,"   \'iles'  Register,  Sept.   15,  [815. 


i34  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

James  Cocke  was  a  native  of  lower  Virginia,  and  belonged  to  a  wealthy 
and  influential  family.  He  was  born  about  1780.  He  enjoyed  superior 
advantages  of  education,  being  a  pupil  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  at  Guy's  Hos- 
pital, London,  and  graduating  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1804. 
His  inaugural  thesis  was  entitled,  "An  Attempt  to  Ascertain  the  Causes  of 
the  Extraordinary  Inflammation,  which  attacks  Wounded  Cavities  and  their 
Contents,"  8  vo.,  pp.  36,  and  attracted  considerable  attention  from  its  orig- 
inal views.  In  it  he  ably  defends  the  propriety  and  practicability  of  ovar- 
iotomy, the  first  advocacy  of  this  operation  in  America  according  to  Quinan. 
It  was  published  a  second  time  in  1806.  He  settled  in  Baltimore  about  the 
close  of  1804  or  beginning  of  1805,  and  entered  into  partnership  with  Dr. 
Davidge  early  in  1807,  lecturing  on  Physiology  to  a  private  class  of  medi- 
cal students.  He  assisted  in  founding  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Mary- 
land, and  also  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  held  the  chair  of  Anatomy 
therein  from  1807  to  18 13.  He  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Smith,  of  Kent 
County,  Maryland.  [18 10,  Quinan.]  He  died  of  "fever,"  on  the  25th  of 
October,  18  13,  at  the  very  hour,  strange  to  say,  at  which  he  was  to  have 
delivered  the  opening  lecture  of  the  course  in  the  new  building.*  His  will 
is  on  record  in  Baltimore  and  is  dated  October  24.  He  was  buried  in  Kent 
County. 

Dr.  Cocke  exhibited  marked  ability  as  a  lecturer  and  surgeon,  and  had 
before  him  a  brilliant  future.  In  1805  he  reduced  a  dislocation  of  the 
humerus  of  seventeen  weeks  and  three  days  standing,  a  feat  from  which  he 
obtained  great  eclat,  as  it  was  probably  the  longest  duration  of  this  accident 
with  successful  issue  on  record  at  that  day.  He  possessed  also  marked 
business  capacity,  and  his  colleagues  gave  him  the  credit  of  devising  the  ways 
and  means  of  carrying  on  the  work  of  the  College.  E.  H.  Worrell,  a  pupil 
of  his,  speaks  of  him  in  his  Latin  thesis,  as  "Exemplar  rara  virtutis,"  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  his  loss  was  a  most  serious  one  to  the  profession 
of  Maryland  and  to  her  rising  University. 
*Potter,  of.  cit. 


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SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  137 

Professor  Cocke  was  succeeded  in  the  chair  of  Anatomy  by  Professor 
Davidge.  The  chair  of  Institutes  became  temporarily  vacant,  but  was  re- 
vived in  1 8  14,  when  Dr.  John  Owen,  of  Baltimore,  was  elected  to  fill  it;  he 
declining,  owing  to  his  engagements  in  the  militia,  Dr.  Maxwell  McDowell 
was  chosen,  who  delivered  the  first  course  of  lectures  in  it  during  the  session 
of  1 8 14-15. 

On  the  6th  of  April,  1X12,  Dr.  William  Gibson,  at  (lie  early  age  ol 
twenty-four,  was  elected  to  the  chair  ol  Surgery,  and  he  continued  to  hold 
the  chair  with  brilliant  success  until  chosen  to  a  similar  position  in  the  I  Di- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  in  1819.  I  lis  lectures  were  largely  didactic,  as  the 
facilities  for  clinics  were  still  very  limited.  Yet  he  occasionally  performed 
operations  in  the  presence  ol  the  classes  at  the  Maryland  1  [ospital,  on 
Broadway,  of  which  he  was  consulting  surgeon,  and  at  the  Almshouse,  where 
he  and  Professor  Baker  had  accepted  appointments  as  Attending  Surgeon 
and  Physician  respectively,  <>n  condition  that  their  students  should  have  the 
privilege  of  clinical  instruction  there.  The  Almshouse  was  then  (and  until 
1822)  in  the  city,  and  only  at  a  distance  of  a  few  squares  from  the  Univer- 
sity, viz.,  at  the  head  of  Howard  street,  near  the  present  site  of  Madison. 
A  certain  number  of  the  students  held  positions  as  residents  ol  the  Mary- 
land Hospital.  The  late  Dr.  Samuel  P.  Smith,  of  Cumberland  (class  of 
1  8  17),  was  one  of  these  from  18  14  to  1816,  having  learned  of  the  position 
while  serving  with  the  troops  from  Western  Maryland  in  the  vicinity,  dur- 
ing the  defense  of  Baltimore.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  excavating 
for  the  foundations  of  the  Johns  I  lopkins  Hospital,  which  occupies  the  site 
of  the  Maryland  Hospital,  the  plate  was  discovered  upon  which  the  certifi- 
cates of  these  internes  were  printed.*  Dr.  Gibson  also  had  a  private  sur- 
gical institution  which  was  established  by  the  authority  of  the  Legislature 
in  181  7;  it  was  located  "on  Madison  street  extended,  out  the  falls  turnpike, 
a  short  distance  from  town." 

Dissections,  interrupted  for  a  time  bv  the  mob  of  1807,  were  carried 


*Baltimore  Sun,  June  15.   i!- 


i3«  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

on  regularly,  at  any  rate  from  the  period  of  the  occupation  of  the  College 
building.  They  were  not  made  obligatory  until  many  years  after  this,  and 
they  were  conducted  only  in  the  day  time.  The  building  was  not  completed 
until  1 82 1,  and  during  that  interval  the  room  to  the  east  of  the  entrance  was 
used  as  a  dissecting  room.  We  have  no  account  of  any  Demonstrator  until 
several  years  after  the  occupation  of  the  buildings.  The  classes  were  small, 
and  perhaps  one  was  not  deemed  necessarv.  Mr.  Alexander  Clendinen,  ot 
South  Carolina,  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  18  15,  in  his  inaugural  thesis  on 
the  "Surgery  of  the  Dislocated  Shoulder  Joint,"  8  vo.,  pp.  52,  states  that 
he  dissected  six  subjects,  and  performed  experiments  in  order  to  elucidate 
the  phenomena  of  this  luxation  and  the  method  of  its  reduction,  and  also 
that  "the  Professor  of  Anatomy  had  first  demonstrated  to  him  a  third  head 
of  the  coracoid  muscle."  Dr.  James  Bain,  a  graduate  of  the  year  18 16, 
testified  at  the  trial  of  Professor  Hall,  in  1843,  that  "he  dissected  for  two 
years  for  Dr.  Davidge."  It  is  believed  that  Dr.  John  Buckler,  ot  the  class 
of  1 8 17,  performed  the  same  duty,  and  it  is  certain  that  Dr.  John  G.  God- 
man,  of  the  class  of  18  18,  did.  Both  of  these  held  the  position  of  Lecturer 
on  Anatomy,  which  involved  the  oversight  of  dissections.  Dr.  William 
Howard  was  Adjunct  Professor  of  Anatomy  under  Davidge,  1820-21. 
From  1  82 1,  the  date  of  the  appointment  of  Duncan  Turnbull,  of  Scotland, 
our  information  is  exact,  and  we  have  the  names  and  years  of  service  of  all 
the  Demonstrators  to  the  present  time. 

The  "Library"  was  founded  in  1 8 13  by  the  purchase  of  the  books  of 
the  late  Dr.  John  Crawford  from  his  widow.  This  was  accomplished  by  a 
subscription  of  $500  made  for  the  purpose  by  the  members  of  the  Faculty. 
A  minute  of  the  Faculty  of  December  1  1,  18  13,  acknowledges  the  donation 
from  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  Esq.,  of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Brittanica,"  the  binding 
to  be  paid  for  by  him.  It  was  opened  for  the  use  of  students  in  1  8  1  5,  when 
the  following  account  of  it  was  given:  "Though  not  the  most  extensive  of 
the  kind,  it  is  competent  to  most  of  the  useful  purposes  of  the  medical  pupil. 
While  it  contains  many  of  the  most  useful  works,   it  presents  the  curious 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  141 

inquirer  with  some  of  the  rarest  of  both  ancient  and  modern  times,  a  few 
of  which  (I  believe)  are  not  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  collections  in  the 
country."*  In  a  report  of  the  Faculty  to  the  Board  of  Regents,  dated  May 
3,  1 8  19,  it  is  stated  that  "the  debt  due  for  the  buildings  and  appurtenances, 
together  with  the  amount  expended  for  apparatus,  library,  etc.,  is  now 
about  $15,000."!  Jn  a  list  of  disbursements  of  the  funds  of  the  Univer- 
sity contained  in  the  "Memorial  of  the  1  rustees  of  the  University  of  Marx- 
land  and  Trustees  of  Baltimore  College  to  the  Legislature  of  Maryland," 
Baltimore,  1830,  $2,600  are  charged  to  the  account  of  the  "Medical 
Library."  The  Trustees'  Records  contain  a  notice  of  books  purchased  for 
the  Medical  Library  in  April,  1  S 3 7 .  During  the  regime  of  the  Trustees 
(1826-39)  a  branch  was  maintained  at  the  Hospital  for  the  use  of  the 
attending  physicians  and  students,  and  an  annual  appropriation  of  $^0  was 
made  for  the  purchase  of  new  books.  1  here  is  no  continuous  record  of  the 
collection,  only  a  scant  notice  of  it  now  and  then.  Since  the  writer's  first 
connection  with  the  L  niversity,  in  September,  1S66,  it  has  occupied  the 
room  where  it  now  is — east  of  the  hall.  In  [890  there  were  about  1,000 
volumes,  many  of  the  rare  ones  being  stored  in  drawers  in  the  museum.  In 
[891,  a  large  increase  took  place  by  the  gift  of  the  library  of  Dr.  I  .  Barton 
brune,  an  alumnus.  This  generous  and  valuable  donation  of  some  twelve 
hundred  modern  and  select  works  was  made  by  Dr.  Brune's  widow  as  a 
testimonial  of  her  deep  interest  in  the  hospital  and  its  internes,  she  having 
spent  several  of  her  early  married  years  there  while  her  husband  was  resi- 
dent physician.  For  several  years  after  this,  the  druggist  at  the  hospital 
held  also  the  position  of  librarian.  In  1903  we  were  the  recipients  through 
his  widow  and  son  (Dr.  L.  Wardlaw  Miles)  of  some  seven  hundred  vol- 
umes forming  part  of  the  library  of  the  late  Professor  Francis  rurquand 
Miles.  Among  these  were  many  of  the  most  recent  works  on  anatomy, 
physiology  and  nervous  diseases,  subjects  which   Dr.   Miles  taught  in  this 


►"Viator,"  Niles"  Register,  Sept.  15,  1815. 
IMS.  Records  of   University, 


i4z  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

University,  and  in  which  he  was  specially  interested.  In  1905  Mrs.  Dr. 
Alfred  H.  Powell  gave  us  two  hundred  and  seventeen  volumes  of  her  late 
husband,  together  with  his  instruments,,  many  pictures,  bones,  shelving,  etc. 
During  the  three  years  from  July  1,  1903,  to  June  1,  1906,  nearly  two 
thousand  seven  hundred  volumes  have  been  added,  and  the  growth  of  the 
library  has  been  marked.  At  present  we  have  about  six  thousand  nine  hun- 
dred and  eighty  volumes,  four  thousand  two  hundred  pamphlets,  forty- 
six  current  journals;  also  a  number  of  portraits.  There  is  a  very  copious  and 
complete  card  catalogue.  It  is  a  member  of  the  Association  of  American 
Medical  Libraries.  The  fee  for  active  membership,  which  is  open  to  all 
physicians  is  two  dollars.  The  two  rooms  occupied  by  it  are  becoming  very 
much  crowded,  and  further  growth  will  soon  require  larger  quarters.  It  is 
open  during  the  year,  except  the  last  half  of  August. 

The  year  18  18  was  signalized  by  the  graduation  of  John  D.  Godman, 
the  distinguished  anatomist  and  naturalist.  During  the  preceding  session, 
through  an  accident  to  Professor  Davidge,  whose  assistant  he  was,  he  had 
been  called  upon  to  continue  the  course  for  several  weeks,  the  only  instance 
on  record  in  the  annals  of  the  University  where  a  student  has  lectured  to 
fellow  students.  Godman's  ability  had  been  recognized  for  some  time,  and 
he  was  himself  aware  of  it.  He  therefore  gladly  embraced  the  opportunity 
so  unexpectedly  offered  to  display  it  upon  a  larger  field.  He  threw  himself 
into  his  task  with  all  his  energy  and  enthusiasm,  and  gave  to  the  dry  subject  a 
charm  which  it  had  never  had  for  his  audience  before.  According  to  the 
tradition  handed  down,  so  close  was  the  interest  and  attention  that  a  pin 
could  have  been  heard  to  drop  during  the  delivery  of  his  lectures,  and  could 
the  class  have  had  their  way,  he  would  have  been  permanently  invested  with 
the  chair.  No  opening  presented  itself,  however,  and  after  graduating  he 
settled  in  the  vicinity  of  Baltimore.  Although  finding  little  to  do  in  this 
out-of-the-way  place,  he  did  not  remain  idle,  but  utilized  his  time  in  the 
prosecution  of  researches  into  natural  history,  which  formed  the  basis  of  his 
subsequent  work  on  that  subject — the  first  in  America.     When  the  chair  of 


J.    D.    GODMAN,    M.    D. 


I'Kdl'.  \\  M.  GIBSON,   M.  I). 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  145 

Anatomy  in  the  University  became  vacant  in  i  8  19,  by  the  departure  of  Pro- 
fessor Gibson,  he  hoped  to  secure  it.  But  although  his  fitness  for  the  post 
had  been  so  amply  demonstrated  and  was  freely  acknowledged,  his  youth 
was  considered  to  be  an  insuperable  obstacle,  and  Granville  Sharp  Pattison 
secured  the  prize.  Godman  then  boldly  repaired  to  Philadelphia,  where  he 
organized  a  very  successful  school  of  anatomy.  After  a  varied  and  brilliant 
career  as  teacher  and  author,  he  died  of  consumption  in  1830,  at  the  age  of 
thirty-six,  "one  of  the  most  accomplished  general  scholars  and  linguists, 
acute  and  erudite  naturalists,  ready,  pleasing  and  instructive  lecturers  and 
writers  of  his  country  or  era."* 

In  1 8 19,  as  has  been  said,  Professor  Gibson  severed  his  connection 
with  the  University  to  enter  upon  a  larger  sphere  of  activity  in  Philadelphia. 
By  the  death  of  Professor  Dorsey  a  vacancy  had  occurred  in  the  chair  of 
Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  The  place  was  offered  to 
Gibson,  who  declined  it.  So  great  was  Gibson's  reputation,  however,  and 
so  eager  were  the  Philadelphians  to  have  him,  that  they  actually  displaced 
the  great  surgeon  Physick  from  the  chair  of  Surgery  to  that  of  Anatomy, 
and  that  against  his  will,  in  order  to  create  a  vacancy  for  Gibson.  This  is 
sufficient  evidence  of  the  reputation  the  latter  must  have  had,  and  the  esti- 
mation in  which  he  must  have  been  held. 

William  Gibson  was  born  in  Baltimore — a  twin — March  14th,  1788. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  John's  and  Princeton  Colleges,  and  then  spent  a 
short  time  at  the  Medical  School  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  declared  to  his  fellow  students  that  he  would  one  day  succeed  Professor 
Physick  in  the  chair  of  Surgery.  In  1806  he  went  abroad  and  entered  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was  graduated  M.  D.  there  in  1809,  the 
title  of  his  inaugural  thesis  being  "De  Forma  Ossium  Gentilitium."  This 
work,  based  upon  researches  in  the  Monro  Museum,  made  to  determine  the 
racial  differences  in  the  human  skeleton,  brought  him  much  credit  and 
pointed  to  his  great  promise.     The  same  year  he  went  to  London,  where  he 


*Richardson,  "Lives  of  Eminent  American  Physicians  and  Surgeons"  by  Gross. 


t46  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

became  a  pupil  of  Sir  Charles  Bell,  and  met  many  distinguished  people.  In 
[810  he  returned  to  Baltimore  and  at  once  took  a  prominent  professional 
position  here.  Early  in  i  S 12  he  was  made  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the 
Medical  School.  During  the  summer  of  that  year  he  performed  the  first 
ligation  of  the  common  iliac  artery.  This  was  upon  a  man  who  had  re- 
ceived a  gunshot  wound  of  the  abdomen  during  the  political  riots  in  Balti- 
more. Two  convolutions  of  intestine  were  wounded,  and  each  opening  was 
closed  with  a  ligature  and  returned.  Although  death  occurred  on  the  fif- 
teenth day  "from  ulceration  of  the  artery  and  peritoneal  inflammation,"  the 
case  established  his  reputation  as  a  surgeon.*  During  the  War  of  181 2 
he  held  a  surgeoncy  in  the  Maryland  troops.  In  18  14  he  went  again  to 
Europe,  and,  being  in  the  vicinity,  was  present  at  the  Battle  of  Waterloo, 
and  was  there  slightly  wounded.  In  18 19  he  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
having  accepted  the  chair  of  Surgery,  vacated  by  Professor  Physick,  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  held  this  position  until  1855,  when,  hav- 
ing acquired  a  fortune,  he  retired. 

In  the  Philadelphia  chair  he  sustained  and  increased  the  reputation  of 
his  earlier  years.  He  was  a  clear,  agreeable  and  emphatic  lecturer,  with 
distinct  and  melodious  voice,  well-chosen  language,  and  an  attractive  style 
of  enunciation.  His  demonstrations  of  surgical  anatomy  were  simple  and 
easily  understood,  those  relating  to  the  neck,  hernia  and  lithotomy  being 
especially  good.  He  had  a  large  collection  of  models,  casts,  pictures,  bones, 
tumors,  apparatus,  etc.,  many  of  his  own  preparation,  with  which  to  illus- 
trate his  lectures. 

As  an  operator  he  was  rapid  and  dexterous.  Many  of  his  cases  and 
operations  are  on  record.  He  possessed  great  mechanical  ingenuity,  being 
a  fine  artist  and  skilful  worker  in  wax.  At  the  age  of  eighty  he  still  worked 
in  his  shop.  He  painted,  knew  how  to  stuff  birds,  and  played  with  skill  upon 
several  musical  instruments,  especially  the  violin.  He  was  very  fond  of 
fishing  and  botanizing.     He  was  a  distinguished  ornithologist  and  expert 


Am.  Med.  Reorder,  Vol.  3,  p.  185. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  147 

boxer,  having  been  taught  to  spar  by  professional  pugilists.  He  retained 
throughout  life  a  strong  taste  for  the  classics,  and  possessed  a  remarkable 
memory,  being  able  in  his  old  age  to  repeat  hundreds  of  lines  from  Virgil. 
He  kept  a  daily  journal  for  over  sixty  years,  which  at  his  death  amounted 
to  one  hundred  and  fifty  volumes.  In  religion,  he  adhered  to  the  Episcopal 
Church.  He  was  twice  married,  having  several  children  by  each  wife.  One 
of  his  sons,  named  after  his  friend,  Sir  Charles  Bell,  became  a  distinguished 
surgeon  and  Professor  in  the  Washington  University  and  Richmond  Medi- 
cal College. 

In  person,  Dr.  Gibson  is  represented  to  have  been  heavily  built,  with 
broad  shoulders,  a  round  face  and  ruddy  complexion.  He  enjoyed  splendid 
health.  He  was  very  vain  of  his  personal  appearance,  and  more  so  of  his 
reputation  as  a  surgeon  and  teacher.  Dr.  Ashhurst  describes  him  as  "walk- 
ing into  the  amphitheatre,  gloves  and  riding  whip  in  hand,  having  just 
ridden  in  from  his  country  home  to  meet  his  class,  and  after  lecturing  with 
all  his  accustomed  force  and  vigor,  riding  back  again  to  enjoy  his  rural  re- 
pose."* Dr.  Busey,  of  Washington,  tells  how,  after  a  summer  spent  in 
Europe,  "he  returned  late  in  the  autumn  of  1847,  with  a  large  outfit  of 
broadly  striped  waistcoats  and  trousers  to  match,  which  he  wore  on  succes- 
sive lecture  days,  until  he  had  exhibited  to  the  class  the  entire  wardrobe  of 
the  latest  English  fashionable  wearing  apparel.  The  class  received  him 
every  day  during  these  successive  dress  exhibitions,  with  prolonged  rounds 
of  applause,  which  he  attributed  to  their  personal  admiration  and  received 
with  profound  gratitude.  His  fancy  clothes  were  a  startling  departure  from 
the  professorial  style  of  dress  in  vogue  at  the  University  at  that  period.f 

On  retiring  from  his  chair  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  he  re- 
moved to  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  where  he  spent  his  latter  years.  He 
died  at. Savannah,  Georgia,  while  on  a  visit  to  the  South,  March  2d,  1868, 
aged  eighty. 

As  Mumford  well  says,   Professor  Gibson  was. an  all-round  man,   a 

*Proccedings  of  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila.,  18S7. 
fPersonal   Reminiscences,  Washington.    [895. 


i48  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

scholar,   sportsman,   artist,  athlete,   musician,  traveler,  genial  accomplished 
man  of  the  world,  and  delightful  companion. 

He  was  a  prolific  writer.  In  i  8  14  he  brought  out  an  American  edition 
of  "Dr.  Charles  Bell's  System  of  Dissections,"  two  volumes,  Baltimore, 
12  mo.,  "dedicated  to  the  gentlemen  attending  the  University  of  Mary- 
land." He  published  many  valuable  articles  in  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences.  In  1824  appeared  the  first  edition  of  his  "Institutes  and 
Practice  of  Surgery,"  a  work  in  two  volumes,  octavo,  "being  outlines  of  a 
Course  of  Lectures."  This  work,  which  was  marked  for  its  excellent  style 
ant!  accurate  descriptions,  went  through  eight  or  nine  editions,  each  amended 
and  improved.  In  1840  appeared  his  "Rambles  in  F.urope,  with  Sketches 
of  Prominent  Surgeons  and  Physicians,  Medical  Schools,  Hospitals.  Literary 
Personages  and  Scenery,"   1 2mo.,  pp.  309. 

Dr.  Gibson's  first  great  operation,  which  brought  him  at  once  fame, 
has  already  been  referred  to,  viz. :  ligature  of  the  common  iliac,  next  to  the 
aorta,  the  largest  artery  in  the  body.  He  was  the  first  in  this  country  to 
perform  supra-public  lithotomy,  and  among  the  first  to  perform  lithotripsy- 
He  devised  the  operation  of  linear  extraction  of  cataract  in  181  1  (Gross). 
He  tied  the  subclavian  artery  in  its  third  division  for  hemorrhage  of  the 
axillary  wounded  in  the  reduction  of  a  dislocated  shoulder  joint,  excised 
ribs,  removed  a  wedge-shaped  portion  ot  bone  for  ankylosis  of  the  knee- 
joint,  establishing  a  false  joint  (Druitt),  and  extracted  the  ball  which  Gen- 
eral Winfield  Scott  received  at  the  Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane.  He  performed 
Caesarean  section  twice  upon  the  same  woman,  saving  the  life  of  the  mother 
and  both  children.  He  invented  an  apparatus  for  fracture  of  the  lower 
jaw,  devised  an  instrument  for  facilitating  the  operation  of  staphylorhaphy, 
and  modified  Physick's  tonsillotome.  He  also  divided  the  recti  muscles  for 
strabismus  as  early  as  1818.  He  operated  then  upon  three  cases  with  partial 
success,  but  meeting  with  an  unfavorable  result  in  a  fourth  case  operated  on 
after  his  removal  to  Philadelphia,  upon  the  advice  of  Professor  Physick  he 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  149 

abandoned  the  experiment.  Strohmeyer's  monograph,  recommending  divis- 
ion of  the  muscle  tor  strabismus  did  not  appear  until  1838.* 

In  later  life  Dr.  Gibson  received  from  his  Scotch  Alma  Mater  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.  D. 

During  the  session  succeeding  Professor  Gibson's  removal  to  Phila- 
delphia, Professor  Davidge  discharged  the  duties  of  both  surgical  and 
anatomical  chairs.  His  preferences  were  evidently  for  the  latter,  in  which 
he  was  given  an  able  assistant  in  Dr.  William  Howard,  later  of  the  United 
State  Topographical  Kngineers,  who  was  appointed  Adjunct  Professor. 

Meanwhile,  an  outlook  was  kept  for  a  Professor  of  Surgery,  and  an 
aspirant  for  the  place  was  soon  found  in  Granville  Sharp  Pattison,  of  Glas- 
gow, Scotland,  who  came  over  to  Philadelphia,  it  was  said,  in  consequence  of 
a  domestic  difficulty  with  one  of  his  colleagues  in  the  Andersonian  Institute 
of  the  former  city.  Failing  to  secure  in  Philadelphia  a  position  commen- 
surate with  his  wishes  and  aspirations,  and  his  pecuniary  wants  becoming 
pressing,  he  readily  embraced  the  offer  of  the  chair  of  Surgery  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland.  There  was  then  also  a  fine  opening  in  Baltimore  for 
a  first-class  surgeon  as  Davidge  was  commencing  to  fail,  and  Jameson  had 
not  yet  come  prominently  to  the  front. 

Pattison  had  brought  over  with  him  the  anatomical  collection  be- 
queathed to  him  by  his  master,  Allan  Burns,  and  he  advertised  himself  and 
it  extensively  in  the  medical  journals  and  newspapers  throughout  the 
country.  Pattison's  advent  was  regarded  as  a  great  accession  by  the  Faculty, 
and  his  influence  in  its  councils  was  paramount.  He  succeeded  in  disposing 
of  his  collection  to  the  Faculty  for  the  sum  of  $8,000,  and  shortly  after,  in 
1 82 1,  when  the  $30,000  loan  was  effected  from  the  Legislature,  Practice 
Hall  was  erected  for  its  accommodation.  Pattison  seems  to  have  infused 
new  life  into  the  University.  At  his  arrival  it  was  burdened  with  debt, 
without  prospect  of  payment,   and  the  building  was  unfinished  and  badly 


*The  Early  History  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology  in  Baltimore,   11.   Friedenwald,  ./.  //. 
//.  Bull,  Aug. -Sept.,   [897, 


i5o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

needing  repairs.     The  means  were  speedily  secured  for  liquidating  the  debt 
and  completing  the  buildings,  and  the  classes  augmented  very  rapidly. 

The  Museum,  thus  inaugurated  with  so  much  expense  and  eclat,  has 
continued  to  this  day  to  be  a  feature  of  the  school,  but  has  suffered  much  at 
times  from  neglect.  Of  the  character  of  Professor  Pattison's  collection  we 
know  but  little  more  than  that  it  consisted  "of  upwards  of  one  thousand 
selected  morbid  and  healthy  specimens,  and  in  variety,  excellence  and  number 
was  far  superior  to  any  other  in  America."  It  was  duly  deposited  in  the 
"handsome  hall,  elegantly  furnished,"  which  had  been  erected  for  its  re- 
ception, and  for  sometime  constituted  the  chief  attraction  for  visitors  to  the 
University.  The  apartment  in  which  it  was  placed  displayed  it  to  the  best 
advantage,  being  spacious  and  well-lighted.  The  cases  were  arranged 
against  the  walls,  and  the  specimens  were  all  numbered  and  catalogued. 
The  first  notice  of  any  addition  to  it  was  in  March,  1823,  when  Captain 
C.  G.  Ridgely  presented  "a  collection  of  minerals  from  Peru  and  Chili,  also 
curiosities  of  the  Incas."  About  the  same  time  General  John  Spear  Smith 
made  a  second  donation  of  minerals.  In  1832  the  Trustees  appropriated 
$250  to  it,  for  the  purchase  of  articles  abroad  by  Professor  Geddings,  who 
in  the  following  year  acknowledges  their  liberality,  through  which  "impor- 
tant additions  have  been  made  to  the  Museum  and  Library."  The  Pros- 
pectus of  1839  "offers  to  the  student  of  pathological  anatomy  a  large  and 
valuable  Museum,  founded  upon  the  Cabinet  of  the  late  Allan  Burns. 
*  *  *  to  which  numerous  additions  have  been  made,  especially  beauti- 
ful preparations  of  the  lymphatic  system,  superficial  and  profound,  pro- 
cured from  Italy.  The  Museum  contains  magnificent  models  of  the  eye 
and  ear  in  wax,  which  will  greatly  facilitate  the  study  of  the  minuter  parts 
of  those  delicate  organs."  In  1841  numerous  and  valuable  additions  to  the 
Anatomical  Cabinet  were  received,  and  $65.35  were  appropriated  for  the 
purchase  of  alcohol.  In  1846  we  find  this  notice:  "The  extensive  and  costly 
Anatomical  Museum  founded  bv  the  late  Allan  Burns  has  been,  during 
the  last  session,   greatly   enlarged  by  the  addition   of  numerous   valuable 


PRACTICE    HALL. 


■  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  153 

morbid  preparations,  and  it  will  be  rendered  still  more  efficient  by  the  arrival 
of  a  complete  set  of  the  celebrated  pathological  models  by  Thiebert,  ordered 
from  Paris  by  Dr.  Smith.  They  will  be  the  only  set  in  this  country  on  this 
side  of  the  mountains,  and  will  represent  every  form  of  diseased  structure 
more  accurately  than  can  be  done  by  any  other  mode  of  preparation,  and 
are  intended  to  render  the  lectures  on  surgery  vastly  more' instructive  than 
thev  could  be  made  otherwise."  In  1848  we  are  told  that  "During  the  past 
session  a  considerable  collection  of  French  models  has  been  ordered,  and  a 
large  number  of  drawings  and  casts  has  been  added."  In  1855  the  Museum 
was  placed  in  charge  of  Dr.  Christopher  Johnston,  Lecturer  on  Experimental 
Physiology  and  Microscopy  ("lately  returned  from  a  prolonged  residence 
abroad"),  and  an  appropriation  was  made  for  its  proper  maintenance  in 
accordance  with  his  suggestions.  In  1861,  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
William  A.  Hammond,  it  was  enriched  by  a  collection  of  skulls,  by  French 
models,  and  by  additions  to  the  Materia  Medica  Cabinet.  Microscopes 
were  also  provided,  together  with  one  of  the  largest  collections  of  micro- 
scopical specimens  in  the  country,  containing  specimens  of  all  the  tissues  and 
structures  entering  into  the  composition  of  the  body."  The  next  year  the 
Museum,  "ever  an  object  of  anxious  care  to  the  Faculty,"  received  valuable 
osteological  specimens  illustrating  comparative  anatomy.  In  September. 
1888,  Dr.  Charles  W.  Mitchell  described  the  condition  of  the  Museum  in 
the  following  words:  "The  Museum  of  the  University  has  been  sadly  neg- 
lected during  the  past  few  years,  but  efforts  are  now  being  made  to  classify 
and  put  in  order  the  specimens  it  contains,  and  additions  are  now  being 
constantly  made  from  the  dead  houses  of  the  University  and  Bay  View- 
Hospitals.  The  material  at  hand  will  be  employed  throughout  the  session 
in  my  lectures  on  pathology,  when  fresh  and  preserved  specimens  will  be 
exhibited  to  the  class.  The  Museum  ac  present  contains  about  six  hundred 
specimens,  consisting  of  new  growths,  preparations  of  diseased  joints  and 
bones,  monstrosities,  illustrations  of  gross  pathological  lesions  of  viscera, 
etc.     The  most  valuable  specimens  are  those  of  joint  pathology." 


i54  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

The  writer  has  found  it  very  difficult  to  get  reliable  information  as  to 
the  present  condition  of  the  "Museum."  According  to  Professor  Winslow 
(in  a  recent  address,  1906)  :  "About,  1 89 1 ,  Dr.  J.  Holmes  Smith,  whilst 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  rescued  many  of  these  preparations,  and  with 
great  labor  and  skill  renovated  them,  and  they  now  form  useful  and  unique 
specimens,  which  cannot  be  duplicated  in  this  city."  At  the  opening  of  the 
Library  and  Historical  Society  in  December,  1894,  Professor  Smith  was 
kind  enough  to  demonstrate  a  number  of  the  original  Burns  specimens  to 
Professor  Osier  and  others.  Professor  Hirsh  stated  recently  that  the  patho- 
logical specimens  under  his  charge  were  removed  from  the  "Museum"  in 
1904,  and  now  number  about  two  hundred  and  fifty. 

One  of  the  most  important  events  during  this  period  was  the  erection 
of  the  Baltimore  Infirmary  (now  known  as  the  University  Hospital) .  While 
clinical  teaching  did  not  occupy  the  prominence  then  that  it  does  now,  the 
need  of  hospital  facilities  was  early  apparent  to  the  Faculty.  An  occasional 
clinic  was  given  at  the  Maryland  Hospital  on  Broadway  and  at  the  Alms- 
house, chiefly  surgical,  Professor  Gibson  being  the  Consulting  Surgeon  at 
the  former.  The  Hospital  had  one  hundred  beds  in  181  2,  the  centre  build- 
ing being  then  completed.  The  Almshouse  also  afforded  a  large  amount  of 
clinical  material.  The  Baltimore  General  Dispensary  was  in  successful 
operation,  but  was  not  used  for  teaching,  and  the  idea  of  college  dispensaries 
did  not  suggest  itself  until  long  after  this  period. 

For  the  college  hospital  a  site  was  chosen  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  College  building.  It  is  described  as  extending  from  a  point  on  Lombard 
street  seventy-eight  feet  west  of  the  corner  of  Greene  street,  running  west 
seventy-five  feet,  then  south  to  Whiskey  alley,  1  74  feet,  then  east  seventy- 
five  feet,  then  north  174  feet,  completing  the  parallelogram.  The  lease  was 
dated  July  10th,  1823,  and  was  for  ninety-nine  years,  renewable  forever. 
It  was  drawn  by  John  S.  Skinner  in  favor  of  Professors  Davidge,  Potter, 
Hall,  De  Butts,  Baker,  McDowell  and  Pattison,  as  tenants  in  common.  The 
property  was  subject  to  a  ground  rent  of  $200,  which  the  lessees  had  the 


z 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  157 

power  to  extinguish  at  any  time  during  the  continuance  of  the  lease  by  the 
payment  of  $3,000  to  the  lessor,  his  heirs  or  assigns.  The  building  was 
erected  by  Mr.  John  Sinclair  at  a  cost  of  $1 1,589;  the  furniture,  permanent 
and  movable,  cost  $2,520  additional,  making  a  total  of  $14,109.  This 
amount  was  derived  first  from  the  private  resources  of  the  Professors;  they 
were  aided  by  a  loan  of  $7,000  from  the  Bank  of  Baltimore,  and  by  a  mort- 
gage upon  the  building  of  $4,800.  All  this  was  done  by  the  Professors  in 
their  individual  capacity.  The  Infirmary  was,  therefore,  their  private  prop- 
erty; it  did  not  belong  to  the  corporation — the  Regents,  nor  was  it  under 
their  control,  although  it  was  the  design  to  turn  it  over  ultimately  to  them.* 
The  foundation  of  the  Infirmary  building  was  laid  June  10th,  1S23, 
and  the  institution  was  ready  for  the  reception  of  patients  September  20th 
following.  There  were  four  wards,  one  of  which  was  reserved  for  eye 
cases,  instruction  in  Ophthalmic  Surgery  being  a  prominent  feature  of  the 
course.  1  he  capacity  of  the  building  was  estimated  at  one  hundred  and 
sixty  beds — doubtless  an  exaggerated  statement.  There  were  two  resident 
students,  each  of  whom  was  required  to  pay  $300  per  annum,  in  advance,  for 
board,  washing  etc.  There  were  four  clinical  lectures  weekly,  two  medical 
and  two  surgical,  and  the  students  were  at  liberty,  if  they  so  desired,  to 
attend  at  the  daily  visits  of  the  physicians  and  surgeons.  The  visits  of  the 
medical  and  surgical  staff  were  paid  at  noon  daily,  and  the  resident  students 
were  required  to  accompany  the  professors  in  their  rounds.  Only  acute  cases 
were  at  first  admitted,  the  charge  for  whom  was  $3  per  week,  which  included 
everything.  The  histories  of  patients  were  written  out  on  admission  by  the 
house  students  and  read  at  the  next  visit  of  the  medical  attendant.  No 
operations  were  allowed  to  be  performed  without  consultation.  The  op- 
erating theatre  (later,  after  the  changes  made  in  1852,  converted  into  a 
chapel)  was  in  the  rear,  but  attached  to  the  main  building.  It  was  sur- 
rounded by  elevated  seats,  "capable  of  accommodating  several  hundred 
students."  One  of  the  early  regulations  was  that  the  Bible  should  be  read 
*MS.  Records  of  University, 


158  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

each  day  audibly  in  each  ward.  The  Governor  of  the  State  was  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  institution,  and  the  Mayor  of  Baltimore,  Vice-President.  A 
number  of  prominent  citizens  constituted  its  Board  of  Managers,  and  the 
Examining  Board  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland 
were  ex-officio  consulting  physicians  and  surgeons.*  By  the  end  of  the  first 
decade  four  more  wards  were  added,  and  the  number  of  beds  was  ninety. 
There  were  sixty  to  seventy  patients  in  the  buildings  on  the  average,  and 
there  were  four  resident  students.  At  first  the  income  fell  below  the  ex- 
penses, but  in  i  <S 3 1  >  there  was  a  net  revenue  of  $2,000.  The  Gray  bequest 
was  then  yielding  $300  per  annum,  and  the  Marine  Department  brought  in 
from  sailors  $4,000  per  annum. t  In  1  S32  the  Infirmary  was  purchased 
from  the  Faculty  by  the  Trustees  for  $12,000,  which  was  $5,500  less  than 
the  cost,  according  to  a  statement  made  by  the  Trustees  themselves. t-  In 
1833  tne  adjoining  corner  lot  was  also  bought  in  fee  simple  for  $6,000.  Its 
dimensions  were  78  feet  front  and  169  feet  5  inches  in  depth.  In  1846  the 
office  of  Resident  Physician  was  created,  Dr.  James  Morison,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, being  its  first  incumbent;  prior  to  that  the  senior  student  had  had 
charge.  An  Assistant  Physician,  or  "Clinical  Reporter,"  was  first  appointed 
in  1S60.  In  1852  a  committee  of  the  Regents,  of  which  Mr.  George  W. 
Dobbin  was.  chairman,  report  the  College  and  Infirmary  buildings  in  good 
repair.  At  this  time  Mr.  J.  H.  B.  Latrobe  was  asked  for  an  opinion  as  to 
the  right  to  use  the  Gray  legacy  in  extending  the  hospital.  The  reply  being 
favorable,  the  addition  on  the  corner  lot  above  mentioned  was  erected,  by 
which  a  number  of  private  rooms  urgently  needed  and  a  clinical  amphitheatre 
were  provided.  The  capacity  of  the  institution  was  thus  increased  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty  beds.  There  were  eight  resident  students.  In  1866  Dr. 
W.  Chew  Van  Bibber  took  the  first  steps  for  the  inauguration  of  an  out- 
patient department  or  dispensary  service,  in  connection  with  his  clinics  on 
diseases  of  children  and  venereal  diseases.     In  1870  the  students'  building, 


'Newspapers  of  the  day. 

tNotes  by  Prof.  Hall,  Mar.  11.  [838,  MS.  Records  of  University. 

tjoint  Memorial  of   Trustees  to  Legislature,  1830. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  159 

adjoining  the  Infirmary  on  the  west,  and  capable  of  accommodating  twenty- 
four  students,  was  erected.  Previous  to  this  the  resident  students  had  had 
accommodations  in  the  hospital  building.  In  1874  an  appropriation  of 
$30,000  was  secured  from  the  Legislature,  conditional  upon  the  free  edu- 
cation of  State  students.  With  this  it  was  determined  to  create  an  obstetrical 
department.  Practical  instruction  was  here  instituted  in  this  important 
branch,  for  which  the  only  accommodation  hitherto  had  been  the  female 
wards.  Thus  arose  the  large  three-story  wing  on  (ireene  street,  still  stand- 
ing, although  no  longer  devoted  to  its  first  use.  This  addition  greatly  in- 
creased the  clinical  facilities  of  the  institution,  which  were  now  claimed  to  be 
double  those  of  any  other  in  the  city.  The  resident  students  particularly 
profited  by  the  increase  of  advantages.  In  addition  to  the  lying-in  depart- 
ment, a  department  of  diseases  of  children  was  established  by  the  transfer  of 
the  inmates  of  St.  Andrew's  Home  for  Children.  In  1878  it  was  stated 
that  "about  1,200  patients  had  been  received  and  treated  in  the  wards  of  the 
Infirmary  during  the  year,  and  15,000  patients'  had  been  examined  and 
prescribed  for  in  the  Dispensary  department."  The  following  vear  that 
part  of  the  Infirmary  on  Lombard  street  was  thoroughly  overhauled,  addi- 
tional private  rooms  were  provided,  and  the  Dispensary  department  was 
improved  to  adapt  it  better  to  the  uses  of  the  large  patronage  which  it  had 
secured  from  the  poor,  and  the  numerous  special  departments  into  which  it 
had  developed.  There  were  now  two  paid  physicians  in  the  institution, 
receiving  $600  and  $100  per  annum  salary,  respectively.  In  1886  a  move- 
ment was  set  on  foot  for  the  establishment  of  a  "Free  Lying-in  Hospital" 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  University.  This  was  consummated  in  May  following, 
by  the  purchase  of  a  large  residence  building  on  the  opposite  side  of  Lom- 
bard street  from  the  Infirmary.  This  is  under  charge  of  the  Professor  of 
Obstetrics,  his  chief  of  clinic,  and  three  resident  physicians.  It  receives  an 
annual  appropriation  from  the  State  of  $2,500.  The  advantages  afforded 
by  this  institution  are  readily  seen  from  the  official  statement  that,  during 


160  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  session,  1904-05,  the  graduating  students  saw  an  average  of  twenty  cases 
of  lahor  each. 

During  the  session  of  1889-90  a  training  school  for  nurses  was  insti- 
tuted at  the  hospital,  for  which  a  large  addition  was  constructed  in  the  rear 
of  the  building  in  the  summer  of  1890. 

The  growth  of  the  classes,  which  had  been  slow  up  to  the  close  of  the 
war  with  Great  Britain,  showed  a  steady  increase  after  1815.  Between 
1820  and  1825  the  increase  was  enormous,  reaching  its  climax  in  the  latter 
year.  Not  until  recent  years  has  the  number  of  students  then  recorded  been 
exceeded.  There  is  some  doubt  as  to  the  exact  figure;  Dr.  McDowell,  the 
Dean,  declared  that  he  did  not  know,  and  many  who  attended  lectures  never 
matriculated.  A  statement  in  Niles'  Register  gives  it  as  303,  while  Potter, 
in  his  Sketch,  estimates  it  as  even  higher — 320.  As  of  interest,  for  com- 
parison, it  may  be  stated  that  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  had  480; 
Transylvania,  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  235  ;  all  other  schools  less.  Harvard 
had  101  in  1823-24.  There  was  no  break  in  the  continuity  of  the  sessions 
because  of  the  War  of  18 12,  nor  has  there  ever  been  one  in  the  whole 
career  of  the  School. 

Both  the  charter  of  the  College  of  Medicine  and  that  of  the  University 
prescribe  the  writing  and  publication  of  a  thesis  as  a  condition  of  gradua- 
tion. Neither  is  enforced  at  this  time.  The  first  requirement  continued  in 
operation  until  quite  a  recent  period;  the  latter  was  carried  out  until  18  17. 
Some  of  these  printed  theses  are  still  preserved,  and  do  great  credit  to  their 
authors'  scholarship  and  ability.  The  imprinted  theses  have  recently  been 
deposited  in  the  Library;  they  have  not  been  assorted  as  yet,  and  it  is  not 
known  whether  they  are  complete  or  not.  For  comparison,  we  may  add  that 
the  publication  of  a  thesis  was  required  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
until  1  8015.  It  seems  to  be  still  in  vogue  in  the  Universities  of  the  continent 
of  Europe. 

The  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine  continued  to  be  given,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  charters,  after  one  year's  attendance  on  lectures  and  examina- 


Ephraim  McDowell,  M.  I). 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  163 

tion,  but  the  number  of  those  applying  for  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
exceeded  one  or  two  a  year.  It  never  became  popular,  most  oi  the  graduates 
preferring  to  remain  through  two  sessions  and  take  the  lull  degree.  Honor- 
ary degrees  were  for  many  years  frequently  conferred  at  the  annual  com- 
mencements on  certain  physicians  who,  by  their  attainments  and  length  of 
service,  seemed  to  merit  the  honor.  Among  the  most  distinguished  of  these 
was  Ephraim  McDowell,  of  Kentucky,  the  ovariotomist,  who  received  the 
honorary  M.  D.  in  1825. 

The  early  commencements  were  held  in  .Anatomical  and  Chemical 
Halls.  The  following  interesting  description  of  one  which  took  place  on 
April  23,  1823,  was  given  in  the  American:  "Chemical  Hall  was  fitted  up 
very  handsomely  for  the  occasion,  and  crowded  at  an  early  hour  by  a  highly 
respectable  audience,  made  infinitely  more  interesting  by  much  of  the  youth 
and  beauty  of  the  city  and  neighborhood,  the  gay  decorations  of  whose 
dresses  relieved  the  sombre  solemnity  of  the  scene,  and  produced  a  charm 
and  an  interest  which  the  society  and  approbation  of  woman  alone  can  im- 
part. The  procession  entered  the  hall  at  1  1  o'clock,  and  took  possession  of 
the  seats  allotted  to  them.  First,  the  graduates,  two  and  two — the  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Divinity,  followed  by  the  Professors,  two  and  two;  the 
Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Law,  followed  by  Professors  in  the  same  manner; 
the  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  attended  in  the  same  way. 
Then  the  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic.  On  Professor  DAVIDGE  (the 
father  of  the  institution)  and  Professor  Pattison  making  their  appearance, 
they  were  received  with  three  distinct  bursts  of  applause  by  the  whole  as- 
sembly. The  Reverend,  the  Provost,  followed  the  Professors,  and  the 
Regents  closed  the  procession.  The  Professors  having  taken  their  chairs 
with  their  respected  Dean  (Dr.  De  Butts)  at  the  head  of  the  table,  Dr. 
De  Butts  read  the  'Mandamus,'  and  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop  followed  by 
prayer.  The  young  gentlemen  were  then  asked  a  few  questions  by  the 
learned  body,  touching  the  subject  of  the  different  theses;  ami  having  re- 
ceived their  degrees,  the  commencement  concluded  with  solemnity."     The 


i64  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

paper  goes  on  to  speak  in  complimentary  terms  of  the  appearance  and  con- 
duct of  the  students,  which  were  such  that  the  mere  fact  of  being  a  student 
at  the  University  "is  considered  by  our  best  society  as  a  sufficient  passport 
to  their  houses  and  hospitality."  It  was  no  wonder,  then,  that  the  commun- 
ity felt  the  deepest  interest  in  the  prosperity  of  their  leading  institution,  and 
contemplated  "with  pride  and  exultation"  the  high  rank  to  which  it  had 
attained — a  rank  second  to  none  other,  at  least  in  the  New  World. 

About  [823  occurred  the  Pattison-Cadwalader  duel.  It  has  been 
difficult  to  elicit  the  particulars  of  this  affair,  which  is  not  mentioned  in  the 
newspapers  nor  in  works  upon  American  dueling.  Our  knowledge  ot  it 
depends  verv  largely  upon  tradition,  although  the  writer  has  gleaned  some 
facts  from  those  who  were  contemporaries  of  the  participants,  and  were 
placed  in  positions  to  learn  the  truth  with  regard  to  it  (especially  the  late 
Miss  Troup,  who  was  an  inmate  of  Dr.  Davidge's  house). 

The  circumstances  leading  to  it  date  from  Pattison's  arrival  in  this 
country.  His  failure  to  get  the  much-coveted  chair  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  led  to  an  estrangement  between  him  and  the  Professors  there, 
which  gradually  deepened  into  the  most  bitter  hostility.  Professor  Nathaniel 
Chapman,  for  some  reason,  became  the  particular  object  of  his  aversion. 
His  removal  to  Baltimore  and  connection  with  the  rival  Baltimore  school, 
served  onlv  to  fan  the  embers  of  his  wrath.  On  October  12th,  1820,  he 
wrote  to  Chapman,  asking  if  the  latter  was  responsible  for  the  statement 
that  he  was  the  author  of  an  anonymous  letter  received  the  previous  winter 
by  Chapman  through  Dr.  Eberle.  Although  he  demanded  an  immediate 
answer,  Chapman  made  no  reply.  Pattison  determined  to  proceed  to  Phila- 
delphia at  once  for  the  purpose  of  demanding  satisfaction,  and  sought  the 
aid  of  Dr.  Patrick  Macaulay,  of  Baltimore,  as  his  second.  By  the  advice 
of  the  latter,  he  postponed  his  departure,  and  on  the  17th  Macaulay  ad- 
dressed Chapman  by  letter,  telling  him  that  the  letter  which  Pattison  had 
sent  had  heen  written  by  his  advice,  and  that  he  had  twice  persuaded  Pattison 
to  delay   going  to   Philadelphia,   and   asking   for   some   explanation    as   to 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  165 

Chapman's  conduct  and  intentions.     To  this  letter  Chapman  replied  on  the 
19th.     He  began  with  an  account  of  Pattison's  candidacy  for  the  chair  of 
Surgery  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.     A  vacancy  had  occurred,  he 
said,  in  the  chair  of  Anatomy  there,  by  the  death  of  Professor  Dorsey,  to 
which  Professor  Physick  had  been  transferred  by  the  Trustees  on  May  1st. 
1  8  19.     This  transfer,  which  was  made  against  the  wishes  of  Physick,  was 
designed  to  open  a  way  for  Gibson.      Pattison  had  been  apprised  of  it  by 
his  brother,  who  then   resided  in    Philadelphia,   and   had   been   advised  to 
become  a  candidate  for  the  position.     Accordingly,  he  forwarded  his  appli- 
cation and  letters  of  recommendation.     On  the  vote  being  taken,  he  was 
defeated,   Physick  and  Chapman  strenuously  supporting  Gibson.     He  was 
notified  of  his  defeat  on  landing  in  New  York.     He,  however,  settled  in 
Philadelphia,  opened  a  private  school,  and  sought  to  secure  some  connec- 
tion with  the  University.     He  declined  a  chair  at  Transylvania  University, 
with  a  salary  of  $1,500,  to  which  he  bad  been  elected,  and  also  an  offer 
from    Baltimore.      He    received    many    attentions    from    the    profession    in 
Philadelphia,   and   his  prospects   for  advancement   seemed  bright,   but   his 
arbitrary  manner,  and  a  claim  to  anatomical  discoveries  which  were  found 
to  belong  to  another,  estranged  his  new-found   friends,   and  he  was  com- 
pelled, a  few  months  after  his  arrival,  to  accept  the  Baltimore  offer,  which 
still  remained  open  to  him.     Chapman  went  on  to  speak  of  the  motives  which 
led  Pattison  to  leave  his  native  country.     He  said  that  it  was  in  consequence 
of  an  od'ois  deed  and  an  incensed  public  opinion;  that  he  had  seen  the 
proof  of  a  trial  by  which  Dr.  Ure,  one  of  Pattison's  colleagues  in  the  Ander- 
sonian  Institution,  at  Glasgow,  had  obtained  a  divorce  from  his  wife  on  the 
ground  of  improper  relations  with  Pattison.*     For  these  and  other  reasons, 
Chapman  refused  to  have  any  intercourse  with  Pattison. 

On  the  receipt  of  this  letter  by   Macaulay,   Pattison's  rage  knew  no 


*I„  Septe.be,  ^O^n^P^^^^^^^^^^  g* 
^Tcoty^whichTs  in  ^'M^^Xi^Socien',  Library.  The  trial  took  place 
January  .10.   1810.  in  the  consistory  court  at   Edinburgh. 


[66  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

bounds.  <  )n  the  23d,  he  went  to  Philadelphia  and  posted  Chapman  as  a 
liar,  coward  and  scoundrel.  He  was  forthwith  arrested,  but  after  a  short 
detention  was  released — Chapman  claimed  through  his  intercession. 

Pattison  vigorously  defended  himself  against  the  charges  that  had  been 
brought  against  him.  He  endeavored  to  shield  himself  by  attacking  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  court  in  Edinburgh  he  tore  which  the  case  had  been  tried, 
and  by  making  it  appear  that  the  difficulty  was  merely  one  between  the  rival 
schools  of  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia.  He  had  the  good  fortune  and 
address  to  enlist  the  sympathy  of  his  colleagues  and  a  large  part  of  the  com- 
munity here  in  his  behalf,  and,  presenting  his  side  of  the  case  to  a  committee 
of  prominent  citizens,  he  was  exonerated  from  all  blame.  At  this  time 
(according  to  his  own  statement)  Pattison  was  not  twenty-eight  years  old, 
and  claimed  not  to  be  "a  professed  duelist." 

Chapman  endeavored  to  justify  his  declination  of  the  challenge  in  a 
pamphlet  which  he  published  in  November,  [820.  He  said  that  he  had 
received  no  formal  challenge,  but  even,  if  he  had,  the  disparity  of  age 
(Chapman  was  a  little  over  forty),  the  inequality  of  social  condition,  the 
claims  of  a  numerous  family,  and  the  obligations  imposed  by  his  public 
station,  would  have  prevented  his  acceptance.  "It  really  would  seem,"  he 
added,  "under  any  circumstances,  not  quite  tit  to  have  introduced  my  course 
of  lectures  with  the  spectacle  of  a  duel.  The  parents  and  friends  of  the 
several  hundred  young  men  confided  to  our  care  require  of  us  very  different 
things,  and,  assuredly,  had  I  yielded  on  this  occasion,  I  should  have  had  to 
encounter  the  heaviest  censure  and  perhaps  a  more  decisive  step  from  those 
discreet  and  elevated  men  under  whom  1  have  the  honor  to  hold  my  appoint- 
ment. With  Mr.  Pattison  it  is  entirely  different.  He  is  an  adventurer,  with 
a  tainted  reputation  which  he  hoped  to  repair,"  etc. 

The  discussion,  thus  begun  continued  for  some  time,  Professor  Gib- 
son,  among  others,  taking  part  in  it  ami  handling  roughly  Pattison's  claims 
to  anatomical  discovery.  But,  as  appears,  it  was  not  until  four  years  after 
Pattison's  arrival    in   America,   that  this  difficulty   involved   anything  more 


JOHN    BUCKLER,   M.  D. 


BUST    OF    JOHN     BUCKLER. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  169 

serious  than  a  battle  of  words.  It  was  then  that  General  Thomas  Cadwala- 
der,  of  Philadelphia,  became  accidentally  involved  in  the  quarrel  by  resent- 
ing an  insult  offered  to  Chapman  by  Pattison  in  his  presence.  He  and  Chap- 
man were  brothers-in-law,  having  both  married  daughters  of  Colonel 
Clement.  Biddle.  The  result  was  a  challenge  and  a  hostile  meeting  of  which 
few  details  have  come  down  to  us.  The  duel  took  place  somewhere  in 
Delaware,  and  both  parties  displayed  great  coolness  and  unflinching  courage. 
Cadwalader  was  severely  wounded,  the  ball  of  his  opponent's  pistol  entering 
his  "pistol  arm"  near  the  wrist,  traversing  the  entire  length  of  the  forearm 
and  lodging  in  the  ulna;  it  remained  there  throughout  his  life,  causing  great 
irritation,  impairing  his  health,  and  as  was  believed,  actually  shortening  his 
life.  Pattison  escaped  without  injury,  but  a  ball  passed  through  the  skirt  of 
his  coat  near  the  waist.  According  to  Miss  Troup  (before  mentioned) 
Davidge  was  present  as  "surgeon"  on  this  occasion. 

In  the  summer  of  1826,  Professor  Pattison  went  abroad,  ostensibly  on 
account  of  his  health,  which  was  said  to  have  been  impaired  by  the  climate 
of  America.  He  never  returned  to  Baltimore,  and  the  following  year  he 
received  an  appointment  in  the  University  of  London.  Professor  Davidge 
assumed  charge  of  both  chairs,  Anatomy  and  Surgery,  with  Dr.  John 
Buckler  as  Adjunct  Professor  in  the  former  department. 

Granville  Sharp  Pattison  was  born  near  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
about  1792.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  assistant  to  Professor  Allan 
Burns,  upon  whose  death  he  succeeded  to  the  chair  of  Anatomy,  Physiology 
and  Surgerv  in  Andersonian  Institution,  a  medical  school  which  had  been 
recently  organized  at  Glasgow.  He  is  said  to  have  enjoyed  considerable 
eclat  as  a  youthful  lecturer.  In  the  summer  of  18 19  he  came  to  America 
under  the  circumstances  that  have  already  been  mentioned,  and  opened  an 
anatomical  school  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  applicant  for  a 
chair  in  the  Universityof  Pennsylvania,  and  declined  the  chair  of  Anatoim 
in  Transylvania  University,  Kentucky.  In  1820  he  accepted  the  chair  of 
Surgery  in  the  University  of  Maryland.     He  is  said  to  have  lead  a  gay  life 


i7o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

while  here.  He  made  no  great  figure  as  a  surgeon.  He  claimed  that  his 
income  while  in  Baltimore,  from  his  chair  and  practice,  exceeded  $10,000. 
In  1826  he  went  to  London,  and  in  July  of  the  following  year,  on  the  organi- 
zation of  the  University  of  London,  he  was  made  Professor  of  Anatomy  in 
that  institution.  Later  his  duties  were  extended  to  include  surgery.  From 
the  very  first  his  lectures  appear  to  have  been  entirely  unsatisfactory  to  his 
students,  many  of  whom  refused  to  attend  them,  and  preferred  serious 
charges  of  incompetency  against  him.  Among  the  specified  complaints  were, 
that  he  had  an  impediment  in  his  speech,  that  his  voice  was  monotonous,  his 
grammar  and  knowledge  of  classics  defective,  and  his  anatomical  acquire- 
ments superficial.  During  the  session  of  1830-31  the  dissatisfaction  became 
so  great  that  his  colleagues  "offered  to  pay  him  an  annual  stipend  out  of 
their  own  salaries  for  a  certain  number  of  years,  if  he  would  retire."  He 
refused  their  offer,  regarding  the  amount  proposed  as  too  small.  The  ex- 
pedient was  next  tried  of  appointing  Professor  Bennett  to  teach  those  sub- 
jects in  his  department  which  were  most  complained  of;  but  neither  did  this 
avail,  and  on  July  23d,  1831,  "he  was  dismissed  from  his  chair,  as  recom- 
mended by  a  select  committee  of  the  council."*  In  1832,  he  arrived  in  New- 
York,  on  his  way  to  Philadelphia,  having  been  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy 
in  Jefferson  Medical  College.  He  retained  this  position  until  1841,  when  he 
joined  in  founding  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  New  York. 
He  occupied  the  chair  of  General,  Descriptive  and  Surgical  Anatomy  in  that 
institution  until  his  death,  which  took  place  November  12th,  185 1,  after  a 
short  illness,  from  obstruction  of  the  ductus  communis  choledochus.  Pro- 
fessor Pattison  was  the  editor  of  The  Register  and  Library  of  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Science,  Washington,  1833-36;  he  edited  with  notes  two  editions 
of  Burns  on  the  "Surgical  Anatomy  of  the  Arteries  of  the  Plead  and  Neck:" 
also  Masse's  "Anatomical  Atlas,"  New  York,  1845,  8  vo.,  and  Cruveilhier's 
"Anatomy."  He  also  published  controversial  pamphlets,  1820-21,  and 
lectures  and  papers  in  the  American  Medical  Recorder. 


*1  ancet,  1831. 


PROF.    GRANVILLE    SHARP    PATTISON,    M.    I). 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  173 

Professor  Davidge  held  the  chair  of  Surgery  until  1827,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Nathan  R.  Smith,  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelphia.  The  chair  was  first  offered  to  Benjamin  W. 
Dudley,  the  great  Surgeon  of  Transylvania  University,  who  declined.* 
Smith  had  a  competitor  in  Richard  Harlan,  one  of  the  surgeons  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Almshouse,  and  a  well-known  naturalist,  but  Davidge  threw  his  in- 
fluence successfully  in  the  scales  for  him. 

The  annals  of  the  University  contain  the  record  of  another  duel,  which 
took  place  between  students  of  the  University.     It  occurred  at  Bladensburg, 
near  Washington,  the  famous  dueling  ground  of  those  times,  on  February 
2d,    1828,  and  resulted   fatally  to  one  of  the  participants.!      As  with  the 
Pattison-Cadwalader  affair,  there  is  scarcely  any  written  record  of  the  event, 
and  so  reliance  has  had  to  be  placed  upon  the  verbal  statements  of  several 
elderly    persons    whose    memory    recalled    the    event.}       It    was    generally 
agreed  that  its  real  cause  was  a  rivalry  for  the  affections  of  Miss  Mary 
Polk,  Dr.  Davidge's  beautiful  step-daughter.     The  two  students  concerned 
were  Samuel  J.   Carr,  of  South  Carolina,  and  William  Bond  Martin,  of 
Maryland,  and  they  had  been  room  mates  and  warm  friends  until  a  trifling 
difficulty  apparently  converted  them  into  deadly  enemies.    Owing  to  some  de- 
lay in  the  receipt  by  Carr  of  a  remittance  from  his  friends  at  the  South,  the 
expense  of  purchasing  fuel  for  their  room  had  devolved  upon  his  friend. 
The   latter,    after  waiting   sometime,    demanded  payment   for   the   amount 
advanced.     This  led  to  sharp  words,  which  resulted  in  Carr's  declaring  that 
the  other  was  no  gentleman.     The  hot  young  blood  of  those  days  recog- 
nized but  one  way  in  which  such  an  insult  could  be  treated.     A  challenge  was 
sent  by  Martin  and  accepted  by   Carr.     General  Walter  Gwynn  was  the 
second  of  the  latter,  Frederick  Pinkney  of  the  former.     Pistols  were  chosen. 
It  is  said  that  strenuous  efforts  were  made  by  the  friends  to  accommodate 


'Balto.  Gazette,  Aug.  15.  iS->7.  and  Dudley's  own  statement  (  Pampht.) 
■\Balto    Gazette  and  Daily  Advertiser,  Feb.  4th,  1828. 

tThe  late  Drs.  Alexander  H.  Bayly,  of  Cambridge,  and  James  Arm.tage,  of  Baltmiore, 
especially.    The  former  attended  lectures  with  Carr. 


i74  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

matters,  and  that  Carr,  both  before  and  utter  reaching  the  field,  expressed 
his  willingness  to  repay  the  debt  and  make  such  reparation  as  he  considered 
consistent  with  his  honor.  But  the  success  of  these  praiseworthy  efforts  was 
thwarted  by  the  unreasoning  opposition  of  the  brother  of  the  challenger, 
who  would  hear  ol  nothing  but  satisfaction  by  the  code.  Carr  was  an  expert 
marksman,  and  had  had  previous  experience  in  such  encounters.  When  his 
adversary,  therefore,  refused  upon  the  field  to  accept  the  terms  which  he 
offered,  he  exclaimed,  "Then  die  if  you  will !  I  shall  put  a  ball  through  you 
right  here,"  pointing  to  his  forehead.  He  was  true  to  his  word,  for  at  the 
first  tire  young  Martin  reeled  and  fell  into  the  arms  of  his  second,  his  brain 
pierced  by  a  ball  entering  at  the  very  spot  which  Carr  had  indicated. 

There  was  much  excitement  the  next  day  in  front  of  the  Fountain  Inn, 
on  Light  street,  when  "the  mutilated  body"  of  the  dead  youth  was  brought 
there  by  his  second.  From  Baltimore  it  was  conveyed  by  steamer  to  Cam- 
bridge, on  the  Eastern  Shore,  where  the  extremely  unusual  spectacle  of  a 
steamer  approaching  drew  large  and  curious  crowds  (many  of  whom  had 
never  seen  such  a  strange  sight  before)  to  the  water's  edge.  Among  the 
spectators  came  the  father  of  the  dead  youth,  the  Chief  Judge  of  the  Fourth 
Judicial  District  of  Maryland,  little  suspecting  that  he  was  going  to  meet 
the  corpse  of  his  son.  The  elder  brother,  who  had  acted  the  part  of  so 
unwise  an  adviser,  afterwards  himself  became  a  distinguished  judge  in  the 
Baltimore  City  Courts — Judge  Robert  N.  Martin,  and  was  noted  for  his 
integrity  of  character  and  extreme  conscientiousness,  but  the  event  in  which 
he  had  been  a  participant  dominated  his  life  ever  after,  and  bitter  remorse 
destroyed  his  peace  of  mind. 

When  the  facts  became  known,  public  sentiment  sided  with  Carr,  and 
it  is  probable  that  he  would  not  have  been  prosecuted  had  he  remained  in 
Maryland.  He  thought  it  more  prudent,  however,  to  leave  the  State  for  a 
time.  The  Faculty  met  after  the  duel  and  formally  expelled  him  from  the 
University.  He  had  for  some  time  been  an  ardent  admirer  of  Miss  Polk, 
who,  although  bound  to  Martin  by  ties  of  kinship,  reciprocated  his  affection. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  175 

and  notwithstanding  Davidge's  opposition  she  ran  away  with  him  on  the 
30th  of  September  following,  and  they  were  married;  she  was  then  only 
about  fifteen. 

Carr's  subsequent  history  is  of  interest.  In  1829  he  was  Fifth  Auditor 
of  the  Treasury,  and  in  1  83  1  United  States  Consul  to  Tangiers.  Returning 
later  to  Maryland,  he  resumed  his  medical  studies  at  the  University,  the 
Faculty  condoning  his  offense,  attended  his  second  course  of  lectures,  and 
received  his  diploma  in  1834.  The  subject  of  his  graduating  thesis  was 
"Lepra  Tuberculosa,"  a  disease  with  which  he  had  become  familiar  during 
his  residence  in  the  East.  On  graduating  he  settled  on  Red  River,  in 
Louisiana.  He  was  appointed  Military  Storekeeper  in  the  United  States 
Army,  in  1842,  and  died  at  Pikesville  Arsenal,  near  Baltimore,  October 
24th,  1847,  aged  forty-five.  He  is  represented  as  a  man  of  talents  and 
scholarship.  After  his  death,  his  widow,  still  a  celebrated  beauty,  married 
the  eminent  lawyer,  David  Dudley  Field,  of  New  York.  She  died  only  a 
few  years  ago  at  the  Carrolton  Hotel  in  this  city,  preserving  traces  of  her 
earlier  charms  to  the  last.  This  duel  completes  the  record  of  such  events 
at  the  University,  and  let  us  hope  that  no  future  historian  of  her  annals 
may  find  it  necessary  to  add  to  the  melancholy  record.* 

In  January,  1829,  Dr.  Davidge  was  attacked  with  a  malignant  growth 
of  the  face  which  compelled  him  to  give  up  his  anatomical  lectures;  his 
course  for  the  remainder  of  the  session  was  assumed  by  Professor  Smith. 
The  tumor,  which  originated  in  the  antrum  of  Highmore  and  was  spoken 
of  as  a  "fungus  of  the  antrum,"  developed  rapidly  and  was  accompanied  by 
the  most  excruciating  pain,  from  which  he.  could  only  obtain  partial  relief 
by  enormous  doses — a  wineglassful — of  laudanum.  He  bore  his  sufferings 
with  great  fortitude,  finding  comfort  in  the  consolation  and  promises  of  his 
religion.      Twice  during  the  brief  career  of  his  disease  he  was  taken  to  Phil- 


*During  the  session  of  [866-67,  a  difficulty  arose  between  two  students,  V.   H.  B.  and  P.. 

15.  B.,  from  the  throwing  of  a  snowball  by  the  former.  V.  II.  I!.,  now  a  distinguished  Pro- 
fessor in  St.  Louis,  informed  the  writer  that  be  practiced  assiduously  with  bis  pistol  for  the 
expected  combat.  The  affair  was  nipped  in  the  bud  b)  the  Faculty,  who  threatened  to  with- 
hold the  degree  from  the  participants,  if  it  went  further. 


i76  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

adelphia  to  consult  the  learned  Physick,  who,  however,  could  do  nothing 
for  him.  Death  finally  came  to  his  relief,  at  his  residence  on  Lexington 
street,  on  August  23d,  1829. 

John   Beale   Davidge  was  born   at  Annapolis,   in    1768.      His   father 
was  an  ex-captain  in  the  British  army,  his  mother,  Miss  Honor  Howard,  of 
Anne  Arundel  county,  Maryland,  a  relative  of  Colonel  John  Eager  Howard. 
He  had  two  brothers,  both  of  whom  moved  to  the  West  and  there  became 
judges.     Early  losing  his  father,   his  circumstances  became  much  reduced. 
Nevertheless,  he  resolved  to  obtain  an  education,   and  securing  aid   from 
friends  and  coming  into  possession  of  some  slaves  through  the  death  of  a 
.  relative,  he  was  enabled  to  enter  St.  John's  College,  and  obtain  therefrom 
in  1789  the  degree  of  A.  M.    He  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  the  Doc- 
tors Murray,  of  Annapolis,  and  later  entered  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
From  motives  of  economy  he  took  his  degree  (M.  D.)  at  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity, the  date  of  his  graduation  being  April  22d,  1793.     About  this  time  he 
married  Miss  Wilhelmina  Stuart,  of  the  Firth  of  Solway.     After  practicing 
a  short  time  in  Birmingham,  England,  he  returned  to  Maryland  and  settled 
permanently  in  Baltimore  in  August,   1796.     In  1797  a  severe  epidemic  of 
vellow  fever  prevailed  in  the  city,  which  was  discussed  in  the  newspapers  by 
the  physicians.     Dr.  Davidge  took  part  in  this  discussion,  and  in  1798  re- 
published his  views  in  a  volume  which  attracted  considerable  notice.     He 
was  one  of  the  early  attending  physicians  of  the  Baltimore  General   Dis- 
pensary,   founded   in    1801.      About    1802   he   began   to   advertise   private 
courses   of   lectures  to  medical  students,   which  being  continued   annually, 
became  merged  in  1807  into  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland.     From 
1807  to  18  12  he  lectured  upon  surgery,  obstetrics  and  institutes,  from  18 12 
to  his  death  he  held  the  chairs  of  Surgery  or  Anatomy,  one  or  both.     In 
1805  he  delivered  an  oration  before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of 
Maryland,  the  office  of  orator  being  then  first  created.     Dr.  Davidge  was 
twice  married,  his  second  wife  being  Mrs.  Rebecca  Troup  Polk,  a  widow, 
of  Harford  county,   Marvland.     He  left  a  son  by  his  first  marriage,  and 


PROF.    JOHN    B.   DAVIDGE,   A.    M.,    M.   D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  179 

three  daughters  by  his  second.  1  lc  was  a  member  of  St.  Peter's  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  died,  as  has  been  staled,  in  [829,  and  his  remains 
were  interred  in  Loudon  Park  Cemeterj . 

In  person,  he  is  represented  to  have  been  short  and  stout,  with  blue 
e>es,  a  florid  complexion,  homely,  rugged  features,  small  hands  and  feet, 
and  a  graceful  carriage,  lie  walked  with  a  slight  limp  after  the  fall  of 
1818.  He  was  scrupulously  neat  in  his  dress;  his  manners  were  grave, 
formal  and  dignified.  He  had  great  influence  throughout  the  State,  and 
notwithstanding  a  certain  irritability  of  temper  was  much  beloved  by  his 
acquaintances,  and  reverenced  by  his  students,  who  spoke  of  him  as  "the 
Father  of  the  University."  He  drove  a  carriage  and  pair  and  had  a  large- 
practice.  He  spoke  with  deliberation  and  in  choice  language,  and  was  an 
incessant  student,  being  a  great  admirer  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson.  Professor 
Lunsford  P.  Yandell,  an  alumnus  of  1825,  described  his  lectures  as  "models 
of  simple  elegance."*  As  a  writer,  he  was  stiff,  affected  and  obscure,  and 
fond  of  using  obselete  modes  of  spelling  and  expression;  "he  seemed  to  for- 
get the  English  idiom,"  says  Yandell,  "the  moment  he  took  pen  in  hand." 
Consequently  his  writings  made  but  little  impression  on  the  times  in  which 
he  lived,  and  were  soon  forgotten.  As  an  operator  he  was  slow  and  cau- 
tious. His  most  important  operations  were  amputation  at  the  shoulder- 
joint  (soon  after  1792),"!"  extirpation  of  the  parotid  gland,  182], 
successful  ligation  of  the  gluteal  artery  for  aneurism,  and  ligature  of  the 
carotid  artery  for  "fungus  of  the  antrum."  He  also  invented  a  method  of 
amputation  which  he  called  the  "American." 

1  le  had  very  positive  views  of  disease,  etc.  He  devised  a  classification 
of  diseases  which  was  pronounced  by  Yandell  as  greatly  superior  in  sim- 
plicity and  convenience  to  Cullen's,  then  in  use.  He  held  that  menstration 
was  a  secretion  of  the  uterus  excited  by  ovarian  irritation,  opposed  the  sup- 
port of  the  perinasum  on  the  ground  that  "nature  is  sufficient  for  her  own 


*Trans.  Internal.  Med.  Congress,  [876. 
fReese,  Cooper's  Dirty. 


i So  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

processes,"  and  objected  to  the  speculum  uteri,  because  it  "smacked  of  im- 
moral curiosity."  Haemorrhage,  he  believed,  was  arrested  by  retraction  of 
vessels,  not  by  their  contraction,  and  the  coagulation  of  blood.  He  opposed 
Rush's  doctrine  of  the  unity  of  disease,  and  severely  condemned  his  sanguin- 
ary treatment  of  vellovv  fever.  He  regarded  black  vomit  as  a  morbid 
secretion  derived  chiefly  from  the  liver.  In  the  efficacy  of  mercury  in  yellow 
fever  he  shared  the  implicit  confidence  of  the  profession  of  his  day:  "Perhaps 
no  person  ever  died  after  the  full  establishment  of  ptyalism."  He  ex- 
plained the  effect  by  supposing  that  "calomel  establishes  an  action  in  the 
system  the  opposite  to  that  of  the  fever,  and  since  no  two  general  actions  can 
exist  at  the  same  time,  ptyalism  takes  the  place  of  the  morbid  one  which 
ceases."  As  to  the  essential  nature  of  yellow  fever,  he  regarded  it  as  in- 
digenous, propagated  by  the  atmosphere,  and  non-contagious,  merely  a 
variety  or  aggravated  form  of  "bilious  remittent."  He  regarded  phthisis 
pulmonalis  as  a  scrofula  of  the  lungs. 

The  following  are  his  writings:  His  thesis:  "Dissertatio  Physiologica 
de  Causis  Catameniorum,"  Birmingham,  1794;  "Nosologia  Methodica" 
(Latin),  first  and  second  editions,  Baltimore,  [812  and  18 13;  "Physical 
Sketches,"  two  volumes,  Baltimore,  18  14  and  1816;  "Treatise  on  Yellow 
Fever,"  Baltimore,  1798;  "Treatise  on  Amputation,"  Baltimore,  18 18; 
an  edition  of  "Bancroft  on  Fevers,"  Baltimore,  1821;  a  quarterly  journal 
entitled  Baltimore  Philosophical  Journal  and  Review,  Baltimore,  1823  (of 
which  only  one  number  appeared),  and  many  articles  in  the  medical  journals. 

To  sum  up :  Dr.  Davidge  was  a  man  of  upright  character  and  un- 
swerving integrity,  of  strong  moral  and  physical  courage,  a  good  citizen, 
faithful  and  affectionate  in  his  domestic  relations,  an  enthusiastic  student,  a 
finished  scholar.  It  is  a  regrettable  fact  that  his  relations  and  services  to 
the  University  have  not  suggested  to  his  successors  some  memorial  in  his 
honor  in  the  institution  which  owes  its  existence  and  a  large  part  of  its 
success  to  him.* 


*Mr.  Walter  D.  Davidge,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  his  great-grandson,  has  an  oil  portrait 
of  him. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  18] 

Professor  Davidge,  with  the  full  consent  of  the  Trustees,  had  effected 
an  arrangement  for  Dr.  Duncan  Turnbull,  the  former  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy,  to  deliver  the  anatomical  lectures  during  the  session  of  1829-30, 
but  after  his  death  it  was  ignored,  and  in  September,  1829,  public  announce- 
ment was  made  of  the  existence  of  a  vacancy  in  the  chair,  and  competition 
was  invited.  The  result  was  that  the  position  was  conferred  upon  Dr.  John 
D.  Wells,  of  Boston,  who  then  held  a  similar  appointment  in  the  Berkshire 
Medical  Institution,  Massachusetts,  and  so  in  October  the  introductory 
lectures  were  delivered  by  a  full  Faculty.  Dr.  Wells  was  not  made  full 
Professor  until  the  close  of  the  session,  and  he  did  not  long  enjoy  the  honor. 
Returning  to  Boston  after  the  conclusion  of  the  course,  he  died  there  on  the 
25th  of  July  following,  of  tuberculosis,  "a  victim  to  the  cause  of  science." 
Professor  N.  R.  Smith  paid  a  glowing  and  beautiful  tribute  to  his  memory, 
which  evidently  came  from  the  heart  and  showed  how  deeply  he  had  been 
impressed  with  the  beautiful  character  and  accomplishments  of  the  young 
Boston  anatomist.  In  perusing  these  annals  we  find  much  that  is  common  to 
the  three  men,  Cocke,  Godman  and  Wells— youthful  enthusiasm,  learning, 
eloquence,  amiability  and  high  aspirations,  and  though  their  lives  were  so 
brief,  we  may  profitably  study  them  and  find  in  them  much  that  is  worthy  of 
admiration  and  imitation. 

John  Doane  Wells  was  born  March  6th,  1799,  and  received  his 
education  at  Harvard  University,  taking  his  A.  B.  degree  in  181  7,  and  his 
M.  D.  degree  in  1820.  He  was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  Bowdoin 
College,  Maine,  in  May,  1821.  He  spent  the  period  from  June,  1821,  to 
December,  1822,  in  Paris,  was  phvsician  to  the  Boston  Dispensary  from 
1 82  3  to  1826,  and  received  the  appointment  of  Professor  of  Anatomy  in 
Berkshire  Institution  in  September,  1826.  He  was  elected  Lecturer  on 
Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Maryland  in  September,  1829,  and  full  Pro- 
fessor the  following  May.  He  died  in  Boston,  July  25th,  1830.  In 
accordance  with  his  request,  a  post-mortem  examination  of  his  body  was 
made  by   Dr.   Warren,   revealing  tubercles  in   the   lungs,   brain   and   spinal 


1 82  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

cord.  "To  few — very  few — "  wrote  Professor  Smith,  "has  Nature  been  so 
bountiful  in  those  gifts  which  constitute  the  orator.  His  language  was 
beautiful,  chaste  and  forcible,  and  was  uttered  with  graceful  ease  and 
fluency.  His  voice  was  peculiarly  clear  and  audible,  his  emphasis  and  in- 
flexions uncommonly  happy.  His  action  was  animated  and  impressive."* 
Professor  S.  D.  Gross,  in  his  "Autobiography,"  says  that  he  "conversed  with 
fluency  and  had  delightful  manners." 

There  is  an  interesting  letter  extant, f  written  by  one  of  the  graduates 
of  1830 — Dr.  James  Garry,  a  native  of  Ireland,  which  gives  us  glimpses 
of  affairs  at  the  School  at  this  time  worth  reproducing.  "I  had  to  sit,"  he 
says,  "constantly  for  eight  hours  every  dav  during  four  months  on  a  hard 
bench,  attending  the  medical  lectures.  I  would  not  undertake  the  task  again 
with  similar  health  for  any  honour  or  emolument  I  could  derive  from  it.  It 
left  me  unable  to  move."  Of  bis  final  examination,  he  has  this  to  sav :  "I 
passed  my  examination  on  the  >th  of  March  last;  it  was  a  most  trying  or- 
deal. My  character  was  involved  and  with  it  my  peace,  for  you  know  my 
pride  could  not  well  endure  a  rejection.  There  was  a  gentleman  rejected  on 
the  very  day  on  which  I  was  examined;  it  stamps  a  man  with  great  disgrace. 
I  could  scarce  keep  from  fainting  the  half  hour  previous  to  my  examination. 
I  assure  you  it  was  enough  to  decompose  stronger  nerves  than  mine,  to  be 
called  before  a  dignified  and  most  learned  board  of  Professors,  in  order  to  be 
examined  through  the  whole  circle  of  medical  science:  Anatomy,  Physiology, 
Practice  of  Medicine,  Surgery,  Materia  Medica.  Obstetrics  and  Chemistry. 
I  stood  as  good  an  examination  as  the  best  among  fifty,  though  some  of  them 
had  been  studying  for  years  and  even  practicing.  After  my  trial  was  over, 
the  Professor  of  Surgery,  N.  R.  Smith,  in  whose  office  I  studied,  rose  and 
shook  hands  with  me  and  declared  that  my  examination  did  me  much  credit, 
and  so  did  all  the  Professors."  Then  a  month  later  came  the  Commence- 
ment, with  its  triumphs,  but  with  further  exactions,  from  which  the  modern 


*Baltimore    Monthly  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,   1830-31. 
tin  MS, 


IT 


SU 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  lS.< 

student  is  exempt.  I  received  my  diploma  in  company  with  the  other  fiftj 
graduates  on  the  5th  of  April  last.  They  were  handed  to  us  by  the  Provost, 
K.  B.  Taney,  in  Anatomical  Theatre  of  the  University,  in  the  presence  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  fashionable  assembly  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  I  eve- 
saw.  In  the  meantime  the  City  Band  played  the  most  delightful  airs.  The 
Professor  of  Materia  Mediea  delivered  a  valedictory  oration  in  which  he 
gave  many  useful  hints  to  the  graduates  on  the  course  it  was  now  necessary 
for  them  to  pursue  in  order  to  succeed  in  their  career.  'Ah!'  I  exclaimed, 
my  sister  were  here,  how  proud  she  would  feel! 

"Every  one  of  the  graduates  had  to  write  an  essay  on  some  medical 
,bject.  and  to  defend  it  before  the  Faculty.  We  were  at  liberty  to  write- 
in  any  language,  but  a  premium  of  fifty  dollars  was  offered  for  the  best 
Latin  essay.  So  1  wrote  mine  in  Latin.  It  was  twenty-six  pages  long,  and 
cost  me  a  great  deal  of  labor,  but  1  was  amply  rewarded  by  the  applause 
which  it  gained  me.  These  essays  are  deposited  in  the  Library  of  the  Uni- 
versity, where  visitors  may  inspect  them.  The  President  of  a  celebrated 
college  was  introduced  to  me  here  a  few  days  since.  He  told  me  he  had 
examined  my  essay,  and  that  he  was  proud  to  become  acquainted  with  me. 

"We  were  obliged  to  answer  the  Professor  who  examined  us,  any  ques- 
tion which  he  pleased  to  put  to  us.  in  the  presence  of  the  meeting,  while  he 
held  our  essay  in  his  hand.  This  is  in  order  to  find  out  whether  we  under- 
stood the  subject  on  which  we  wrote.  I  do  assure  vol,  that  some  of  the 
gentlemen  fainted  before  they  came  in,  fearing,  no  doubt,  the  criticisms  of 
the  audience,  but  in  particular  that  of  the  ladies.  I  affected  a  smile  ami 
conversed  with  the  gent,  next  me  while  we  sat  in  waiting  for  the  trial, 
but  I  assure  you  that  my  heart  panted.  At  length  the  Professor  of  Practice 
informed  the  meeting  that  he  held  in  his  hand  a  Latin  essay  written  -by 
James  Garry,  at  which  (to  me)  awful  communication,  I  was  obliged  to 
stand  up  and  answer  his  questions,  while  my  face  crimsoned  over  and  every 
eve  and  ear  were  on  the  watch.  It  was  an  honor  to  be  examined  first,  but 
e  that  I  could  have  dispensed  with  then.     All  this  left  me  SO  weak  that  I 


one 


1 84  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

am  unable  to  attend  to  any  business  at  present,  and  I  fear  that  I  shall  not  be 
able  during  the  summer." 

The  anatomical  chair,  having  again  become  vacant,  was  filled  by  the 
appointment,  as  Lecturer,  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Lincoln,  of  Burlington,  Ver- 
mont. Dr.  Lincoln  had  been  a  pupil  and  friend  of  Professor  Wells,  who 
entertained  a  very  high  opinion  of  his  abilities  as  a  lecturer  and  anatomist, 
and  through  whose  recommendations  he  obtained  positions  in  both  Univer- 
sities of  Vermont  and  Maryland.  His  lectures  here  seem  to  have  given 
great  satisfaction  to  Professors  and  students,  and  the  former  requested  his 
permission  to  nominate  him  for  the  professorship,  but  he  declined,  and  early 
in  the  spring  of  1831  returned  to  Burlington,  preferring,  as  he  said,  the 
obscure  New  England  village,  with  a  mere  pittance,  to  all  the  honors  and 
emoluments  Baltimore  could  offer. 

Again  it  became  necessary  to  make  an  appointment,  and  competition 
was  announced  to  be  open  to  all  comers.  Several  candidates  presented 
themselves,  among  whom  we  find  the  names  of  Thomas  H.  Wright  and 
John  D.  Readel,  of  Baltimore;  Eli  Geddings,  then  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina;  Robley  Dunglison,  of 
the  University  of  Virginia;  Webster  and  Caspar  Morris,  of  Philadelphia. 
The  first  carried  off  the  prize,  it  is  said,  for  local  reasons.  Dr.  Wright  was 
a  phvsician  of  high  standing  in  this  community,  an  able  practitioner  and  the 
author  of  many  excellent  articles  in  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  based  upon  his  experience  as  attending  physician  to  the  Almshouse; 
but  he  was  not  particularly  devoted  to  the  study  of  anatomy,  and  there  was 
no  special  reason  why  he  should  have  been  chosen  to  the  position.  Turnbull 
now  came  again  into  notice,  and  for  the  last  time.  Wright,  having  obtained 
the  appointment,  proposed  that  Turnbull  should  be  made  Adjunct  Professor 
of  Anatomy.  Much  feeling  was  excited  by  this  proposition;  the  students 
held  meetings  in  favor  of  and  in  opposition  to  it,  and  the  occasion  was  de- 
clared by  them  to  be  a  "crisis"  in  the  history  of  the  University.     The  propo- 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  185 

sition  was  rejected,  and  Wright  at  once   (September)   withdrew  from  the 
Faculty. 

Duncan  Turnbull  was  a  native  of  Scotland.  He  was  invited  to  Balti- 
more by  Professor  Pattison,  and  was  made  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in 
1 82 1.  He  held  this  appointment  till  1826.  He  took  his  M.  D.  degree  at 
the  University  in  1826.  His  academic  training  was  defective,  but  he  is  said 
to  have  wielded  an  unrivaled  knife  in  the  dissecting  room.  His  educational 
defects  were,  no  doubt,  the  cause  of  his  not  being  promoted  when  repeated 
vacancies  occurred  in  the  Anatomical  chair.  Being  thus  foiled  in  his  ex- 
pectations, he  opened  a  private  dissecting  room  on  North  Paca,  near  Fayette 
street,  where  he  delivered  lectures  on  anatomy  and  pathology  for  several 
years.  A  year  or  two  after  these  events  he  removed  to  the  South,  where  he 
died  between  1832  and  1840. 

Of  the  place  and  date  of  birth  of  Thomas  H.  Wright  we  are  not  in- 
formed. In  181 1  he  was  residing  at  Elkridge  Landing;  later  he  removed 
to  Baltimore,  and  in  18  19  he  received  the  honorary  M.  D.,  from  the  Uni- 
versity; in  1827  we  find  him  taking  private  students.  He  was  physician  to 
the  Almshouse  for  several  years,  up  to  1833,  and  contributed  numerous 
articles  to  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  (of  which  he  was 
a  collaborator)  and  to  the  Maryland  Medical  Recorder  between  1828  and 
1833,  based  on  his  clinical  and  pathological  experience  there.  He  died  in 
1856.  He  was  a  man  of  marked  force  of  character,  grave,  cautious,  con- 
scientious and  deliberate,  habitually  using  long  words  and  technical  language, 
one  of  the  last,  as  Dr.  F.  Donaldson  said,  of  the  old  theoretical  school. 

For  the  fourth  time  within  two  years  an  election  was  held,  and  Ged- 
dings,  of  South  Carolina,  was  unanimously  chosen,  a  man  of  the  highest 
scientific  attainments  and  profound  learning.  Another  vacancy  had  just 
occurred  which  had  deprived  the  University  of  one  who  had  shared  its  for- 
tunes from  the  earliest  period  of  its  existence  and  had  shed  great  lustre  upon 
it  by  his  eloquence  as  a  lecturer,  his  skill  in  experimentation  and  his  deep 
knowledge  of  the  physical  sciences. 


186  I   WIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Elisha  De  Butts  was  burn  in  or  near  Dublin,  in  the  year  1773:  he 
came  of  a  respectable  family,  oi  the  class  known  as  "the  landed  gentry." 
His  father,  John  L)e  Butts,  was  an  officer  in  the  English  army  While  he 
was  still  a  youth,  his  family  emigrated  to  America  and  settled  in  Sharps- 
burg,  Maryland.  He  attended  school  near  Alexandria,  where  bis  uncle,  Dr. 
Samuel  De  Butts,  resided,  under  whose  direction  be  began  the  study  ot 
medicine.  lie  later  entered  the  University  ot  Pennsylvania  and  graduated 
therefrom  in  [805,  the  subject  of  his  thesis  being:  "An  Inaugural  Essay  on 
the  Eye  and  on  Vision."  After  practicing  for  several  years  on  the  Potomac, 
opposite  Alexandria,  he  selected  Baltimore  as  his  permanent  home.  He 
held  the  chair  of  Chemistry  from  1  809  to  the  period  of  his  death.  In  1  830 
be  was  sent  to  Europe  by  the  Trustees  to  procure  chemical  apparatus  for  the 
University.  While  abroad  he  lectured  with  great  eclat  before  the  Royal 
Institution  of  London.     He  died  April  3d,   1S31,  of  pneumonia. 

Professor  De  Butts  was  tall  and  spare,  and  bail  a  cast  in  one  eve.  He 
was  an  accomplished  musician  and  artist,  and  possessed  also  some  poetical 
talent.  His  conversational  powers  were  remarkable,  and  he  had  the  happy 
faculty  of  simplifying  the  most  abstruse  subjects  and  rendering  the  driest 
interesting  to  his  audience.  His  lectures  were  prepared  with  great  care,  and 
he  kept  himself  thoroughly  conversant  with  all  the  advances  made  in  his 
department.  He  was  of  a  sensitive  and  retiring  disposition  and  wrote  but 
little,  but  there  is  frequent  written  mention  and  many  an  unwritten  tradition 
ot  his  eloquence  and  learning.  His  introductories  drew  great  thrones  ot 
citizens  to  the  balls  of  the  University.  His  health  was  never  robust.  He 
was  a  vestryman  of  St.  Peter's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  So  far  as  has 
appeared,  he  wrote  only  two  short  articles,  vi/..:  I.  "An  Account  ot  an 
Improvement  made  on  the  Differential  I  hermometer  of  Mr.  Leslie" 
(1814),  American  Philosophical  Society's  Transactions,  I,  1818,  pp.  301- 
306,  with  plate;  2.  "Description  ot  I  wo  New  Voltaic  Batteries,"  Silli- 
man's  Journal,  VIII.,  1824,  pp.  271-274.  The  Federal  Gazelle,  of  Bal- 
timore, spoke  of  "a  highly  important  discovery"  made  by   him  during  the 


Prof.  Ei.isiia  De  Butts,  M.  D'. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  189 

session  of  1823-24;  it  appears  to  have  been  connected  with  electricity.  The 
account  of  General  Lafayette's  visit  to  the  University  in  1824  says  that  he 
"particularly  examined  the  immense  galvanic  apparatus  invented  by  the 
Professor  of  Chemistry,  and  expressed  himself  much  pleased." 

Dr.  Henshaw,  Rector  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  later  Bishop  of  Rhode 
Island,  an  intimate  friend,  wrote  thus  of  him :  "As  a  teacher  of  chemistry, 
whether  we  look  at  the  learning  and  perspicuity  of  the  lectures  in  which  he 
inculcated  the  lessons  and  doctrines  of  philosophy,  or  at  the  brilliancy  and 
success  of  the  experiments  by  which  he  illustrated  them,  he  was  perhaps  un- 
equaled — certainly  unexcelled.  The  community  have  often  listened  with 
admiration  and  delight  to  the  exhibitions  of  pure  classical  taste,  the  corrus- 
cations  of  a  sparkling  but  chastened  imagination,  the  bursts  of  commanding 
eloquence,  and  the  simple  but  learned  reasoning  by  which  his  introductory 
lectures  to  his  annual  course  were  characterized;  and  the  many  physicians 
who  have  been  educated  at  the  University  of  Maryland  will  long  hold  in 
grateful  rememberance  the  distinguished  ability  with  which  this  beloved 
professor  implanted  in  their  youthful  minds  the  seed  of  knowledge.  In  the 
case  of  the  deceased  the  brightest  beauties  of  the  understanding  were  accom- 
panied by  the  most  exalted  virtues  of  the  heart.  Like  Bacon,  Newton, 
Locke  and  others — the  most  eminent  philosophers,  like  Boerhave,  Greg- 
ory, Hey,  Good  and  others — the  most  distinguished  of  the  medical  profes- 
sion, he  sought  to  have  all  his  talents  sanctified  by  the  spirit  of  religion,  and 
to  lav  his  literary  honors  at  the  foot  of  the  Cross.  In  his  estimation,  as  in 
theirs,  it  is  the  highest  honor  of  man  to  be  the  servant  of  God,  the  purest  and 
most  valuable  philosophy  is  a  knowledge  of  religion  and  the  faith  of  the 
Gospel.  In  the  little  circle  to  which  only,  owing  to  his  retiring  habits,  he 
was  well  known,  the  memory  of  his  personal  virtues  will  be  fondly  cherished. 
To  his  family  his  death  will  be  an  irreparable  loss.  The  republic  of  letters 
will  mourn  the  loss  of  one  of  its  brightest  ornaments,  and  the  Church  of 
God  one  of  her  most  sincere  members  and  devoted  friends."* 


*Obituary  notice. 


190  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

I  he  chair  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  De  Butts  was  sought  by  several 
applicants,  all  able  and  well-known  men  of  science:  Professors  Patterson,  of 
the  University  of  Virginia;  Franklin  Bache,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Jules 
Timoleon  Ducatel,  ol  Baltimore.  His  mantle  fell  upon  the  last  named, 
who  already  held  a  similar  position  in  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  then 
just  reorganized,  a  man  in  every  way  worthy  of  the  honor,  which  he  retained 
for  six  years  with  signal  ability. 

We  have  an  interesting  reference  to  the  Fombard  street  building  about 
this  time,  in  "A  Complete  View  of  Baltimore,"  by  Charles  Varle,  Civil 
Fngineer,  Baltimore,  1833,  16  mo.:  "The  premises  are  enclosed  by  a  brick 
wall,  10-12  feet  high.  The  front  forms  a  handsome  perystile  of  eight 
columns  of  Grecian  Doric,  in  imitation  of  the  Pantheon.  The  rotunda  has 
an  amphitheatre  of  sixty  feet  diameter,  capable  of  accommodating  1,000. 
It  has  of  late  been  highly  decorated  with  tine  paintings.  The  library,  philo- 
sophical and  chemical  apparatus,  as  well  as  cabinet  of  anatomy,  are  not 
surpassed  in  the  United  States." 

No  further  changes  took  place  in  the  personnel  of  the  Faculty  until 
1833,  when  there  were  two  resignations,  viz.:  Professors  Samuel  Baker 
and  Maxwell  McDowell.  The  former  was  succeeded  by  Professor  Robley 
Dunglison,  of  the  University  of  Virginia;  the  chair  of  Institutes  remained 
vacant,  the  Professors  of  Anatomy  and  Practice  agreeing  to  discharge  its 
duties  jointly.  Professor  McDowell's  withdrawal  was  brought  about  by 
the  inducement  of  an  annuity,  the  members  of  the  Faculty  binding  themselves 
in  consideration  of  it  and  of  the  money  which  had  been  advanced  by  him 
for  the  expenses  of  the  School,  to  pay  him  $1,000  for  ten  years,  should  he 
live  so  long.  Before  his  resignation  was  offered  a  bond  was  executed  to  that 
effect  by  Professors  Potter,  Hall,  Smith,  Geddings  and  Ducatel,  a  wise  pro- 
cedure, as  was  subsequently  proven.  The  last  payment  of  this  annuity  was 
made  November  20th,  1842.  This  remarkable  step,  making  up  from  their 
own  all  too  inadequate  salaries,  the  full  value  at  least  of  his  professorship, 
indicates  a  very  low  estimate  of  the  services  of  their  colleague.    The  Trustees 


PROF.    SAMUEL   BAKER,    M.    D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  193 

repudiated  all  responsibility  of  the  University  for  this  debt,  but  conforming 
to  a  stipulation  made  by  the  Faculty,  resolved  that  the  diploma  fees  (which 
were  at  this  time  restored)  should  stand  pledged  for  its  payment.* 

Samuel  Baker  was  born  in  Baltimore,  October  31st,  1785.  His 
father,  William  Baker,  emigrated  from  Germany  in  early  life  and  married 
here  a  lady  of  Irish  extraction.  After  receiving  a  classical  education  at 
Washington  College,  Chestertown,  Samuel  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  Drs.  Littlejohn  and  Donaldson.  He  graduated  with  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1808,  offering  a 
thesis  on  "Chorea."  In  the  same  year  he  married  Miss  Sally  Dickens,  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  John  Dickens,  of  Philadelphia.  In  1809  he  was  elected 
to  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  the  spring  of  1833.  He  was  Attending  Physi- 
cian to  the  Baltimore  General  Dispensary,  the  Almshouse,  and  the  Female 
Orphan  Asylum.  He  was  Secretary  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty, 
1809-13.  He  was  President  of  the  Baltimore  Medical  Society,  and  later 
(about  1824-30)  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Baltimore.  At  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Baltimore,  from  heart  disease,  October  16,  1835, 
he  held  a  similar  office  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  Baltimore,  of 
which  he  was  also  the  founder.  He  was  for  several  years  Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Library  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty 
of  Maryland,  and  as  such  became  the  founder  of  that  valuable  collection  in 
1830,  $500  being  then  appropriated  for  the  purchase  of  books  on  a  reso- 
lution to  that  effect  offered  by  him.  He  continued  to  preside  over  the  Board 
and  to  take  a  profound  interest  in  the  Library  until  his  death.  Two  of  his 
sons  became  Professors  in  the  University.  He  was  a  zealous  Methodist, 
possessing  great  influence  in  the  community,  and  he  had  a  large  practice. 
There  is  an  oil  portrait  of  him,  presented  by  his  daughter,  at  the  Hall  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty.  Professor  Dunglison,  his  successor, 
described  him  as  an  amiable  and  excellent  physician,  courteous,   attentive, 


*Regents'  Minutes. 


i94  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

benevolent,  laborious,  exemplary  and  public-spirited,  strenuous  in  co-operat- 
ing in  every  proposition  for  the  advancement  of  the  University  which  he  had 
helped  to  found,  a  pattern  of  religious  and  moral  goodness.  Multitudes, 
he  says,  crowded  to  his  funeral,  testifying  to  the  value  and  extent  ot  his 
services  and  to  the  excellence  of  his  character.* 

Maxwell  McDowell  was  born  in  1771  and  died  at  Baltimore  in  1848. 
He  was  educated  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  taking  the 
degree  of  A.  M.  in  1792.  He  practiced  for  a  while  at  York,  and  then 
settled  in  Baltimore,  where  we  find  him  Attending  Physician  to  the  Balti- 
more General  Dispensary  in  1810-11.  He  was  Professor  of  the  Institutes 
of  Medicine  in  the  University  from  1814  to  1833.  In  181 8  he  received 
the  honorary  M.  D.  from  the  University.  He  was  Physician  to  St.  An- 
drew's Society  and  Secretary  to  the  Bible  Society.  From  1836  to  1841  he 
held  the  Presidency  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland, 
declining  re-election  in  the  latter  year.  He  was  prominent  in  the  councils  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  wrote  articles  on  "Treatment  of  Burns  by 
Cold  Water,"  1800,  and  "The  Pathology  of  Diabetes  Mellitus,"  1840,  and 
;>.  very  curious  one  in  which  he  states  his  belief — based  upon  observation — 
that  there  is  some  occult  and  more  direct  mode  of  communication  between 
the  alimentary  canal  and  the  bladder  than  by  the  blood,  and  he  maintained 
this  opinion  notwithstanding  the  absence  of  any  anatomical  tacts  in  proof 
of  it. 

Prior  to  this  time  the  students  rarely  took  all  the  tickets  two  years  in 
succession.  It  had  been  customary  from  the  earliest  years  of  the  University 
to  take  only  four  tickets — Anatomy,  Surgery,  Chemistry  ami  Practice — 
the  first  year,  and  all  the  tickets  the  second,  or  graduating  year.  At  this 
time  a  change  in  the  regulations  was  effected,  of  which,  doubtless,  the  with- 
drawal of  McDowell  was  an  essential  part.  The  Faculty  adopted  a  reso- 
lution requesting  the  Trustees  to  make  a  rule  requiring  the  students  hence- 
forth to  take  all  the  tickets  both  years.      The    Trustees  acceeded,  and  this 


*Notiee  in  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 


PROF.    ROELEY  DUNGLISON,   M.  D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  197 

requirement  continued  in  force  until  the  graded  course  was  adopted.  Upon 
this  point,  however,  the  charter  (Art.  XVII)  says  very  explicitly  that  any 
three  courses  of  lectures  shall  he  considered  a  full  term. 

Professor  Dunglison,  whose  writings  were  already  beginning  to  give 
him  a  national  reputation,  was  not  here  long  before  he  had  a  call  to  a  larger 
Held.  This  was  to  Jefferson  College,  Philadelphia,  where,  in  1836,  he  was 
made  Professor  of  Institutes  of  Medicine. 

Robley  Dunglison  was  born  at  Keswick,  Cumberland  county,  England, 
January  4th,  1798.  He  commenced  practice  in  London  in  1819.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Erlangen,  Germany,  in 
1824,  and  was  called  from  London  the  same  year  to  found  the  medical 
school  of  the  University  of  Virginia.  He  also  became  chairman  of  the 
Faculty  of  that  institution.  In  1833  he  was  called  to  this  University  as 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  Hygiene  and  Medical  Jurisprudence.  In 
1836,  as  has  been  stated,  he  was  called  to  Jefferson  Medical  College,  where 
a  new  chair  was  specially  created  for  him.  In  1  808  he  retired  as  Emeritus 
Professor,  and  died  the  following  year.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  I). 
from  Yale  College,  and  also  from  Jefferson  College,  at  Canonsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  was  a  member  ol  numerous  scientific  and  literary  societies. 

Professor  Dunglison  was  one  of  the  most  prolific  of  American  medical 
writers.  He  published  numerous  volumes,  which  were  republished  many 
times,  and  contributed  largely  to  periodical  literature.  He  edited  the 
American  Medical  Library  and  Intelligencer,  a  monthly,  from  1 837  to 
1842.  His  best  known  work  was  his  dictionary,  which  went  through  over 
twenty  editions,  being  edited  after  his  death  by  his  son.  According  to 
Allibone,  the  sales  of  his  principal  works  to  i8<;8  exceeded  one  hundred 
thousand  volumes.  S.  D.  Gross  said  of  him  that  he  was  "a  beacon  light  of 
the  world  of  medical  literature,  and  one  of  the  foremost  writers  and  teachers 
of  history."      The  date  of  his  death  was  October  1,   1  869. 

He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Robert  E.  Griffith,  of  Philadelphia,  a  well- 
known  writer  upon  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy,  who  held  the  chair  but 


198  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

one  year.     Immediately  after  the  close  of  the  session  of  1836-37,  Professors 
Geddings  and  Ducatel  presented  their  resignations. 

Eli   Geddings  was   born   in   Newberry    District,    South    Carolina,    in 
1799.     He  received  a  classical  education  at  the  Abbeville  Academy,  and 
commenced  the  study  of  medicine  in  that  town  in  18 18.     Two  years  later, 
after  examination,  he  was  licensed  to  practice  by  the  Examining  Board  of 
the  State,  and  entered  at  once  on  professional  life.     He  attended  his  first 
course  of  lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  1821-22. 
He  removed  from  Abbeville  to  Charleston  in  September,  1824.     In  1825, 
at  the  close  of  the  first  session  of  the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina,  he 
received  the  degree  of  M.  D.     He  was  now  appointed  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  in  the  College.     For  a  year,   1826-27,  he  attended  the  hospitals 
in   Paris  and  London.      In    1828   he   resigned  his   Demonstratorship   and 
opened  a  private  school  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery  in  Charleston.     He  de- 
livered courses  of  lectures  to  his  pupils  on  Pathology,  Practice  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery,  and  also  Clinical  Lectures  at  the  Almshouse  Hospital.      In 
1 83 1  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Maryland.     About  this  time  he  also  received  offers  of  professorships 
at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  the  University  of  New  York,  the  Cincinnati 
Medical  College  and  the  University  of  Louisville.     In   1837,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  troubles  at  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  them,  he  resigned  his  chair  here  and  returned  to  Charleston,  where 
a  new  chair  of  "Pathological  Anatomy  and  Medical  Jurisprudence"   had 
been  specially  created  for  him  in  the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of  South 
Carolina.     In  1841,  on  the  death  of  Professor  Wagner,  he  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery.     From   1849  to  18^3  he  held  the  chair  of  Practice,  but 
resumed  that  of  Surgery  in  the  latter  year.     In   1858  he  resigned,  but  on 
the  premature  death  of  Professor  P.  C.  Gaillard  shortly  after,  was  per- 
suaded to  assume  again  the  duties  of  the  chair  of  Practice.     During  the  Civil 
War,  which  put  a  stop  to  the  College  courses,  he  held  an  appointment  as 
Surgeon  in  the  Confederate  States  Army,  and  was  a  member  of  a  board  for 


PROFESSOR    E.   GEDDINGS,    U.    D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  201 

the  examination  of  medical  officers.  On  the  hurning  of  Columbia,  at  the 
close  of  the  War,  his  entire  library,  which  had  been  sent  thither  from 
Charleston  for  safety,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  It  was  one  of  the  finest  private 
collections  in  the  country.  About  the  same  time  his  surgical  instruments 
and  apparatus  were  stolen.  On  the  return  of  peace  the  College  was  re- 
vived, mainly  through  his  efforts,  and  he  assumed  his  former  chair.  In 
1 87 1,  owing  to  advancing  age,  he  was  compelled  to  resign.  He  was  now 
elected  Professor  Emeritus,  but  continued  to  give  clinical  lectures  until 
nearly  the  period  of  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Charleston,  after  a  brief 
illness,  October  9th,  1878. 

Professor  Geddings  was  a  man  of  vigorous  frame  and  strong  intellect, 
of  indefatigable  industry,  a  laborious  student.     An  apparent  sternness  of 
manner  concealed  a  warm  heart  and  glowing  human  sympathy.     He  upheld 
inflexibly  the  honor  and  dignity  of  his  profession.     Dr.  William  T.  Howard 
recalls  a  statement  of  Professor  Power,  that  Geddings  was  familiar  with 
fourteen  languages,  and  was  the  most  learned  man  he  had  ever  seen.     He 
occupied  the  loftiest  position  as  a  skilful  physician,  and  enjoyed  almost  the 
monopoly  of  consultation  practice  in  Charleston,  where  he  was  regarded  as 
the  Nestor  of  the  Profession.     He  was  a  copious  contributor  to  the  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  his  book  reviews  especially  evincing 
critical  judgment  and  scholarship.     In   1833,  while  in  Baltimore,  he  com- 
menced the  publication  of  a  quarterly  journal,  the  Baltimore  Medical  Jour- 
nal, which  in  1835  he  changed  to  a  monthly,  giving  it  then  the  name  of  the 
North  American  Archives  of  Medical  and  Surgical  Science.     He  was  a  large 
contributor  to  the  American  Encyclopedia  of  Practical  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery, edited  by  Dr.  Isaac  Hays,  of  Philadelphia.     He  had  also  prepared 
the  manuscript  of  a  work  on  the  Practice  of  Medicine,  which  he  was  on  the 
point  of  publishing  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War;  it  perished  in  the 
flames  at  Columbia  with  his  library. 

Jules  Timoleon  Ducatel  was  born  in  Baltimore  on  June  6,  1796,  being 
the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  Edme  Ducatel,  a  prominent  French  pharmacist.   After 


202  UNIFERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

receiving  an  academic  training  at  St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore,  he  entered 
his  father's  store.  But  this  employment  did  not  prove  congenial,  and  for 
twelve  months  ( 1 8 1 6)  he  was  in  business  in  Havana.  Later  his  father  sent 
him  to  Paris  to  complete  his  education.  He  spent  four  years  there,  from 
1818  to  1822,  making  many  distinguished  friends  and  traveling  extensively 
over  Europe.  In  1824  he  married  a  lady  of  wealth,  but  shortly  after,  meet- 
ing with  financial  losses,  he  was  obliged  to  utilize  his  scientific  attainments 
in  his  support.  His  first  engagement  was  as  Professor  of  Natural  Philos- 
ophy in  the  Mechanics'  Institute.  He  next  obtained  the  chair  of  Chemistry 
and  Geology  in  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences  of  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, and  in  1831,  on  the  demise  of  the  lamented  De  Butts,  he  was  with 
great  unanimity  and  against  most  eminent  competitors  elected  to  the  vacancv 
in  the  Medical  Faculty.  He  held  this  chair  until  the  beginning  of  the  dis- 
ruption in  1  S3 7,  when  he  voluntarily  resigned  it.  From  1S32  to  1S41  he 
held  an  appointment  from  the  Legislature  as  State  Geologist,  and  in  the 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  this  office  prepared  a  number  of  reports  and  maps. 
In  addition  to  the  above  positions  he  also  held  for  some  years  the  chair  of 
Chemistry  in  St.  John's  College,  at  Annapolis.  In  1  S43  and  again  in  1846 
he  took  part  in  exploratory  expeditions  to  the  upper  Mississippi  ami  Lake 
Superior.  He  was  taken  ill  after  the  latter  of  these,  and  never  recovered 
his  health.  He  died  in  Baltimore  suddenly,  of  congestion  of  the  lungs,  on 
April  23d,  1849,  aged  fifty-two. 

Professor  Ducatel  had  an  amiable  and  generous  disposition.  He  was 
an  ardent  and  enthusiastic  student  of  nature,  and  was  ever  ready  to  impart 
his  knowledge  to  others.  He  was  foremost  in  all  social  and  scientific  enter- 
prises and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Science 
and  Literature  and  its  President  from  1821  to  1837.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  of  the  Royal  Geological  Society 
of  Paris,  of  the  Georgofili  of  Florence,  and  of  other  distinguished  bodies. 
He  was  a  high  authority  on  Geology.     His  principal  works  consisted  of 


PROFESSOR    JULES    T.    DUCATEL. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  205 

contributions  to  Silliman's  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  the  Re* 
ports  above  referred  to,  and  "A  Manual  of  Practical  Toxicology,"  12  mo., 
first  edition,  1832  (burned),  second  edition,  1833.  He  also  edited  for  some 
years  a  weekly  literary  paper,  and  towards  the  end  of  his  life  began  the 
publication  of  a  "Physical  History  of  Maryland." 

A  few  weeks  after  the  secession  of  the  Medical  Faculty,  Professor 
Griffith  offered  his  resignation,  having  received  a  call  to  the  University  of 
Virginia. 

Robert  Eglesfield  Griffith  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia.  He  was 
born  February  13th,  1798,  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1820,  and  was  physician  to  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Health 
from  1834  to  1836.  He  was  a  well-known  and  prolific  writer  on  botany, 
conchology  and  medicine,  and  was  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Phar- 
macology in  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy.  On  the  resignation  of 
Professor  Dunglison  in  1836,  he  was  called  from  Philadelphia,  where  he 
then  resided,  to  fill  the  vacancy,  and  he  delivered  one  course  of  lectures  here 
on  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  during  the  following  session.  His 
introductory  was  published  by  the  class.  When  the  rupture  took  place  be- 
tween the  Faculty  and  Trustees  in  1837,  he  adhered  to  the  Regents'  Faculty, 
but  shortly  after  accepted  an  appointment  as  Professor  of  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,  Obstetrics  and  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia.  He  died  at  Philadelphia,  June  26th,  1850,  having  been 
in  bad  health  for  some  years  previously.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  in  1828.  His  best  known  works  were  his 
"Medical  Botany,"  1847,  and  his  "Universal  Formulary,"  1848  (second 
edition,  18 $6).  He  also  edited  the  works  of  Taylor,  Christison,  Garrod 
and  others. 

Dr.  Samuel  G.  Baker,  a  younger  son  of  Professor  Samuel  Baker,  was 
elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica.  The  departments 
of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  were  assigned,  for  the  ensuing  session,  to  the 
Professor  of  Surgery,  and  Dr.  John  Byrne  was  appointed  Demonstrator. 


206  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

An  advertisement  of  the  Regents'  course  was  ordered  in  accordance  with 
these  arrangements,  and  Professors  Smith  and  Baker  were  constituted  a 
committee  to  contract  with  the  owner  for  the  use  of  the  southern  part  of 
the  Baltimore  House,  situated  on  the  south-east  corner  of  Baltimore  and 
Hanover  streets,  and  formerly  known  as  the  "Indian  Queen  Hotel,"  and  to 
prepare  the  same  for  the  reception  of  the  classes.  On  October  4th,  Dr. 
William  E.  A.  Aikin  was  elected  Professor  of  Chemistry,  and  was  author- 
ized to  purchase  chemical  apparatus  on  the  credit  of  the  Faculty  to  the 
extent  of  $500.  The  term  of  1837-38  began  at  the  usual  time — the  last 
Monday  in  October.  Nearly  all  the  city  students  attended  the  Regents' 
School,  but  the  total  number  attending  both  schools  was  noticeably  less  than 
it  had  been  in  previous  years  under  the  Trustees.  The  Regents'  lectures 
were  delivered  in  a  large  dining-room,  which  was  divided  into  two  compart- 
ments by  a  curtain.  Professor  Aikin  occupied  the  apartment  formerly  used 
by  the  barber,  and  had  a  class  of  thirteen.*  The  introductory  was  given  by 
Professor  Samuel  G.  Baker. 

Professor  Nathan  R.  Smith  resigned  his  position  early  in  July,  1838, 
and  accepted  the  chair  of  practice  in  Transylvania  University,  at  Lexington, 
Kentucky.  Professor  Hall  was  elected  to  the  chair  for  the  ensuing  session, 
"to  give  as  complete  a  course  as  his  attention  to  the  department  of  Obstetrics, 
etc.,  would  allow,  by  lecturing  every  day  and  on  certain  days  twice."  Dr. 
William  N.  Baker,  a  second  son  of  Professor  Samuel  Baker,  was  elected 
Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  f 

During  the  session  of  1838-39  twenty- four  students  attended  the  Re- 
gents' Faculty,  of  whom  nineteen  were  from  Maryland,  and  there  were 
seven  graduates.  The  numbers  in  the  Trustees'  School  are  not  known. % 
The  lectures  at  the  Indian  Queen  were  closed  somewhat  prematurely,  as  the 
proprietor  began  to  pull  down  the  old  building  over  the  heads  of  the  class. 


*Oral   communication  to  author. 
fMinutes  of  Regents'  Faculty. 

^Washington   College  had  this  sessi  on  53  students  and  17  graduates  (Amer.  Jl   of  Med 
Sci.) 


PROFESSOR    IT.    VVALLIS    BAXLEY,    M.    D. 


SCI 100 1.  OF  MEDICINE  209 

The  session  of  1839-40  was  held  in  the  College  buildings,  the  Regents 
being  now  again  in  control.  The  duties  of  the  chair  of  Surgery  were  dis- 
charged jointly  by  Professors  Hall  and  William  N.  Baker.  Karly  in  the 
fall  of  1840,  before  his  departure  for  the  West,  where  he  went  annually  to 
lecture,  Professor  Smith  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  surgery;  later  in 
the  session  Professor  William  N.  Baker  delivered  a  second  course  on  the 
same  subject.  Before  the  close  of  the  following  session,  Professor  Smith 
resigned  his  chair  in  Transylvania  University  and  was  reelected  to  the  full 
Professorship  of  Surgery  here. 

In  1840,  in  order  "to  increase  the  opportunities  of  the  students  in 
acquiring  a  knowledge  of  their  profession,"  the  term  of  the  lectures  was 
lengthened  to  six  months,  although  only  the  last  four  were  "obligatory." 
This  advance  is  said  to  have  met  with  "universal  approbation,"  and  the 
Faculty  hoped  to  make  it  permanent.  But,  as  the  other  schools  did  not 
adopt  it,  they  were  compelled  in  1844  to  return  to  the  four  months'  term. 
Still,  realizing  the  inadequacy  of  this  period  to  meet  the  demand  for  in- 
creased medical  instruction,  and  anxious  to  render  the  curriculum  as  com- 
plete as  possible,  they  again  in  1848  lengthened  the  course  to  four  and  a 
half  months,  at  which  it  continued  until  again  lengthened  some  years  later. 

The  year  1841  was  notable  for  the  death  of  the  two  Professors  Baker, 
of  whom 

William  Nelson  Baker,  the  oldest  son  of  Professor  Samuel  Baker, 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  January  17,  181 1.  He  graduated  in  the  academic 
department  of  Yale  College  in  1830  and  entered  upon  the  study  of  medi- 
cine in  this  University  the  following  fall.  The  degree  of  M.  D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1832.  He  evinced  great  aptitude  for  the  study  of 
anatomy,  which  he  prosecuted  under  Dr.  Turnbull.  On  graduating  he 
became  associated  in  practice  with  his  father.  When  Dr.  Augustus  L. 
Warner  was  called  to  a  professorship  in  the  University  of  Virginia,  in  1834, 
he  took  charge  of  the  anatomical  rooms,  which  had  been  occupied  for  four 
years  by  that  gentleman  in  the  rear  of  the  college  building,  and  for  two 


zio  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

years,  it  not  longer,  lectured  to  a  large  private  class.  In  1838  he  became 
Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Regents'  Faculty.  He  also  shared  with  Pro- 
fessor Mall  the  duties  of  the  surgical  chair.  He  died  February  16,  1841 
having  just  attained  the  age  of  thirty.  He  is  represented  as  having  been  a 
man  of  great  personal  beauty  and  attractions,  talented,  and  with  every 
promise  of  the  most  brilliant  future  as  a  lecturer,  anatomist  and  surgeon. 

Samuel  George  Baker,  a  younger  son  of  Professor  Samuel  Baker, 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  October  2,  18 14.  The  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts 
was  conferred  on  him  by  Yale  College  in  1832,  and  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
by  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1835.  In  1837  he  succeeded  to  his 
father's  old  chair  in  the  University  (  Regents'  Faculty) .  He  was  the  young- 
est Professor  the  University  has  ever  had,  being  at  the  time  of  his  election 
but  twenty-two.  He  delivered  the  introductory  to  the  course  the  following 
November.  He  died  August  1,  1841.  Like  his  brother,  he  was  handsome, 
talented  and  popular,  and  these  qualities  made  both  much  sought  after  in 
social  circles.  Habits  of  dissipation  were  thus  contracted  which  early  cut 
short  their  promising  careers.  It  was  the  subject  of  remark  that  the  fatal 
example  of  the  elder  failed  to  prove  a  warning  to  the  younger,  and  but  a 
few  months  intervened  between  their  untimely  deaths. 

Their  places  were  filled  by  the  election  of  Dr.  Samuel  Chew  to  the 
chair  of  Materia  Medica,  and  Dr.  Alexander  C.  Robinson,  of  Baltimore,  as 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy.  In  1842  it  became  necessary  to  fill  the  latter  chair 
by  a  full  incumbent.  Professor  Smith  urged  the  election  of  Dr.  Robinson, 
while  others  thought  he  lacked  the  necessary  experience  for  so  important  a 
position.*  In  this  dilemma,  the  name  of  Dr.  Joseph  Roby,  of  Boston,  who 
already  held  professorial  honors  in  New  England,  was  presented  with  very 
high  recommendations.  Dr.  George  W.  Miltenberger,  then  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy,  was  commissioned  to  proceed  to  the  North  to  hear  Dr.  Roby 
lecture,  and  on  his  return  presented  so  favorable  a  report  that  Dr.  Roby  was 
at  once  elected  and  installed  in  the  chair.     The  new  incumbent  more  than 


|:MS.  Records  of  University. 


PROFESSOR   NATHL.   POTTER,    M.   D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  213 

sustained  the  high  reputation  which  his  predecessors  had  attained,  and 
proved  a  most  popular  and  successful  teacher. 

The  beginning  of  the  year  1  843  was  made  memorable  by  the  decease 
of  the  venerable  Professor  Potter,  in  his  seventy-third  year.  He  continued 
in  the  discharge  of  his  professional  and  professorial  duties  up  to  the  period 
of  his  brief  illness,  literally  a  relic  of  the  past,  for  he  had  long  survived  the 
stage  of  intellectual  acquisitiveness  and  aspiration,  and  had  no  sympathy 
with  the  revolution  in  diagnosis  and  pathology  that  had  been  steadily  pro- 
gn    .mg  for  a  score  or  more  of  years. 

Nathaniel  Potter  was  of  Rhode  Island  ancestry.  His  father  was  Dr. 
Zabdiel  Potter,  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army  during  the  Revolutionary 
War.  He  was  born  at  Easton,  Talbot  County,  Maryland,  in  1770,  and 
was  educated  at  a  college  in  New  Jersey.  He  obtained  his  medical  degree 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1796,  being  a  favorite  pupil  with  the 
great  Rush,  and  for  many  years  later  his  intimate  friend.  He  began  prac- 
tice in  Baltimore  in  1797,  the  year  after  the  city  charter  was  obtained. 
From  1807  to  1843  he  was  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine 
in  this  University.  His  death  was  sudden,  occurring  during  a  fit  of  cough- 
ing on  the  2d  of  January,   1843. 

Professor  Potter  was  of  medium  height,  full  figure  and  ruddy  com- 
plexion. The  portrait  of  him  in  the  Faculty  room  has  been  pronounced  to 
be  a  faithful  likeness  by  his  old  pupils.  He  was  an  implicit  believer  in  the 
resources  of  medicine.  He  relied  especially  upon  calomel  and  the  lancet, 
carrying  the  use  of  both  far  beyond  what  would  be  considered  allowable  at 
this  day.  He  did  not  put  any  trust  in  the  vis  medicatrix  natura,  and  is  said 
to  have  told  his  pupils  that,  if  nature  came  in  at  the  door,  he  would  pitch  her 
out  of  the  window.  He  lectured  from  his  yellow  Mid  faded  manuscript  until 
stopped  bv  death.  His  latter  years  were  clouded  by  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ment which  embittered  his  existence.  He  had  to  give  up  his  resilience  on 
Lexington  street  and  take  a  smaller  one  on  St.  Paul  street.     He  was  buried 


2 1 4  UNIVERSl  TY  OF  MAR  YLAND 

through  the  charity  of  his  friends  in  the  profession,  and  his  remains  repose 
in  Greenmount  Cemetery,  unmarked  by  stone  or  device. 

Professor  Potter  was  unquestionably  learned  in  the  medical  lore  of  the 
period  prior  to  about  1830.  His  fame  as  a  teacher  and  writer  extended  far 
and  wide,  and  his  diagnoses  and  prognoses  were  prized  by  his  pupils  and 
patients  as  infallible.  He  was  twice  married,  but  his  family  is  now  extinct, 
the  last,  an  aged  maiden  daughter,  having  died  but  a  few  years  ago. 

He  contributed  much  to  medical  literature,  both  book  and  periodical. 
His  principal  works  were  his  thesis  on  "Arsenic,"  1796,  the  Baltimore 
Medical  and  Philosophical  Lyceum,  quarterly,  1811,  "Memoir  on  Con- 
tagion," 181 8,  "Armstrong  on  Typhus  Fever,"  1821,  "Gregory's  Prac- 
tice" (with  S.  Calhoun),  two  volumes,  two  editions,  1826  and  1829, 
"Locusta  Septentrionalis,"  1839,  Maryland  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal 
(coeditor),  1840-43.  Besides  those  already  mentioned,  he  held  the  fol- 
lowing positions:  Attending  Physician  Baltimore  General  Dispensary, 
1802-05;  Secretary  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  1801- 
09;  Dean  of  the  Medical  Faculty,  1812  and  18 14;  President  Baltimore 
Medical  Society,  1S12,  and  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Maryland,  18 17; 
Orator  of  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty,  18 17,  and  Attending  Physi- 
cian to  the  Baltimore  Almshouse. 

Professor  Roby  was  called  upon  to  finish  the  course  on  Practice,  which 
he  did  with  great  credit  to  himself  and  satisfaction  to  his  pupils  and  col- 
leagues. The  following  spring  the  chair  Mas  filled  by  the  election  of  Dr. 
Richard  S.  Steuart,  who,  however,  resigned  without  lecturing,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  disagreement  regarding  the  case  of  Professor  Hall.  Professor 
Hall's  impeachment  took  place  this  year  (1843)  and,  as  stated  elsewhere, 
resulted  in  his  acquittal.  Professor  Roby  lectured  again  during  the  session 
of  1843-44  on  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine.  Owing  to  the  dissatis- 
faction with  Professor  Hall,  the  Faculty  engaged  Dr.  William  H.  Stokes, 
OJ   Baltimore,  who  had  just  returned  from  Europe,  to  deliver  the  lectures 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  215 

upon  his  branches,  so  that  for  about  from  1  S43  to  1X46,  two  courses  of 
lectures  upon  these  subjects  were  going  on  at  the  same  time. 

Our  University  seemed  to  be  in  advance  of  other  institutions  at  this 
time  in  the  teaching  of  hygiene  and  medical  jurisprudence.  Hygiene  first 
appears  as  a  formal  part  of  the  course  upon  the  election  ot  Professor  Dung- 
lison  in  May,  1833,  the  title  of  whose  chair  was  "Materia  Medica,  Ther- 
apeutics, Hygiene,  and  Medical  Jurisprudence."  He  was  the  author  ot  a 
standard  work  upon  this  subject  written  during  his  stay  here.  In  1X37  it 
was  added  to  the  chair  of  Obstetrics,  and  in  1  X43  it  was  taken  from  Pro- 
fessor Hall  on  the  ground  that  he  gave  it  undue  prominence  in  his  course, 
to  the  neglect  of  more  important  subjects.  It  was  next  attached  to  the  chair 
of  Materia  Medica,  and  the  course  which  Professor  Samuel  Chew  gave  on 
it  seems  to  have  been  quite  a  thorough  one,  to  judge  by  the  synopsis  in  the 
catalogues.  In  1863  particular  attention  was  given  to  Military  Hygiene 
by  the  Professor  of  Institutes.  Later  it  was  attached  to  the  chairs  of  Pro- 
fessors Frank  Donaldson  and  S.  C.  Chew.  Medical  Jurisprudence  was  also 
taught  by  Professor  Dunglison,  and  later  by  Professor  Hall,  whose  synopsis 
in  the  catalogues  of  1844  to  1846  is  quite  as  full  as  that  of  hygiene.  It  does 
not  seem,  however,  to  have  had  as  much  attention  as  the  latter,  and  soon 
fell  into  a  long  neglect.  Since  1892  both  branches  have  been  taught  under 
one  lectureship  by  Professor  Joseph  T.  Smith. 

Early  in  1844  Professor  Elisha  Bartlett,  of  Transylvania  University, 
Kentucky,  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Practice.  He  had  held  chairs  in  sev- 
eral of  the  leading  schools  of  the  United  States,  and  was  a  writer  and  lec- 
turer of  most  distinguished  ability.  During  the  winter  of  1X45-46, 
however,  he  remained  in  Europe,  and  Dr.  William  Power  was  appointed 
to  lecture  in  his  place.  This  he  did  with  such  satisfaction,  that,  on  the 
resignation  of  Professor  Bartlett  in  the  spring  of  1846,  he  received  the  hill 
professorship. 

Elisha  Bartlett  was  born  at  Smithfield,  Rhode  Island,  of  parents  who 
belonged  to  the  Societv  of  Friends,  in   1804.      He  received  the  degree  in 


2 1 6  UNIVERSITY  OF  MAR YLAND 

Medicine  from  Brown  University,  at  Providence,  in  1826,  and  subsequently 
held  professorships  in  various  branches  in  a  number  of  schools  in  the  North, 
West  and  East,  nine  in  all,  according  to  Professor  Osier,  who  wrote  a 
sketch  of  him.  In  1844,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  chair  of  the  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine  in  this  University.  The  following  May,  with  his  wife, 
he  sailed  for  Europe,  and  the  next  winter  they  spent  traveling  about,  chiefly 
in  Italy.  On  his  return  from  Europe  he  resumed  his  old  chair  in  Transyl- 
vania University,  at  Lexington,  Kentucky.  From  Lexington  he  went  to 
Louisville,  and  from  there  to  New  York,  lecturing  until  1854,  when  ill- 
health  compelled  him  to  retire  to  his  native  place.  His  illness  terminated 
in  paralysis,  but  his  mental  faculties  remained  unimpaired.  He  died  July 
19,  1855. 

Dr.  Bartlctt  took  part  in  journalistic  ventures  in  early  life,  but  his 
most  famous  works  were  those  on  "Fevers,"  1842,  which  went  through 
four  editions,  and  which  immediately  placed  him  in  the  front  rank  of  Ameri- 
can physicians  of  his  time,  and  his  "Essay  on  the  Philosophy  of  Medicine," 
1844,  the  most  characteristic  of  his  writings.  Other  lesser  works  were: 
"An  Inquiry  into  the  Degree  of  Certainty  of  Medicine,  and  into  the  Nature 
and  Extent  of  its  Power  over  Disease,"  "The  History,  Diagnosis  and 
Treatment  of  Edematous  Laryngitis,"  and  his  occasional  addresses,  in  which 
Osier  thinks  he  was  at  his  best.  He  wrote  in  a  remarkably  clear  and 
polished  style. 

He  was  twice  elected  Mayor  of  Lowell,  served  two  terms  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Legislature,  and  was  also  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Board 
of  Education. 

His  friend,  Elisha  Huntington,  thus  wrote  of  him:  "Never  was  the 
Professor's  chair  more  gracefully  filled  than  by  Dr.  Bartlett.  His  urbane 
and  courteous  manners,  his  native  and  simple  eloquence,  his  remarkable 
power  of  illustration,  the  singular  beauty  and  sweetness  of  his  style,  all 
combined  to  render  him  one  of  the  most  popular  and  attractive  of  lecturers. 
The  driest  and  most  barren  subject  under  his  touch  became  instinct  with 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  217 

life  and  interest,  and  the  path  in  which  the  traveler  looked  to  meet  with 
hriars  and  weeds  only,  he  was  surprised  and  delighted  to  find  strewn  with 
flowers  beautiful  and  fragrant.  There  was  a  magic  about  the  man  you  could 
not  resist."  Another  friend,  Dr.  Alonzo  Clark,  of  New  York,  wrote  of 
him:  "His  acknowledged  worthiness,  his  innate  gentleness  and  modesty, 
disarmed  envy.  He  left  no  enemies.  His  mind  and  purpose  were  pure 
almost  beyond  example.  His  high  mental  endowments  were  controlled  and 
directed  by  a  considerate  judgment  and  an  earnest,  benevolent  heart." 

In  1844  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  was  put  in  operation,  and 
lectures  were  begun  in  the  Medical  School  building  under  Dr.  David  Stew- 
art and  others.  The  subject  will  be  found  fully  treated  in  connection  with 
that  department. 

In  the  same  year,  "at  the  suggestion  of  H.  Colburn,  M.  D.,"  a  read- 
ing room  was  opened  at  the  University,  which  was  supplied  with  the 
principal  English  and  American  periodicals.  The  terms  were  two  dollars 
for  the  session.     The  enterprise  had  a  brief  existence. 

The  first  mention  of  instruction  being  given  in  Diseases  of  Children 
is  in  the  catalogue  of  1845,  m  which  they  are  said  to  have  been  "treated 
and  explained"  by  Professor  Hall.  But  the  subject  had  been  included  in 
Professor  Hall's  title  as  far  back  as  18 13. 

The  first  instruction  in  auscultation  and  percussion — introduced  to 
the  profession  by  Laennec  in  18  19 — appears  to  have  been  given  by  Profes- 
sor Power  in  1841 ;  but,  although  sanctioned  by  the  Faculty,  the  catalogues 
of  that  period  make  no  allusion  to  it.  It  seems  to  have  made  but  slow  prog- 
ress in  this  country,  and  Professor  Potter  did  not  believe  in  or  practice  it. 
Professor  William  Donaldson,  of  Baltimore,  who  died  in  1835,  is  said  to 
have  possessed  great  skill  in  physical  diagnosis.  The  first  official  notice  of 
its  introduction  into  the  curriculum  at  this  University  occurs  in  the  catalogue 
of  1841;.  The  following  is  Professor  Bartlett's  announcement  for  that 
year:  "In  order  to  facilitate  the  acquisition  of  the  practical  knowledge  of  the 
physical  signs  of  disease — so  essential  to  accurate  and  positive  diagnosis — 


218  UN1IERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

he  will  meet  the  members  of  his  class  in  small  clubs  near  the  commencement 
of  the  term,  and  in  this  way  endeavor  to  give  to  each  of  them  individually 
such  demonstrative  instruction  as  may  be  necessary  in  order  to  enable  them 
subsequently  to  prepare  themselves  for  the  profitable  use  of  auscultation  and 
percussion."  The  subject  was  taught  even  more  thoroughly  by  his  accom- 
plished successor,  Professor  William  Power,  and  later  by  Professors  Frank 
Donaldson,  Chew,  Howard  and  others. 

The  first  mention  of  operative  surgery  as  a  branch  apart  from  general 
surgery  is  made  in  1845,  "a  fu"  an^  complete  series  of  lectures"  being  then 
given  by  Dr.  Miltenberger. 

Up  to  this  time  and  for  many  years  later,  it  appears  to  have  been  the 
rule,  that  a  successful  candidate  for  graduation  must  have  received  simply 
a  majority  of  the  votes  of  the  Faculty.  According  to  the  regulations  an- 
nounced at  this  time,  a  failure  to  do  even  this  did  not  necessarily  take  away 
all  hope.  If  the  Faculty  were  equally  divided,  the  candidate  was  entitled 
to  a  fresh  examination,  or,  if  he  preferred,  he  might  withdraw  his  thesis 
without  being  considered  as  rejected.  Should  the  Faculty  again  be  equally 
divided  on  the  second  examination,  he  could  claim  the  same  privileges. 

Previous  to  184^  the  fees  were  $20  for  each  ticket,  or  $120  for  the 
full  course;  in  that  year  they  were  reduced  to  $1$  and  $90,  respectively. 
The  matriculation  and  graduation  fees  remained  at  $5  and  $20,  and  there 
were  also  fees  of  $$  for  clinical  instruction,  and  of  $10  for  practical  anat- 
omy (which  was  not  yet  obligatory).  In  1866  the  fees  were  advanced  to 
$10 5,  and  the  next  year  to  $120.  In  1891,  on  the  institution  of  a  three- 
year  course,  the  lecture  fees  were  made  $80  per  annum.  In  1894  this 
amount  became  $100,  and  it  remained  the  same  on  the  adoption  of  the  four- 
year  course  in  189^.  In  1903  the  fee  was  raised  to  $125,  at  which  it  re- 
mains at  present. 

In  1847  a  course  of  lectures  and  demonstrations  was  established  in 
Pathological  Anatomy  under  Dr.  Miltenberger,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 
The  subject  received  a  great  impulse  about  this  time,  which  was  heightened 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  219 

by  the  appearance  of  Sir  James  Paget's  great  work.  "Histology  became 
rampant,"  says  Flint,  "after  1851."  In  referring  to  this  course,  which  was 
obligatory,  the  Faculty  say:  "In  the  present  condition  of  medical  science 
something  more  is  required  of  the  educated  physician  than  a  vague  impres- 
sion that  'pain,  heat,  redness  and  swelling'  constitute  inflammation;  that 
tubercle  is  a  'round'  and  cancer  a  'hard'  mass:  he  must  know  how  to  dis- 
tinguish by  their  special  characteristics  the  great  elementary  forms  of 
disease." 

The  death  of  Professor  Hall  in  1847  ^ft  a  vacancy  to  be  filled  in  the 
chair  of  Midwifery,  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children.  There  were  sev- 
eral applicants  for  the  position,  which  was  secured  by  Dr.  Richard  Henry 
Thomas,  of  Baltimore. 

Richard  Wilmot  Hall  was  born  in  Harford  County,  Maryland,  in 
1785,  his  father  being  Dr.  Jacob  Hall,  a  Revolutionary  surgeon.  He 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1806,  and  settled  in 
Baltimore  in  181 1.  He  received  the  appointment  of  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Obstetrics  in  the  School  of  Medicine  in  18  12,  and  was  full  Professor  of  the 
same  branch  from  18 13  to  his  death.  During  the  political  riots  of  18  12 
he  saved  the  lives  of  a  number  of  the  wounded  citizens  who  were  left  for 
dead  at  the  jail,  by  representing  them  as  actually  dead.  He  delivered  the 
annual  oration  before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  in  181 5,  the 
meeting  being  held  in  Chemical  Hall.  He  was  surgeon  to  the  Fifty-first 
Regiment  of  Maryland  Militia  in  18 14.  He  died  on  September  14,  1847, 
after  a  long  illness.  His  writings  embrace,  besides  a  number  of  shorter 
articles  mentioned  in  "Quinan's  Annals,"  a  translation  of  Baron  Larrey's 
"Memoirs  of  Military  Surgery,"  two  volumes,  8  vo.,  Baltimore,   18  14. 

Professor  Hall  took  a  very  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  University, 
twice  holding  the  Deanship  of  the  Medical  Department.  He  was  also  for 
several  years  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Regents.  He  was  usually  selected 
to  go  to  Annapolis  to  look  after  the  interests  of  the  University  in  the 
Legislature,   and  he  represented  the  Faculty  of  Physic  in  their  pecuniary 


220  UNIf'ERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

transactions  with  the  Trustees.  He  was  tall  and  stout,  with  a  florid  com- 
plexion, and  very  courteous  and  attractive  manners,  and  was  represented 
as  being  very  handsome. 

The  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  for  the  last  time 
in  1848,  Rev.  William  O.  Lumsden,  of  Maryland,  being  the  recipient. 

About  this  time  there  was  much  discussion  over  the  country  as  to  the 
necessity  of  reform  in  medical  teaching.  The  establishment  of  a  National 
Medical  Association  (which  held  its  first  regular  meeting  in  Baltimore  in 
1848)  gave  it  fresh  impulse,  and  great  pressure  was  brought  to  bear  on  the 
schools,  which,  however,  produced  but  little  fruit.  The  Faculty  of  Physic 
made  the  effort  to  lengthen  the  sessions  to  six  months,  as  already  stated,  and 
claimed  that  the  school  had  always  been  the  advocate  of  improvement  and 
advancement.  "Believing  that  thorough  professional  training  should  be 
extended  over  a  somewhat  protracted  period,"  they  are  "prepared  to  meet 
most  cordially  the  recommendations  of  the  National  Medical  Association 
upon  this  point.  They,  therefore,  advise  their  pupils  to  devote  at  least 
three  years  to  preparatory  study,  and  to  attend  three  courses  of  lectures." 
They  also  gave  very  hearty  encouragement  to  the  two  preparatory  medical 
schools  that  were  then  in  operation  in  Baltimore,  viz. :  the  Baltimore  Medi- 
cal Institute,  under  Dr.  J.  R.  W.  Dunbar,  and  the  Maryland  Medical  In- 
stitute, under  Drs.  Frick,  Theobald,  Johnston  and  Stewart. 

Our  University  is  believed  to  have  been  the  first  in  America  to  make 
dissection  compulsory.  This  was  due  to  a  regulation  adopted  by  the  Trustees 
in  1833,  arRl  which  was  opposed  by  the  Faculty  of  Physic.  On  the  restora- 
tion of  this  Faculty  to  power,  it  did  not  adopt  this  reasonable  and  indispens- 
able requirement  until  1848,  and  even  then  not  without  "much  reflection." 
According  to  the  catalogue  of  1850,  prior  to  1849  only  one  other  school, 
the  Medical  Department  of  Pennsylvania  College,  enforced  it,  and  in  1850 
only  three  of  the  sixteen  schools  from  Maine  to  Maryland  made  it  impera- 
tive. In  the  same  year  in  which  this  important  step  was  taken,  gas  was 
introduced  at  very  great  expense  into  the  dissecting  rooms,  thus  enabling 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  221 

the  students  to  spend  their  evenings  in  them,  and  saving  them  the  loss  of  a 
certain  number  of  lectures.  The  facilities  for  dissection  at  the  University 
at  this  time  appear  to  have  been  unsurpassed.  The  indulgent  sentiment 
of  the  community  with  regard  to  it  is  repeatedly  referred  to,  and  offers  a 
striking  contrast  to  that  entertained  in  1789  and  1807.  Baltimore  is 
spoken  of  in  the  catalogues  as  "the  Paris  of  America,"  "the  surplus  even 
supplying  other  cities."  All  along,  from  1840  on,  the  great  abundance  of 
dissecting  material  is  constantly  claimed  among  the  advantages  offered  by 
this  city.  It  is  asserted  that  no  Northern  city  has  such  a  supply,  though 
"possibly  one  or  two  at  the  extreme  South"  may  have  it.  The  source  of  this 
supply  was  the  Potter's  Field,  although  at  times  the  private  burial  grounds 
were  not  respected.  In  1886  occurred  the  famous  case  of  Burking,  for 
which  the  chief  culprit  paid  the  penalty  of  his  life  on  the  gallows.  It  called 
attention  to  the  possibility  of  the  practical  study  of  anatomy  being  an 
incitement  to  the  commission  of  the  most  shocking  crime,  and  to  the  need 
of  some  provision  for  a  proper  method  of  supply.  The  authorities  of  our 
University  recognized  this  defect  and  made  repeated  efforts  to  secure  the 
passage  of  an  Anatomy  law  by  the  Legislature.  At  last,  in  1890,  the  de- 
fect was  supplied  by  the  passage  of  a  law  by  the  Legislature  requiring  public 
officers  of  Baltimore  city  and  county,  under  heavy  penalty,  to  turn  over  any 
unclaimed  bodies  under  their  charge  to  the  medical  colleges  of  the  State, 
"for  the  advancement  of  medical  science." 

In  1848  a  rule  requiring  students  to  attend  two  sessions  of  clinical  in- 
struction was  adopted. 

Some  idea  is  given  us  also  as  to  the  teaching  at  this  time  in  the  two 
principal  chairs — Practice  of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  The  chief  of  the 
former  department  (Power),  besides  giving  daily  didactic  lectures,  attended 
the  Infirmary  daily  and  dwelt  largely  upon  physical  diagnosis,  particularly 
in  diseases  of  the  chest.  Among  other  advantages  which  the  institution  af- 
forded was  "the  opportunity  to  compare  the  phenomena  of  typhoid  and 
typhus  fever,  and  to  test  their  resemblances  and  differences."    The  following 


222  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

language  appears  in  the  catalogue  of  1849,  and  shows  an  immense  revolu- 
tion since  the  death  of  Professor  Potter,  with  whom  a  favorite  expression  to 
his  class  is  said  to  have  been,  "If  nature  should  come  in  at  the  door,  she 
must  be  thrown  out  of  the  window:"  "Modern  medicine  differs  from  that 
which  has  preceded  it,  mainly  in  this,  that  while  it  esteems  at  their  full  value 
the  powers  of  art,  it  also  regards  and  wisely  regards  the  powers  of  nature, 
teaching  the  true  wisdom  of  watching  patiently,  observing  carefully,  acting 
cautiously,  so  that,  the  operations  of  nature  being  clearly  understood,  the 
minstrations  of  art  may  be  judiciously,  efficiently  and  beneficially  applied." 

Professor  Smith  also  lectured  and  attended  the  Infirmary  daily.  His 
visits  were  paid  early  in  the  morning — in  fact,  before  day  during  part  of 
the  year — and  those  students  who  desired  to  follow  him  in  his  rounds  were 
compelled  to  be  early  risers.  Those  who  had  the  good  fortune  to  attend 
the  lectures  of  this  master  will  realize  the  perfect  truth  of  the  following 
description:  "Surgery  is  taught  as  a  reality  not  as  an  abstraction.  Having 
been  engaged  actively  in  the  practice  of  surgery  for  nearly  thirty  years, 
the  Professor  has  had  large  experience  in  the  treatment  of  surgical  diseases, 
and  has  had  occasion  to  perform  repeatedly  all  the  important  operations. 
His  instruction  is  therefore  of  necessity  in  great  degree  personal — the  re- 
sult of  what  he  has  seen  and  done,  and  not  merely  of  what  he  has  read — a 
statement  of  facts  and  not  merely  of  opinions.  Having  accumulated  a  large 
collection  of  preparations,  casts,  drawings,  surgical  instruments  and  appar- 
atus, he  is  prepared  to  illustrate  his  course  in  the  fullest  manner,  and  to 
exhibit  to  his  class  the  application  of  all  modern  improvements  in  the  surgi- 
cal art."  About  this  time  occurs  the  first  intimation  of  the  actual  delivery 
of  lectures  on  the  Diseases  of  Women,  by  Professor  Thomas.  This  branch, 
which  has  since  been  the  field  of  so  many  triumphs  of  American  surgeons, 
was  then  and  for  many  years  later  in  its  infancy,  and  received  but  little  at- 
tention, and  that  as  an  appendage  to  the  obstetrical  course. 

In  1 85  1,  Mr.  Campbell  Morfit  made  an  offer  to  establish  at  his  own 
expense,   in  connection  with  the  medical  department  of  the  University,  a 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  223 

"School  of  Applied  Chemistry."  The  plan  of  the  proposed  building  ac- 
companied the  offer,  and  indicates  great  liberality  and  public  spirit  on  the 
part  of  the  proposer.  It  was  to  be  built  on  the  College  grounds,  and  was 
to  cost  about  $10,000.  The  offer  was  declined  on  the  ground  that  the 
character  of  the  instruction  proposed  did  not  come  within  the  scope  of  a 
medical  college.  As  an  evidence  of  their  appreciation,  however,  the  Faculty 
conferred  upon  Mr.  Morfit,  who  has  since  become  a  renowed  chemist  ot 
London,  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D. 

In  1852  the  custom  of  devoting  the  first  week,  of  the  session  to  in- 
troductory lectures,  which  had  been  in  vogue  from  the  earliest  period  ot 
the  School,  was  here,  as  elsewhere  in  this  country,  abandoned,  and  since  that 
there  has  been  no  formal  opening  of  the  sessions. 

The  following  occurs  in  a  report  on  the  condition  of  the  various  de- 
partments of  the  University,  made  to  the  Regents,  April  5,  1852,  by  a 
committee  of  which  Mr.  George  W.  Dobbin— later  chairman  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University— was  chairman:  "At  no 
previous  period  in  its  history  has  the  medical  department  presented  better 
founded  claims  to  patronage  than  at  present,  and  in  point  of  scientific  at- 
tainments, talents  and  faithfulness  in  the  discharge  of  its  functions,  and 
extensive  and  well-arranged  means  of  illustration,  it  is  not  inferior  to  any 
college  in  the  country." 

About  this  time  an  important  addition  was  made  to  the  Infirmary,  by 
which  private  rooms  were  provided  to  meet  an  urgent  need,  and  the  clinical 
ampitheatre  on  the  corner  of  Greene  and  Lombard  streets  was  erected.  The 
Gray  legacy  was  used  in  making  these  improvements,  and  the  Regents' 
Minute  Book,  April  5,  1852,  contains  an  interesting  opinion  by  Mr.  J-  H. 
B.  Latrobe  regarding  the  use  of  this  legacy  for  the  purpose.  In  granting 
the  permission,  the  Regents  wisely  provided  restrictions  by  which  the  prop- 
erty cannot  be  diverted  from  the  purposes  of  the  legacy.  The  lot  on  the 
south-west  corner  of  Greene  and  Lombard  streets,  adjoining  the  Infirmary 
lot,  on  which  the  addition  was  built,  was  owned  by  the  Regents  in  fee  simple, 


224  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

having  been  purchased  by  the  Trustees  in  1833 ;  it  was  78  feet  front  by  165 
feet,  five  inches  in  depth.  The  institution  was  now  said  to  have  a  capacity 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty  beds,  and  to  be  the  largest  hospital  in  the  city. 
There  were  eight  resident  students  and  a  resident  physician.  The  latter 
officer  was  created  in  1846,  Dr.  James  Morison,  of  Massachusetts,  being 
its  first  incumbent.  Before  that  the  senior  student  had  charge.  An  assistant 
physician  or  "Clinical  Reporter"  was  first  appointed  in  i860. 

In  1854  a  lectureship  in  "Experimental  Physiology  and  Microscopy" 
was  founded  and  placed  under  the  charge  of  Dr.  Christopher  Johnston,  "an 
accomplished  physiologist  and  microscopist,  who  has  spent  several  years 
abroad,  where  he  enjoyed  extraordinary  facilities  for  becoming  perfectly 
familiar  with  the  discoveries  and  doctrines  of  modern  physiology;  possess- 
ing, moreover,  a  great  natural  aptitude  for  the  acquirement  and  communi- 
cation of  knowledge,  which  in  the  present  progressive  condition  of  medical 
science  it  becomes  every  educated  physician  to  know."*  These  lectures 
were  delivered  twice  a  week,  and  after  the  first  course  became  obligatory. 
In  1 86 1  this  department  was  under  charge  of  Professor  Hammond,  and 
microscopes  were  provided  in  the  Museum  for  the  use  of  the  students,  to- 
gether with  "one  of  the  largest  microscopic  collections  in  the  country,  con- 
taining specimens  of  all  the  tissues  and  structures  entering  into  the 
composition  of  the  body,"  at  all  times  accessible  to  the  students.  The 
Faculty  prided  itself  on  being  "the  first  to  introduce  into  the  country  this 
method  of  studying  histology." 

The  other  changes  occurring  from  1852  to  the  period  of  the  Civil  War 
were  as  follows:  Professor  Power  resigned  the  chair  of  Practice  in  1852, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Professor  Samuel  Chew;  Dr.  Miltenberger  was  at 
the  same  time  advanced  from  the  Demonstratorship  of  Anatomy  to  the 
chair  of  Materia  Medica.  Professor  Thomas  resigned  in  1858  and  Pro- 
fessor Miltenberger  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Obstetrics,  the  chair  of 
Materia  Medica  being  filled  by  the  election  of  Professor  Charles  Frick.  In 
*Cat.  1855. 


PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  POWER,   M.  D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  227 

1859  Professor  Roby's  failing  health  prevented  him  from  lecturing,  and 
Professor  Nathan  R.  Smith  assumed  the  duties  of  the  Anatomical  Depart- 
ment during  the  succeeding  session.  In  i860,  recognizing  the  hopelessness 
of  his  recovery,  Dr.  Roby  resigned  and  received  the  appointment  of  Pro- 
fessor Emeritus,  and  Dr.  William  A.  Hammond,  of  the  United  States 
Army,  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology.  Of  the  last- 
named  the  catalogue  of  i860  said,  that  the  Faculty  felt  assured  that  he 
would  fully  sustain  the  previous  reputation  of  the  School.  "Dr.  Hammond 
is  well  known  as  a  contributor  to  various  medical  journals,  and  has  acquired 
a  high  position,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  by  his  anatomical  and 
physiological  investigations." 

In  the  same  year,  and  after  only  a  brief  interval,  occurred  the  deaths 
of  Professor  Frick  and  Dr.  Berwick  B.  Smith,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy, 
and  son  of  Professor  N.  R.  Smith.  The  loss  of  these  talented  young  men, 
the  former  developing  in  the  direction  of  internal  medicine,  the  latter  of 
surgery,  was  deeply  felt  by  the  University  and  profession,  and  their  merits 
and  ability  were  fully  accorded  at  a  crowded  meeting  of  the  profession  held 
on  March  29,  i860.  Professor  Frick  had  won  his  position  by  merit  alone; 
he  was  an  indefatigable  and  enthusiastic  student;  a  student  not  of  books  only 
but  of  nature.  He  was  a  born  investigator,  and  his  analyses  of  the  blood 
and  his  work  in  urinary  pathology  are  monuments  to  his  industry  and 
genius.  He  was  fast  attaining  an  international  reputation.  The  vacancy 
in  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  was  tilled  by  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Ed- 
ward Warren,  of  North  Carolina. 

William  Power  was  born  in  Baltimore  in  the  year  18 13.  He  was 
graduated  A.  B.  at  Yale  College  in  1832,  and  later  passed  to  the  A.  M. 
degree.  He  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  John  Buckler,  of 
Baltimore,  in  1833,  and  matriculated  at  the  University  in  the  fall  of  the 
same  year.  In  1834  he  was  a  student  at  the  Almshouse,  and  in  1835  he 
took  his  M.  D.  degree.  From  1835  to  1840  he  was  in  Paris,  under  Eouis 
and  other  famous  men.    On  his  return  he  became  Resident  Physician  to  the 


228  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Almshouse,  and  after  nine  months,  Visiting  Physician.  In  1841-42  he  de- 
livered two  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Baltimore  Infirmary  on  physical  ex- 
ploration of  the  chest;  these  were  the  first  lectures  of  the  sort  in  the 
University,  and  were  well  attended.  His  health  now  gave  way,  and  in  1 843 
he  abandoned  teaching  and  lecturing  and  went  to  Cuba.  In  1844  his  physi- 
cal condition  having  improved,  he  resumed  teaching.  In  1845  he  was  ap- 
pointed Lecturer  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine,  and  in  1846,  on 
the  resignation  of  Professor  Bartlett,  he  succeeded  to  the  full  professorship 
of  the  chair.  He  married  in  1847.  During  the  winter  of  1851-52  he  was 
unable  to  perform  his  professorial  duties.  In  January,  1852,  he  reluctantly 
resigned  his  chair  in  a  letter  full  of  pathos,  and  on  the  15th  of  August  fol- 
lowing he  died  in  Baltimore,  the  victim  of  consumption,  in  his  thirty-ninth 
year. 

Professor  Power's  life  was  one  of  earnest  study  and  noble  ambition — 
a  blessing  to  those  who  partook  of  his  gifts  or  dwelt  within  his  shadow.  He 
had  unbounded  influence  over  his  students.  Before  his  appointment  it  was 
difficult  to  secure  resident  students  at  the  Infirmary,  but  after  his  entrance 
into  the  Faculty  a  year's  application  in  advance  was  needed  to  secure  a 
position.  In  his  teaching  he  did  not  aim  at  originality,  but  at  truth.  He 
was  quick  to  confess  error.  He  was  an  industrious  student,  and  as  a  teacher, 
faithful,  thorough,  earnest,  clear,  copious  and  convincing.  Although  sub- 
ject to  haemoptysis  and  habitual  dyspnuea,  he  yet  met  all  the  requirements 
of  a  useful  life.  He  was  the  first  to  teach  in  his  native  city,  clearly  and 
impressively,  the  glorious  discoveries  of  Laennec,  and  to  imbue  the  students 
of  his  day,  later  the  most  eminent  physicians  of  Baltimore,  with  his  own 
enthusiastic  love  of  science.  His  strength  was  in  his  teaching,  and  especially 
his  clinical  teaching,  and  the  University  has  never  lost  the  effect  of  his 
thoroughness  and  system,  his  earnest  study  and  noble  enthusiasm.  He  was 
not  a  large  contributor  to  medical  literature. 

Richard  Henry  Thomas  was  born  in  Anne  Arundel  county,  Maryland, 
June  20,  1805.     His  parents  were  John  Chew  Thomas  and  Mary  Snowden 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  229 

Thomas.  His  father  served  for  several  years  in  both  houses  of  Congress. 
He  received  both  academic  and  medical  training  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, graduating  in  medicine  in  1828.  He  then  settled  in  Baltimore, 
where  he  acquired  a  large  practice.  In  1831  he  was  associated  with  others 
in  the  conduct  of  the  Baltimore  Medical  Institute,  in  which  he  delivered 
lectures  and  held  examinations  in  obstetrics.  Upon  the  death  of  Professor 
Hall,  in  1847,  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  and  Medical  Juris- 
prudence in  the  University,  and  held  it  until  his  resignation  in  [858.  He 
died  on  January  15,  i860. 

Professor  Thomas  was  an  eminent  minister  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
and  in  that  capacity  traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  America.  He  was 
married  thrice,  and  two  of  his  sons  became  physicians.  He  lectured  without 
notes.  He  was  of  a  spare  figure,  and  had  a  clerical  air.  Said  Dr.  C.  C. 
Cox:  "As  an  accoucheur  he  was  always  prompt,  full  of  resources  and  of 
great  dexterity  as  a  manipulator.  His  goodness  of  heart  was  shown  in  his 
devotion  to  the  poor  and  his  cordial  co-operation  in  all  benevolent  enter- 
prises. Few  men  in  any  calling  have  been  more  respected  for  sound  attain- 
ments or  more  beloved  for  gentleness  of  manner  and  integrity  of  life." 

Joseph  Roby,  who  held  the  chair  of  Anatomy  from  1842  to  i860,  was 
a  remarkable  and  picturesque  character.  He  is  described  as  having  had  a 
spare  figure,  a  face  resembling  that  of  Voltaire  and  a  shadowy  complexion. 
He  wore  glasses  and  had  a  thin,  weak  voice;  nevertheless,  he  used  it  to  such 
good  advantage  that  there  was  no  difficulty  in  hearing  and  understanding 
him.  Holmes  describes  his  eyebrows  as  "exquisitely  arched,  sharply  pen- 
ciled, such  as  it  would  be  hard  to  match  on  any  living  face."  He  was  of  a 
nervous,  delicate  temperament,  inclined  towards  melancholy;  his  habits  were 
solitary  and  unsocial,  and  he  had  few  friends. 

He  was  a  native  of  Wiscasset,  Maine,  and  was  born  in  the  year  1807. 
Graduating  at  Brown  University,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  in  1828,  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  Boston  under  Drs.  Jackson  and  Charming, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  an  insatiable  reader.     The  degree  of  M.  D. 


23o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

was  conferred  upon  him  by  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1831.  Settling  in 
Boston  he  soon  realized  his  unfitness  for  the  practice  of  medicine,  and  took 
to  lecturing.  It  was  as  a  lecturer  that  he  was  best  known  and  made  the 
greatest  impress  upon  his  time.  Nothing  is  preserved,  however,  of  this  side 
of  his  activities,  as  he  rarely  wrote  down  what  he  had  to  say,  and  the  few 
manuscripts  he  possessed  were  committed  by  him  to  the  flames.  Tradition 
asserts  that  he  was  a  graceful,  ready,  and  polished  speaker,  and  that  his 
language  was  expressive,  and  seasoned  with  wit  and  pungency.  His  intro- 
ductories  were  famous,  and  attracted  crowds  of  citizens  to  hear  them. 
Although  he  was  constantly  making  new  observations  in  the  dissecting  room, 
he  never  published  his  observations,  and  the  only  things  in  print  written  by 
him  are  the  College  Catalogue  and  a  report  upon  Medical  Education. 

Roby  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Holmes,  was  associated  with  him  in 
the  Faculty  of  Dartmouth  College  for  some  time,  and  for  twenty  years 
maintained  a  constant  correspondence  with  him.  Holmes  characterizes  his 
letters  as  spirited  and  full  of  tenderness  and  sentiment,  and  of  very  high 
literary  merit.  Unfortunately  he  exacte'd  from  Holmes  a  promise  to  destroy 
these  letters,  which  the  latter  felt  bound  to  carry  out. 

Roby's  happiest  days  were  passed  in  his  "den"  at  the  College,  and  he 
lingered  around  this  spot  during  the  last  year  of  life,  as  if  drawn  thither 
by  some  fascination,  while  the  deadly  consumption  was  consuming  his  frail 
body,  until  a  fatal  hemorrhage  cut  short  the  thread  of  life. 

Many  important  improvements  were  made  during  his  connection  with 
the  School,  and  largely  through  his  efforts,  as,  the  introduction  of  gas  into 
the  dissecting  room,  compulsory  dissection,  and  attendance  upon  clinics  and 
instruction  in  histology,  pathology  and  the  use  of  the  microscope.  He  was  a 
most  inspiring  teacher. 

Some  correspondence  between  Roby  and  his  colleague — Professor 
Richard  H.  Thomas — has  recently  been  discovered  which  corroborates 
Holmes'  estimate.  Holmes  refers  to  him  frequently  in  the  "Autocrat"  as 
his  "wise  friend,"  and  it  is  probable  that  he  got  many  hints  for  his  famous 


FRICK    ROOM.    MEDICAL    AND    CHIRURGICAL    FACULTY, 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE 


233 


book  from  the  conversation  and  letters  of  Roby.  Holmes  concludes  an 
obituary  notice  of  him  in  the  Boston  Daily  Advertiser  of  June  7,  i860, 
as  follows:  "He  was  not  only  a  man  of  superior  intellect,  but  a  fast  and 
faithful  friend,  always  ready  with  counsel  and  aid,  not  afraid  to  speak  the 
truth,  one  who  could  be  an  intimate,  yet  with  a  tact  anil  delicacy  which  pre- 
vented his  intimacy  from  becoming  oppressive;  a  rare  nature,  in  a  word, 
which  a  delicate  organization  unfitted  in  a  measure  tor  the  complete  and 
cheerful  exercise  of  all  its  varied  powers." 


''4/,') 
ARi:  rjtmcfcYifc 

05  CHARLES  FRICK 

Drt&LTIMOREJMJUnrLAND. 

COKNAUt.B'IBW, 
DIED  MARCH  25*4860. 

foil  IJIUl'lilHMl'SllHlKUil  KM'. 


FRICK   TABLET,    LIBRARY    OF    MEDICAL  AND   CHIRURGICAL    FACULTY. 

Charles  Frick  was  born  in  Baltimore  in  1823,  being  the  son  of  Judge 
William  Frick  and  the  nephew  of  Dr.  George  Frick,  the  oculist.  He  was 
educated  at  Baltimore  College.  After  some  years  spent  in  civil  engineer- 
ing, he  entered  the  office  of  Dr.  John  Buckler,  and  having  spent  the  two 
years,  1843-45,  at  the  University,  graduated  in  medicine  in  1845.  From 
1844  to  1846  he  was  a  student  at  the  Almshouse.  In  the  fall  of  1847  he 
joined  with  Drs.  Christopher  Johnston,  David  Stewart  and  Elisha  W.  Theo- 


234  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

bald  in  founding  the  Maryland  Medical  Institute,  a  preparatory  School  of 
Medicine,  holding  in  it  the  department  of  Practical  Medicine. 
In  1847  ne  was  elected  Attending  Physician  to  the  Maryland 
Penitentiary,  a  post  which  he  held  for  seven  years.  On  the  reorganization 
of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  in  1856,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  Materia  Medica.  In  the  summer  of  the  same  year  he  visited 
Europe,  where  he  was  already  favorably  known  through  his  original  re- 
searches, and  he  was  cordially  received  by  Paget,  Todd,  Bence  Jones,  Trous- 
seau and  other  distinguished  men.  He  began  now  to  receive  overtures 
from  schools  in  other  cities,  but  fortunately  the  ties  of  his  native  city  kept 
him  here.  In  1858  a  vacancy  occurred  in  the  Faculty  of  Physic  through  the 
death  of  Professor  Richard  H.  Thomas  and  the  transfer  of  Professor  Mil- 
tenberger.  Immediately  all  eyes  were  turned  upon  Frick  as  preeminently 
fitted  for  the  position,  and  he  was  at  once  elected  to  it.  He  now  entered 
upon  that  brief  period  which  has  left  an  imperishable  memory  in  the  annals 
of  the  University,  and  which  terminated  with  his  untimely  death  on  March 
25,  1  860,  at  the  age  of  thirty-six.  His  death  was  due  to  diphtheria  contracted 
in  an  operation  upon  a  negro  woman  affected  with  that  disease  in  the  hospital. 
His  own  throat  was  opened  at  his  urgent  request  by  his  friend,  Dr.  Milten- 
berger,  but  with  no  further  purpose  than  that  of  temporary  alleviation  of 
symptoms. 

Dr.  Frick  was  a  man  of  immense  patience  and  industry,  independent 
in  opinion,  and  following  the  true  Hippocratic  method  of  observation  and 
experiment.  He  was  a  born  investigator,  and  in  his  researches  he  knocked 
at  the  door  of  nature  herself.  His  chief  work  was  upon  fevers,  the  blood, 
and  the  kidneys  and  their  secretions.  As  an  evidence  of  his  laborious  and 
painstaking  care,  in  his  analyses  of  the  blood,  published  in  January,  1848, 
he  rejected  no  less  than  seventy  of  the  one  hundred  and  fifty  investigations 
because  of  some  slight  elements  of  uncertainty  about  them.  In  1850  he 
published  a  volume  on  "Renal  Diseases,"  the  result  of  his  labors,  a  valuable 
contribution  to  the  subject  previously  but  little  understood.     His  last  work 


PROFESSOR    (.'HAS.     Flili  K,    M .    D.  MR.    WILLIAM     F.    1'KICK,    BENEFACTOR. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  237 

was  a  "Lecture  on  Diuretics,"  published  by  his  class.  His  memory  is  per- 
petuated by  a  branch  of  the  Library  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty 
bearing  his  name,  and  in  this  University  by  the  "Charles  Frick  Research 
Fund." 

William  Alexander  Hammond  was  the  son  of  Dr.  J.  W.  Hammond, 
and  was  born  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  on  August  28,  1828.  He  obtained 
his  medical  degree  at  the  University  of  New  York  in  1848,  and  in  1849 
was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon,  United  States  Army.  In  i860  he  suc- 
ceeded Professor  Roby  in  the  chair  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and  lec- 
tured for  one  session  in  the  University  upon  these  branches.  He  may  be 
said  to  have  introduced  into  the  curriculum  here  the  study  of  histology — 
although  Dr.  Christopher  Johnston  had  taught  the  use  of  the  microscope 
from  1855  to  1857.  Through  his  efforts  a  number  of  microscopes  were 
placed  in  the  Museum,  and  in  connection  therewith  one  of  the  largest  micro- 
scopical collections  in  the  country  was  always  at  the  command  of  the  stu- 
dents. In  this  innovation — the  teaching  of  minute  anatomy — it  is  believed 
that  the  University  of  Maryland  can  claim  priority  among  American  Schools 
(see  Catalogue  of  1861).  He  delivered  the  valedictory  address  at  the 
Commencement,  March  2,  1861,  resigning  shortly  after  and  re-entering 
the  army.  In  1862  he  was  appointed  Surgeon-General.  He  now  reor- 
ganized the  hospital  system  of  the  army  upon  an  effective  basis,  and  to  him 
is  due  the  honor  of  originating  the  Army  Medical  Museum  and  the 
great  Medical  Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  office  at  Washington. 
Dismissed  from  the  service  in  1864  he  settled  in  New  York  City, 
where  he  held  the  chair  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  System  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College 
and  the  University  of  New  York,  successively.  He  also  lectured  in  the 
Summer  School  of  the  University  of  Vermont.  In  1879  he  was  restored  to 
the  army  with  the  rank  of  Surgeon-General  (Retired  List).  In  1882  he 
withdrew  from  the  University  of  New  York  and  joined  with  a  number  of 
eminent  teachers  in  that  city  in  founding  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School. 


238  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Finally  he  abandoned  teaching,  in  1888,  by  resigning  from  this  also.  In 
the  same  year  he  opened  a  Private  Sanitarium  for  Nervous  Diseases  in 
Washington  City,  and  here  he  died  on  the  6th  of  January,  1900.  He  was 
connected  with  a  number  of  American  and  foreign  societies;  he  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  American  Neurological  Society,  and  he  edited  several  journals. 
He  was  a  prolific  author,  writing  numerous  works  on  nervous  and  other 
diseases,  and  also  works  of  fiction.  His  best  known  and  most  elaborate  work 
was  "A  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,"  first  issued  in  1871, 
which  went  through  seven  editions  in  ten  years,  and  was  republished  in 
several  foreign  languages. 

Edward  Warren  was  the  son  of  Dr.  William  C.  Warren  and  was  born 
in  Tyrrell  county,  North  Carolina,  in  1828.  He  received  his  literary  and 
medical  education  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  taking  the  medical  degree 
there  in  1850.  A  year  later  he  took  the  same  degree  at  Jefferson  Medical 
College.  He  then  began  practice  at  Edenton,  North  Carolina.  He  spent 
the  year  1854-55  in  Paris  attending  the  hospitals.  He  returned  to  Eden- 
ton in  the  latter  year  and  resumed  practice  as  the  partner  of  his  father.  In 
1856  he  was  awarded  the  Fisk  Fund  Prize  of  the  Rhode  Island  Medical 
Society,  for  an  essay  on  "The  Influence  of  Pregnancy  on  the  Development 
of  Tubercular  Phthisis."  About  this  time  he  also  edited  the  Medical  Jour- 
nal of  North  Carolina.  In  i860,  a  vacancy  having  occurred  in  the  Faculty 
of  the  University  of  Maryland  through  the  death  of  Professor  Charles 
Frick,  he  applied  for  and  obtained  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics in  this  University.  In  January  of  the  following  year  he  founded 
a  medical  journal  in  Baltimore,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  Baltimore  Jour- 
nal of  Medicine.  After  the  appearance  of  the  third  number  of  this  bi- 
monthly, the  Civil  War  having  meanwhile  set  in,  he  left  Baltimore  and 
went  South.  During  the  next  four  years  he  held  the  offices  of  Surgeon- 
General  of  North  Carolina,  and  Medical  Inspector  of  the  Army  of 
Northern  Virginia.  In  1863  he  published  at  Richmond  a  12°,  entitled 
"Epitome  of  Practical  Surgery  for  Field  and  Hospital."     After  the  close 


PROFESSOR   WILLIAM    ALEXANDER    HAMMOND,    M .  1). 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  241 

of  hostilities  he  returned  to  Baltimore  and  demanded  the  restoration  ot  his 
chair  at  the  University.  This  was  refused  on  the  grounds  that  he  had  aban- 
doned it  of  his  own  accord,  that  he  had  been  repeatedly  notified  to  return 
but  had  refused  to  do  so,  and  that  it  had  already  been  found  necessary  to  fill 
it.  Dr.  Warren  indulged  in  some  vain  threats,  and  then  set  about  founding 
a  rival  college.  He  had  the  address  to  obtain  liberal  aid  from  the  city  and 
State,  and  large  classes  were  readily  secured  by  a  beneficiary  system  ad- 
mitting disabled  soldiers  from  the  South  at  merely  nominal  rates.  By  these 
means  he  reorganized  the  Washington  University,  which  had  been  sus- 
pended since  185 1.  This  institution  was  now  for  some  time  known  as 
"Warren's  School."  From  1868  to  1870  he  edited  a  semi-monthly  medical 
journal  known  as  the  Medical  Bulletin.  In  1 87 1  differences  of  opinion  arose 
as  to  the  management  of  the  affairs  of  his  college,  whereupon  Dr.  Warren 
withdrew  from  it,  and  joining  with  Drs.  Byrd,  Opie  and  others,  founded  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  both  schools  he  held  the  chair  of 
Surgery.  In  1873  he  sought  and  obtained  an  appointment  in  the  Egyptian 
service  and  set  out  for  Cairo.  He  remained  in  that  country  for  two  years, 
holding  the  rank  of  Surgeon-in-Chief  of  the  War  Department.  He  now 
suffered  so  much  from  ophthalmia  that  he  was  compelled  to  seek  a  fur- 
lough. Leaving  Egypt  he  settled  in  Paris,  where  he  practiced  as  a  "licen- 
tiate of  the  University  of  France."  He  continued  to  reside  at  Paris  until 
his  death,  on  September  16,  1893.  Dr.  Warren  held  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.  D.  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He  was  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  and  Knight  of  the  Order  of  Isabella.  He  claimed 
the  honor  of  having  recommended  and  used  morphia  hypodermically  in  the 
winter  of  1850-151,  several  years  prior  to  its  use  by  any  one  else.  In  1872 
he  invented  a  splint  for  fracture  of  the  clavide.  In  1885  he  published  under 
the  form  of  a  series  of  letters  to  his  friend,  Dr.  John  Morris,  of  Baltimore, 
an  interesting  autobiography  entitled  "A  Doctor's  Experiences  in  Three 
Continents."  Dr.  Warren  was  a  fluent  speaker  and  graceful  writer.  He 
was  quick  at  repartee. 


242  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

The  war  bore  hard  upon  the  School,  cutting  off  its  patronage  from 
the  South.  The  falling  oft  was  about  fifty  per  cent.,  the  lowest  point  being 
reached  in  1862-63,  when  there  were  103  students  and  thirty-seven  gradu- 
ates. Particular  attention  was  given  at  this  time  to  Military  Surgery  and 
Hygiene.  During  this  period  the  following  changes  took  place  in  the 
Faculty:  In  1862,  Professor  Warren,  still  remaining  absent  in  the  South, 
Dr.  McSherry  was  elected  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica.  The  following 
year,  on  the  death  of  Professor  Chew,  Dr.  McSherry  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  Practice  and  Hygiene,  and  Dr.  Samuel  C.  Chew  to  that  of  Materia 
Medica;  Dr.  Christoper  Johnston  was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  and 
Physiology,  which  departments  had  been  filled  temporarily  since  the  with- 
drawal of  Professor  Hammond,  in  1 861,  by  Professor  N.  R.  Smith.  Thus, 
at  the  close  of  the  War,  all  the  chairs  were  again  filled. 

Samuel  Chew  was  a  native  of  Calvert  county,  Maryland,  and  was  born 
April  29,  1806.  His  early  education  was  received  at  Charlotte  Hall,  in  St. 
Mary's  county,  Maryland.  In  1822  he  entered  Princeton  College,  where 
in  1825  he  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.,  and  in  1828  that  of  A.  M.  On 
leaving  Princeton  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  Baltimore  under  Dr. 
William  Donaldson,  a  physician  of  prominence  and  unusual  skill.  In  1826 
he  entered  the  School  of  Medicine  of  this  University,  and  having  attended 
three  courses  of  lectures  received  from  it  the  doctorate  in  1829.  He  then 
spent  five  years  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  his  native  county,  after 
which  he  removed  to  the  more  extensive  field  offered  to  medical  aspirants  in 
this  city.  From  about  1835  to  1841  he  was  Librarian  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty.  In  1840,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Joshua  I.  Cohen, 
he  established  here  an  Eye  and  Ear  Institute  in  which  he  had  charge  of  the 
department  relating  to  the  eye.  In  August,  1 841,  on  the  death  of  Professor 
Samuel  G.  Baker,  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Matria  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics in  this  University,  a  position  which  he  continued  to  fill  with  credit 
and  satisfaction  until,  on  the  death  of  Professor  Power  in  1852,  he  was 
transferred  to  the  chair  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine.     He  con- 


v<® 


TROFESSOR    SAMUEL    CHEW,    A.    M.,    M.    D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  245 

tinued  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  that  position  until  his  death  on  Christ- 
mas Day,  1863.  In  addition  to  the  positions  named,  Dr.  Chew  was  Treas- 
urer of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty,  1838-39;  Vice-President  of  the 
same,  1859-63,  and  Dean  of  this  School,  1842-44.  He  was  a  man  of 
classical  tastes  and  scholarly  attainments.  In  his  writings  he  frequently 
quotes  from  ancient  authors.  He  was  dignified  and  reserved  in  manner,  but 
genial  with  his  friends.  His  life  was  upright,  his  sentiments  pure  and  lofty. 
He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical  literature,  and  delivered  numer- 
ous lectures  and  addresses,  all  of  which  were  published.  One  of  the  best 
known  of  his  writings  was  a  learned  oration  delivered  on  the  occasion  of  the 
formal  opening  of  the  hall  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  on  Cal- 
vert street,  near  Saratoga  street,  on  June  .3,  1858.  His  latest  and  most 
ambitious  work  was  a  i2mo.  volume,  Philadelphia,  1864,  intended  chiefly 
for  students,  and  entitled  "Lectures  on  Medical  Education."  This  work 
was  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  but  was  completed  and  edited  by  his  son. 
The  last  words  which  he  is  said  to  have  written  in  it  were  "Sic  itur  ad  astra." 
On  the  conclusion  of  the  War,  numerous  and  rapid  changes  occurred. 
As  soon  as  intercourse  between  the  sections  was  re-established,  many  physi- 
cians Hocked  to  Baltimore,  especially  from  the  South.  Some  of  these  had 
been  eminent  in  their  respective  localities,  and  they  at  once  assumed  high 
positions  here.  Specialties  now  first  began  to  attract  attention  in  this  com- 
munity. There  were  several  young  physicians  here  who  had  had  experience 
abroad,  or  had  culti\  ated  talents  in  certain  directions  at  home,  who  began 
to  be  recognized  as  possessing  superior  qualifications  in  special  lines  of  work. 
These  gentlemen  were  invited  to  take  positions  as  Adjuncts  in  the  Faculty, 
and  they  also  organized  a  summer  course  of  lectures  and  a  special  dispen- 
sary. Their  first  course  began  March  15,  1866,  and  lasted  until  July  1. 
The  Faculty  were:  James  H.  Butler,  Operative  Surgery;  Alan  P.  Smith, 
Orthopaedic  Surgery,  Dislocations  and  Fractures;  F.  E.  Chatard,  Jr.,  Di- 
seases of  Women  and  Children;  W.  C.  Van  Bibber,  Venereal  Diseases;  John 
H.  Straith,  Surgical  Pathology;  M.  J.  DeRosset,  Physiological  and  Patho- 


246  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

logical  Chemistry;  William  T.  Howard,  Auscultation  and  Percussion;  E.  G. 
Loring,  Ophthalmology;  William  G.  Harrison,  Normal  and  Morbid  His- 
tology. This  was  an  able  aggregation,  and  ought  to  have  added  greatly  to 
the  resources  and  fame  of  the  School.  The  next  session,  Dr.  S.  L.  Frank  was 
added  on  Diseases  of  the  Ear. 

In  1866,  Physiology,  Hygiene  and  General  Pathology  were  united  in 
one  chair,  which  was  assigned  to  Professor  Frank  Donaldson.  At  this  time 
Dr.  W.  Chew  Van  Bibber  delivered  the  first  clinics  on  Diseases  of  Children, 
and  thus  took  the  first  steps  towards  the  inauguration  of  an  out-door  de- 
partment.    He  also  gave  clinics  on  Venereal  Diseases. 

In  1867  a  new  chair  of  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  was  founded, 
to  which  Dr.  William  T.  Howard  was  elected.  Dr.  Howard  has  stated  that 
this  was  the  first  distinct  recognition  of  these  departments  as  independent 
branches  by  any  medical  school  in  the  country. 

In  1868-69  tne  first  clinics  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye  were  given  by  Dr. 
Russell  Murdoch,  and  Dr.  DeRosset  lectured  on  the  "Physiology  and  Path- 
ology of  the  Kidney  and  its  Secretion,"  with  the  exhibition  of  urinary  tests 
and  the  application  of  the  microscope. 

There  were  at  this  time  three  clinics  every  week  on  Surgery,  two  by 
Professor  Smith  and  one  by  Professor  Johnston.  Pathologv  was  practically 
taught  in  a  weekly  lecture  by  Professor  Donaldson,  who  exhibited  a  great 
number  and  variety  of  interesting  specimens  obtained  from  Bayview  and 
other  hospitals. 

The  summer  course  as  planned  by  the  Adjunct  Faculty  did  not  succeed 
as  was  hoped,  and  as,  from  the  eminence  and  attainments  of  the  gentlemen 
having  charge  of  it,  it  deserved.  It  was  said  that  the  arrangements  made 
by  the  Faculty  were  not  entirely  satisfactory  to  the  Adjuncts,  and  that  there- 
fore there  was  not  that  hearty  co-operation  that  might  have  been  expected. 
At  any  rate,  the  course  did  not  continue  beyond  two  summers. 

In  1868  a  preliminary  course  of  two  weeks  was  instituted,  making,  with 
the  regular  course,  a  session  of  five  months. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  247 

In  1869  Professor  Smith  was  transferred  to  a  chair  of  "Clinical  Sur- 
gery and  Surgery  of  the  Skeleton,"  and  Professor  Christopher  Johnston 
was  made  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery.  Drs.  Julian 
J.  Chisolm  and  Francis  T.  Miles,  two  prominent  physicians  from  South 
Carolina,  who  had  recently  settled  in  Baltimore,  were  now  added  to  the 
Faculty,  the  former  as  Professor  of  Operative  Surgery  and  Clinical  Pro- 
fessor of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  the  latter  as  Professor  of  General, 
Descriptive  and  Surgical  Anatomy  and  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of 
the  Nervous  System.  A  General  Dispensary  was  organized,  and  the  fees 
for  lectures  were  increased  to  $125.  A  laxity  of  attendance  and  little 
tightening  of  the  reins  are  indicated  in  the  announcement  now  made  to  stu- 
dents that  "hahitual  and  prolonged  absence  from  lectures  will  always  be 
regarded  as  an  obstacle  to  obtaining  a  degree." 

A  "Summer  School  of  Specialties,"  lasting  ten  weeks,  was  advertised 
to  commence  in  March,  1870,  under  Professors  Aikin,  Johnston,  Donald- 
son, Howard,  Chisolm  and  Miles. 

It  was  about  this  time  that  beneficiary  students  are  first  noticed  in  the 
catalogues.  In  1868  the  Legislature  had  been  induced  to  make  appropria- 
tion of  $2,500  a  year  for  four  years  each  to  this  School  and  to  the  Wash- 
ington University  Medical  School — the  latter  then  recently  reorganized  by 
Warren  and  others — on  condition  that  a  certain  number  of  patients  should 
be  treated  and  a  certain  number  of  students  educated  free.  This  beneficiary 
system  was  afterwards  extended  to  the  entire  South.  In  accordance  with 
this  arrangement  one  student  was  entitled  to  be  received  from  each  Sena- 
torial district  of  the  State  upon  the  certificate  of  the  State  Senator  thereof, 
on  payment  of  matriculation,  practical  anatomy  and  graduation  fees  only. 

In  1870  the  students'  building  adjoining  the  Infirmary  on  the  west  and 
capable  of  accommodating  twenty-four  students,  was  erected.  Previous  to 
this  the  resident  students  had  had  accommodations  in  the  Infirmary. 

In  1873  Professor  Chisolm's  chair  was  limited  to  Diseases  of  the  Eye 
and  Ear,  and  Dr.  Alan  P.  Smith  was  elected  Professor  of  Operative  Sur- 


248  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

geiy.  "Poor  women"  were  now  attended  at  their  homes  by  the  Dispensary 
physician,  and  Dr.  W.  T.  Arnold — a  skilled  dentist — was  in  constant  at- 
tendance at  the  Dispensary  and  gave  instruction  to  the  students  in  the 
extraction  of  teeth. 

In  1874  a  five-months'  course  was  announced,  and  "an  obstetrical  de- 
partment was  about  to  be  opened  in  a  building  adjoining  the  hospital." 
This  was  the  large  three-story  wing  on  Greene  street,  erected  and  furnished 
with  an  appropriation  of  $30,000  made  by  the  Legislature,  conditional 
upon  the  free  education  of  State  students.  Practical  instruction  was  here 
instituted  in  obstetrics  and  in  the  management  of  the  puerperal  condition. 
Hitherto,  such  cases  had  been  admitted  to  the  female  wards  and  to  the 
private  rooms. 

Alan  Penniman  Smith,  son  of  Professor  Nathan  R.  Smith,  was  born 
in  Baltimore,  February  3,  1840.  After  being  educated  privately  and  at 
Princeton  College  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the  direction  of  his 
father  and  graduated  M.  D.  in  this  University  in  1861.  In  1867  and  1868 
he  held  the  title  of  Adjunct  Professor.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Venereal  Diseases,  but  withdrew  before  the  commencement  of  the  ses- 
sion. In  1873-74,  he  held  the  chair  of  Operative  Surgery.  After  that  he 
withdrew  from  teaching  and  devoted  himself  thenceforth  to  a  very  large 
private  and  consulting  practice.  Dr.  Smith  was  distinguished  for  his  mod- 
esty and  amiability.  He  was  of  a  retiring  disposition,  and  cared  but  little 
for  the  honors  of  the  professoriate.  Lecturing  to  him  was  exceedingly  dis- 
tasteful. He  seldom  resorted  to  the  pen  for  recording  his  experience.  He 
was  a  very  successful  lithotomist,  and  in  1878  was  able  to  report  fifty-two 
successive  successful  cases  of  this  operation,  an  experience  probably  unique 
up  to  that  time.  Writing  to  Professor  S.  D.  Gross,  in  April,  1882,  he 
says  that  he  lost  his  fifty-fourth  and  sixty-seventh  cases,  which,  according  to 
Dr.  Nt  R.  Gorter,  were  all  his  losses  in  his  entire  series  of  one  hundred  and 
twelve  operations.  [See  Gross'  Surgery  and  "Med.  Annals  of  Maryland."] 
He  was  a  Trustee  and  a  Consulting  Surgeon  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  249 

About  this  time  there  was  a  great  diminution  in  the  size  of  the  classes,  as 
shown  by  the  following  figures:  1867-68,  188;  1869-70,  114;  1870-71, 
172;  1872-73,  114;  1873-74,  108;  1874-75,  in;  1875-76,  109.  After 
this  there  was  a  gradual  rise  to  nearly  300.  These  fluctuations  were  prob- 
ably connected  with  the  foundation  of  the  Washington  University  in  1867, 
and  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1872,  and  the  suspension  of 
the  former  in  1877. 

The  addition  of  the  new  wing  greatly  increased  the  clinical  facilities. 
It  was  now  claimed  that  the  Infirmary  had  double  the  capacity  of  any 
similar  institution  in  Baltimore.  The  resident  students  particularly  profited 
by  this  increase.  In  addition  to  the  Lying-in  Department,  a  department  of 
Diseases  of  Children  was  also  established  by  the  transfer  of  the  inmates  of 
St.  Andrew's  Home  for  Children  to  the  Infirmary. 

In  1876  a  "beneficiary  system"  was  formally  announced,  students  who 
were  admitted  to  this  privilege  obtaining  the, tickets  of  the  professors  for 
$35,  which  made  the  "fees  for  the  first  year,  $50,  and  for  the  second  or 
final  year,  $70."  A  number  of  scholarships  were  likewise  annually  be- 
stowed upon  students  who  were  unable  to  pay  full  rates;  the  cost  of  these 
scholarships  was  $60  each.  The  adoption  of  these  innovations  was  attri- 
buted to  the  sharp  competition  between  the  three  medical  schools  then  here, 
for  the  patronage  of  students.  In  1877  the  graduation  fee  was  raised  from 
$20  to  $30. 

Nathan  Ryno  Smith  was  born  in  Cornish,  New  Hampshire,  on  the 
2 1st  of  May,  1797,  being  the  second  son  of  the  great  New  England  Sur- 
geon, Nathan  Smith,  the  founder  of  the  medical  schools  of  Dartmouth  and 
Yale.  After  a  preliminary  training  at  Dartmouth,  he  entered  Yale  as  a 
freshman  in  18 13,  and  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  18 17.  He  then 
spent  a  year  and  a  half  as  tutor  in  Virginia;  it  was  at  this  time  that  he  con- 
ceived the  strong  attachment  to  the  South  which  was  so  conspicuously  dis- 
played during  the  troublous  times  of  the  war  and  throughout  his  entire  life. 
On  returning  from  Virginia,  he  began  the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  1823 


250  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

received  from  Yale  College  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  in  his  in- 
augural thesis  defending  the  view  that  the  effects  of  remedies  and  diseases 
are  the  result  of  absorption  into  the  blood,  and  not  of  an  impression  on  the 
nervous  system,  as  many  eminent  writers  then  maintained.  He  continued 
his  experiments  on  this  subject,  and  his  publications  in  1827  are  referred 
to  by  Dr.  Alfred  Stille,  in  his  work  on  Therapeutics,  vol.  1,  p.  51. 

.  He  began  practice  at  Burlington,  Vermont,  in  1824,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  was  appointed  to  the  Professorship  of  Surgery  and  Anatomy  in 
the  University  of  Vermont,  which  with  the  aid  of  his  father  he  organized. 

In  order  to  fit  himself  more  completely  for  the  role  of  teacher,  he 
spent  the  winter  of  1825-26  at  Philadelphia,  in  attendance  upon  the  lec- 
tures of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  At  this  time  McClellan  and  others 
were  engaged  in  founding  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  and,  being  im- 
pressed with  the  ability  of  Dr.  Smith;  they  invited  him  to  join  them,  and 
offered  him  the  chair  of  Anatomy.  He  accepted,  and  held  the  chair  for 
two  sessions. 

In  1827  he  became  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, in  succession  to  Granville  Sharp  Pattison.  Now  began  that  career  of 
fifty  years  which  made  his  name  a  household  word  throughout  the  State  of 
Maryland,  and  terminated  only  with  his  death.  He  entered  with  zeal  and 
vigor  upon  his  work  here,  and  the  period  was  propitious  for  success,  as 
Davidge  was  withdrawing  from  practice,  and  he  had  but  one  competitor  in 
Jameson.  He  soon  had  the  surgical  practice  of  Baltimore  and  Maryland 
at  his  disposal,  and  his  addition  gave  great  strength  and  eclat  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  where  he  reigned  supreme  for  nearly  a  half  century. 

He  prepared  his  lectures  with  great  care,  and  taught  the  lessons  of 
nature  as  he  saw  it,  being  guided  by  acute  perception  and  strong  common 
sense.  In  character  he  strongly  resembled  his  father,  having  the  same 
earnestness  of  purpose,  the  same  original  and  inventive  mind,  fertile  in  ex- 
pedients, and  unshakled  by  the  dogmas  of  the  schools. 

In  1829  his  father  died,  leaving  to  him  for  many  years  the  support 


PROFESSOR    NATHAN    R.    SMITH. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE 


253 


and  education  of  his  family.  In  the  same  year  appeared  his  work  on 
"Diseases  of  the  Internal  Ear,"  being  a  translation  from  the  French  of 
J.  A.  Saissy,  with  a  supplement  of  twenty  pages  by  himself,  on  "Diseases  of 
the  External  Ear."  In  1830  he  delivered,  by  invitation,  the  annual  oration 
before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  and  he  did  the 
same  thing  again  in  1846.  In  1S30  he  issued  a  monthly  journal,  called 
The  Baltimore  Monthly  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  which  con- 
tinued for  a  year,   and  then  ceased   tor  want  of  support — although   ably 


BUST    ol"    X.    R.    SMITH. 


edited.  This  was  not  Dr.  Smith's  first  experience  in  journalism,  for  he  had 
been  connected  with  two  during  his  short  residence  in  Philadelphia.  It  was, 
however,  his  last  attempt  in  this  field  in  which  many  able  men  have  failed. 
This  journal  is  noteworthy  for  containing  the  first  description  of  "Smith's 
Anterior  Splint."  But  Dr.  Smith  was  for  many  years  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  medical  journals,  and  his  articles  will  be  found  especially  in  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  in  Professor  Geddings'  journals, 


254  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

1833-37,  in  the  Maryland  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1839-43,  in  the 
Maryland  and  Virginia  Medical  Journal,  1856-61,  in  Howard  and  Lati- 
mer's Journal,  1870-71.  In  1832  appeared  his  great  work  in  quarto,  on  the 
"Surgical  Anatomy  of  the  Arteries,"  of  which  a  second  edition  was  issued 
in  1835.  In  1867  he  published  a  small  volume  of  seventy  pages,  giving  a 
description  of  the  method  of  using  his  Anterior  Suspensory  Apparatus  in  the 
Treatment  of  Fractures  of  the  Lower  Extremity,  and  finally  he  issued  a 
little  duodecimo  in  1869  which  bore  the  title:  "Legends  of  the  South,  by 
Somebody,  who  wishes  to  be  considered  Nobody."  Early  in  his  career,  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  writing  a  work  on  Surgery,  with  wood  cuts,  and  he 
composed  from  time  to  time  a  large  part  of  it,  but  it  remained  at  his 
death  among  his  papers  unfinished.  He  probably  contemplated  a  work  on 
the  order  of  "Druitts'  Surgery,"  which  was  his  favorite  text  book. 

In  1837,  when  the  Regents  withdrew  from  the  University  and  estab- 
lished an  independent  school,  Dr.  Smith  took  their  side  and  held  his  chair 
in  their  Faculty  during  the  two  succeeding  sessions,  lecturing  at  the  old 
Indian  Queen  Tavern,  Baltimore  and  Hanover  streets.  But  in  1838  he 
was  offered  and  accepted  the  chair  of  Practice  of  Medicine  in  Transylvania 
University,  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  then  the  leading  medical  school  of  the 
West,  with  a  salary  of  $3,000.  This  was  much  beyond  what  the  other 
members  of  the  Faculty  received,  and  shows  the  high  reputation  which  Dr. 
Smith  then  enjoyed.  Moreover,  his  contract  allowed  him  to  spend  two- 
thirds  of  the  year  at  Baltimore,  where  his  family  continued  to  reside,  and 
where  his  chief  practice  lay.  For  three  years  he  continued  to  travel  West 
each  fall,  returning  at  the  close  of  the  short  four-month  sessions.  But  at 
the  close  of  the  session  of  1840-41  he  resumed  his  chair  at  the  University 
of  Maryland,  which  was  now  recovering  from  its  difficulties,  and  whose 
Faculty  were  eager  for  his  return.  From  this  time  he  dominated  the  pro- 
fession of  the  State;  all  opposition  in  his  special  field  went  down  before 
him,  and  he  was  known  by  his  students  and  colleagues  as  "The  Emperor." 

In  1867  he  paid  his  first  and  only  visit  to  Europe;  he  was  received 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  255 

everywhere  with  the  greatest  deference,  and  on  his  return  he  met  with  an 
ovation  at  the  hands  of  the  Baltimore  profession.  In  1869  he  gave  up  his 
active  work  at  the  University,  and  was  made  Professor  Emeritus  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Faculty.  In  1870  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty,  and  the  following  year  was  re-elected,  special  provision 
being  made  for  this  unusual  honor. 

Not  long  after  this,  painful  disease  and  the  infirmities  of  age  began 
to  oppress  him.  His  declining  years  were  given  to  office  practice,  to  his 
work  on  surgery,  to  the  classics,  especially  Homer  and  Virgil,  and  to  re- 
ligion, in  which  he  found  the  satisfaction  and  peace  which  philosophy  and 
science  had  been  unable  to  offer  him.  He  died  from  an  affection  of  the 
bladder,  on  July  3,  1877,  shortly  after  he  had  completed  his  four-score 
years. 

Professor  Smith  was  a  man  of  commanding  presence,  fully  six  feet  in 
height,  with  clean-shaven  face,  a  well-shaped  Grecian  nose,  long,  thin,  com- 
pressed lips,  piercing  eyes  surrounded  by  shaggy  eye-brows,  a  well-poised 
head,  and  a  long  neck  concealed  by  an  old-fashioned  black  stock  and  stand- 
ing collar.  He  wore  a  frock  coat,  and  dressed  in  black.  He  wasi  near 
sighted  and  wore  glasses.  He  lectured  without  notes,  and  in  slow,  deliber- 
ate fashion,  in  a  voice  of  medium  pitch  and|  distinct,  though  not  strong. 
He  frequently  indulged  in  humor  and  story,  although  he  was  never  coarse, 
profane  or  obscene.  The  portrait  of  him  at  the  University  is  an  admirable 
and  characteristic  likeness.  Professor  Chew  sums  up  his  character  in  these 
words:  "Great  acuteness  of  perception,  an  extraordinary  power  of  adapta- 
tion to  circumstances  as  they  arose,  promptness  of  action  which  sees  what 
is  needed  to  be  done  and  straightway  does  it,  and,  above  all,  indomitable, 
untiring  industry." 

His  reputation  rests  chiefly  upon  his  lithotome  and  anterior  splint. 
With  the  former,  first  published  in  1 83 1 ,  he  operated  about  350  times,  and 
with  extraordinary  success.  It  seems  to  render  the  operation  easy  and 
absolutely  safe.     One  of  the  highest  compliments  paid  it  came  from  a  dis- 


25 6  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

tinguished  Professor  of  Surgery,  who  rather  complainingly  said,  that,  "with 
it,  any  one  could  operate." 

He  himself  regarded  his  anterior  splint,  perfected  in  i860,  as  his  chief 
contribution  to  Surgery,  and  claimed  that  it  was  adapted  to  all  fractures  of 
the  leg  and  thigh.  A  number  of  modifications  of  it  have  been  published, 
showing  its  wide  popularity.  Professor  Smith  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  Princeton  College  in  1862;  he  was  also  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

About  this  time  there  was  a  spring  course  under  the  charge  of  gentle- 
men, four  of  whom  have  since  become  members  of  the  University  Faculty, 
viz.:  Professors  Michael,  Coale,  Winslow  and  Ashby.  It  was  designed  to 
supplement  the  regular  course,  and  was  free  to  students  of  the  University.. 

In  1878,  as  we  learn  from  the  catalogue,  "about  1,200  patients  had 
been  received  and  treated  in  the  wards  of  the  Infirmary,  and  15,000  patients 
had  been  examined  and  prescribed  for  in  the  Dispensary  department. 

In  1879,  that  part  of  the  Infirmary  on  Lombard  street  was  thoroughly 
overhauled,  additional  private  rooms  were  provided,  and  the  Dispensary 
department  was  improved  to  adapt  it  better  to  the  uses  of  the  large  patron- 
age which  it  had  secured  from  the  poor  and  the  numerous  special  depart- 
ments into  which  it  had  developed.  There  were  now  two  paid  physicians 
in  the  institution,  receiving  $600  and  $100  per  annum,  respectively. 

In  1880  several  changes  were  made  in  the  Faculty.  Professor  Donald- 
son resigned  the  chair  of  Physiology,  retaining  only  his  clinical  professor- 
ship. Professor  Miles  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Physiology,  and  Dr. 
J.  Edwin  Michael  was  promoted  to  the  Anatomical  chair.  Dr.  I.  Edmond- 
son  Atkinson  was  made  Clinical  Professor  of  Dermatology. 

Francis  Donaldson  was  born  in  Baltimore,  July  23,  1823,  and  was 
educated  at  Dr.  Prentiss'  School,  near  Baltimore.  He  began  his  medical 
studies  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Samuel  Chew,  and  subsequently  spent  a  year  or 
more  as  interne  at  the  Baltimore  Almshouse.  Here  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  industry,  thoroughness  and  enthusiasm.     Having  graduated  as 


PROFESSOR    FRANCIS    DONALDSON,     M.    D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  259 

Doctor  of  Medicine  at  this  University  in  1846,  he  visited  Europe  for  two 
years,  and  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris  listened  to  those  great  teachers  whom 
he  had  already  learned  to  trust  and  reverence.  He  warmly  embraced  the 
new  rational  medicine  which  was  then  taking  the  place  of  the  old  empiricism 
and  bloodletting.  On  his  return  in  1848,  he  was  appointed  Resident  Phy- 
sician of  the  Marine  Hospital.  After  two  years'  service  in  this  position,  he 
entered  upon  private  practice,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was  devoted  to 
his  practice  and  to  teaching.  From  1852  to  1855  he  was  an  attending 
physician  to  the  Baltimore  Almshouse,  and  from  1858  to  1863  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  in  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy.  In  1866  the 
chair  of  Physiology  was  created  for  him  in  the  University  of  Maryland, 
to  which  Hygiene  and  General  Pathology  were  added,  with  the  clinical 
Professorship  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Chest.  In  1880  he  resigned 
the  didactic  part  of  his  chair,  and  in  1888  retired  from  teaching  altogether. 

Dr.  Donaldson  was  an  expert  in  Physical  Diagnosis,  and  most  of  his 
writings  related  to  the  chest  and  throat.  His  most  important  work  was  a 
section  on  "Diseases  of  the  Pleura,"  in  Pepper's  "System  of  Medicine;" 
he  is  also  author  of  a  fine  memoir  of  Dr.  Charles  Frick,  in  Gross'  "Lives 
of  Eminent  American  Physicians  of  the  Nineteenth  Century." 

Besides  the  positions  named,  he  was  President  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  and  of  the  American  Clinatological  As- 
sociation; Consulting  Physician  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital;  and  for 
many  years  Examining  Physician  to  the  New  York  Mutual  and  other  in- 
surance companies.  He  died  December  9,  1 891,  of  "albuminuria  and  fatty 
heart." 

In  appearance,  Dr.  Donaldson  was  below  the  average  height,  but 
compactly  built.  He  was  a  man  of  active  habits  of  mind  and  body,  and 
had  that  hurried  manner  so  characteristic  of  American  physicians  of  large 
practice.  His  face  was  always  cleanly  shaven.  He  had  a  peculiarly  bright 
expression  and  winning  smile,  and  his  manners  were  charming.  He  was  an 
enthusiastic   student  and  teacher,    and   particularly   in    his    element   in   the 


26o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

clinics.  He  was  a  man  of  earnest  piety,  and  an  ardent  advocate  of  higher 
education. 

In  1880  a  permanent  alumni  association  was  organized  with  Professor 
George  W.  Miltenberger  as  President,  and  the  writer  as  Recording  Secre- 
tary. Several  meetings  were  held,  at  which  there  were  addresses,  collations, 
reading  of  letters  from  distinguished  alumni,  adoption  of  a  constitution  and 
by-laws,  institution  of  prizes,  etc.  The  Association  adopted  as  its  motto,  the 
words:  "Filins  sim  digitus  isle'i  dig/id  parent?,"  which  had  been  proposed 
by  Professor  Miltenberger  in  1844.  The  Association  has  continued  in 
active  operation  to  the  present,  although  it  has  but  one,  the  annual,  meeting. 
Those  who  have  been  Presidents  since  1880  are:  Drs.  J.  R.  Ward,  C. 
Johnston,  James  A.  Steuart,  D.  I.  McKew,  James  Carey  Thomas,  Henry 
M.  Wilson,  Charles  O'Donovan,  Francis  Donaldson,  N.  S.  Lincoln,  H.  P. 
C.  Wilson,  J.  Ford  Thompson,  S.  C.  Chew,  J.  Edwin  Michael,  G.  E.  H. 
Harmon,  G.  W.  Miltenberger,  Isaac  S.  Stone,  Charles  P.  Noble,  Eugene 
F.  Cordell,  R.  H.  Goldsmith,  John  T.  King,  H.  D.  Fry,  B.  Merrill  Hop- 
kinson  and  Howard  E.  Ames.  There  is  an  annual  address,  and  the  evening 
concludes  with  good  cheer,  music  and  toasts.  The  prizes  have  not  been 
kept  up  of  recent  years,  and  the  most  important  result  the  Association  has 
accomplished  is  the  institution  in  1893,  vv'tn  tne  official  sanction  of  the 
Medical  Faculty,  of  an  Endowment  Fund.  This  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  a  chartered  and  independent  Board  of  nine  trustees — all  alumni  of  the 
University.  The  Board  is  limited  to  the  expenditure  of  the  interest  of  the 
Fund,  but  that  in  its  discretion.  The  first  contribution  to  this  Fund  was 
made  in  1897.  In  1903,  at  the  request  of  the  General  Alumni  Association, 
then  founded,  a  new  charter  was  obtained  authorizing  the  Board  to  hold 
funds  for  the  University,  or  any  of  its  departments,  in  like  manner  and 
upon  the  same  conditions  as  it  had  done  for  the  department  of  medicine. 

In  1 88 1  Professor  Atkinson  was  made  Professor  of  Pathology,  Pro- 
fessor Johnston  resigned  the  chair  of  Surgery  and  became  Professor  Em- 
eritus, and  Professor  L.  McLane  Tiffany  succeeded  to  the  chair  of  Surgery. 


*-*». 


PROFESSOR    CHRISTOPHER    JOHNSTON,    M.   D, 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  263 

Christopher  Johnston  was  descended  from  Scotch  ancestry,  ami  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  September  27,  1822.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  lost  his 
father,  and  was  adopted  by  his  aunt.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Mary's  Col- 
lege, and  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  John  Buckler. 
Part  of  his  student  life  was  spent  in  the  Baltimore  Almshouse.  He  received 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  University  in  1844.  In  the  same  year,  he 
visited  Europe,  traveling  extensively.  In  1847  ne  joined  with  Frick  and 
others  in  founding  the  Maryland  Medical  Institute,  a  preparatory  school. 
From  1853  to  1855  he  was  again  in  Europe,  studying  in  the  hospitals  of 
Paris  and  Vienna.  On  his  return  he  became  "Lecturer  on  Experimental 
Physiology  and  Microscopy,"  and  Curator  of  the  Museum  of  the  Univer- 
sity. In  18^7  he  gave  up  this  post  to  take  the  Professorship  of  Anatomy 
in  the  Baltimore  Dental  College,  which  he  held  until  1864,  when  he  was 
made  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  the  University. 

The  battle  of  Gettysburg  was  a  turning  point  in  his  career,  the  atten- 
tions which  he  rendered  to  the  Southern  wounded  on  that  occasion  greatly 
extending  his  fame  and  practice  among  the  people  of  Baltimore. 

In  1869  he  succeeded  Professor  X.  R.  Smith  in  the  chair  of  Surgery, 
and  he  held  this  position  for  twelve  years,  then  retiring  as  Emeritus  Pro- 
fessor. 

Dr.  Johnston  early  manifested  a  strong  taste  for  scientific  study  and 
research,  and  this  continued  throughout  his  life.  He  acquired  great  ex- 
pertness  with  the  microscope,  and  was  a  skilful  artist.  One  of  his  earliest 
papers  was  upon  the  "Auditory  Apparatus  of  the  Mosquito,"  and  was 
published  in  the  London  Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  in 
1855.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  scientific  and  medical  literature, 
his  largest  work  being  that  on  "Plastic  Surgery,"  in  Ashhurst's  "Inter- 
national Encyclopedia  of  Surgery,"   1881. 

Dr.  Johnston  was  slow  and  careful  in  his  operations,  ingenious  in  de- 
vising expedients,  and  paid  great  attention  to  detail  and  to  cosmetic  effect. 
He  gave  as  much  care  to  the  poor  as  to  the  rich.     He  was  the  first  in  Mary- 


264  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

land  to  perform  complete  extirpation  of  the  upper  jaw  (1873),  and  ex- 
strophy of  the  hladder  (1876),  and  was  highly  successful  in  tracheotomy. 
He  deeply  loved  his  profession,  and  was  ever  foremost  in  defending  it  and 
in  promoting  its  interests.  He  assisted  in  founding  many  societies,  and 
held  the  Presidency  in  all  the  important  local  ones,  including  the  Maryland 
Academy  of  Sciences  and  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty,  and  he  was 
Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  and  other  hospitals.  He  took 
a  deep  interest  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  its  museums  and  labora- 
tories, and  on  his  death  bequeathed  to  it  his  medical  and  surgical  instru- 
ments, his  microscopical  cabinet,  his  cabinet  of  crystals,  and  his  library. 
Succeeding  Professor  Smith  in  the  chair  of  Surgery,  he  also  succeeded  him  in 
his  leadership,  and  from  1870  to  1890  he  was  unquestionably  the  head  of 
the  Baltimore  profession. 

He  visited  Europe  five  times,  on  the  last  occasion — 1886 — traveling 
through  Russia,  Norway  and  Sweden. 

Dr.  Johnston's  personal  appearance  was  striking,  with  his  command- 
ing figure  and  graceful  carriage,  his  large  and  classic  head,  his  red  hair  and 
full  red  beard,  his  small  hands  and  feet,  and  neat  attire,  his  formal  manner 
and  precise  speech.  Professional  honor  and  ethics  found  their  highest  ex- 
ponent in  him.  He  was  master  of  the  French  and  German  languages.  He 
died  October  11,  1891,  having  been  in  bad  health  for  some  months  pre- 
viously. 

In  1 88 1  the  session  was  lengthened  to  five  and  one-half  months. 
In    1883    Professor  Aikin   resigned,    and    was   pensioned   and   created 
Professor   Emeritus.      R.    Dorsey    Coale,    Ph.    D.,    became   Professor   of 
Chemistry. 

William  E.  A.  Aikin  was  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  was 
born  in  the  same  year  in  which  the  University  of  Maryland  began  its 
career — 1807.  He  graduated  at  the  Renssalaer  Institute  on  the  Hudson, 
where  he  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  the  instruction  and  inspiring  example 
of  Professor  Amos  Eaton,  A.  M.,  LL.  D,     He  commenced  his  professional 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  265 

life,  in  common  with  a  vast  majority  of  medical  men  at  that  day,  as  a 
licentiate  of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society.  Soon  after  entering 
upon  practice,  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  Ver- 
mont Academy  of  Medicine,  and  in  1843  he  was  further  complimented  with 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Georgetown  University. 

His  career  as  a  practitioner  of  medicine  was  very  brief.  A  dislike  for 
the  drudgery  of  a  country  practice,  co-operating  with  his  early  predilections 
for  natural  science,  soon  determined  his  choice  "to  throw  physic  to  the 
dogs"  and  begin  his  life  as  a  teacher  of  science.  In  this  occupation  he  was 
laboriously  occupied  for  over  half  a  century,  apparently  finding  it  as  full  of 
interest  at  the  end  as  when  he  first  commenced. 

He  became  a  resident  of  Maryland  in  1832,  and  his  first  connection 
with  the  University  was  as  assistant  to  Professor  Ducatel,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Chemistry,  during  the  session  of  1836-37.  Professor  D.  resigning 
that  chair  in  the  summer  of  1837,  he  was  elected  in  October  of  that  year 
to  fill  the  vacancy,  and  he  discharged  the  duties  of  it  until  his  withdrawal 
as  Emeritus  Professor  in  1883.  He  was  Dean  of  the  Faculty  in  1840-41 
and  1844-55,  and  he  also  held  the  Posit'ons  or  Professor  of  Natural  Phil- 
osophy in  the  School  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  of  Lecturer  in  the  Maryland 
Institute,  and  of  City  Inspector  of  Gas  and  Illuminating  Oils. 

His  death  was  sudden  and  unexpected,  but  such  as  he  had  desired. 
Having  retired,  so  far  as  known,  in  perfect  health,  he  was  found  dead  in 
bed  on  the  morning  of  May  31,  1888,  in  his  room  on  Courtland  street, 
where  he  resided.  He  was  at  that  time  still  erect  and  unbent  by  years,  of 
fine  and  commanding  presence,  six  feet  one  inch  in  height,  with  a  long, 
flowing  white  beard  and  a  most  venerable  appearance.  He  was  neat  in 
dress,  systematic  and  industrious,  of  simple  and  abstemious  habits,  and 
modest  and  retiring  disposition.  His  knowledge  of  his  profession  was  ex- 
tensive and  exact,  and  he  took  great  pride  in  his  experiments.  He  wore 
glasses  on  account  of  near-sightedness.  He  never  indulged  in  detraction 
of  others,  no  matter  what  the  provocation. 


266  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

He  was  well  provided  for  in  his  last  years,  his  income  amounting  to 
$2,000,  and  he  had  only  himself  to  support,  his  wife  having  died,  and  his 
surviving  children  being  self-supporting.  He  was  a  devoted  Catholic,  and 
gave  to  charity  the  larger  part  of  his  income.  He  was  twice  married,  and 
had  fourteen  children  by  each  wife. 

Although  so  long  estranged  from  strictly  medical  pursuits,  he  kept  up 
his  connection  with  State  and  national  societies.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  He  con- 
tributed articles  on  chemical,  geological,  botanical  and  mineralogical  sub- 
jects to  Silliman's  Journal,  Maryland  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  etc., 
and  was  the  author  of  a  valuable  list  of  plants  found  around  Baltimore, 
which  he  contributed  to  Vol.  I,  of  the  "Transactions  of  the  Maryland 
Academy  of  Science  and  Literature."  His  introductory  lectures  at  the 
University  in  1837  and  1840  were  also  published  by  his  classes. 

In  1886  Professor  S.  C.  Chew  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  Professor  McSherry,  and 
Professor  Atkinson  was  transferred  from  the  chair  of  Pathology  to  that  of 
Materia  Medica. 

Richard  McSherry,  the  son  of  a  physician  of  the  same  name,  was 
born  in  Martinsburg,  Virginia,  November  21,  18 17.  He  was  educated 
at  Georgetown  College,  and  attended  medical  lectures  at  the  Universities  of 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  receiving  his  degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  latter 
in  1  841.  He  then  entered  the  army,  serving  in  it  for  one  year  in  the  Florida 
War  as  Assistant  Surgeon.  In  1842,  he  was  transferred  to  the  navy,  being 
Assistant  Surgeon,  and  later  Surgeon  during  the  following  ten  years.  Dur- 
ing this  period  he  traveled  extensively  in  various  countries  and  climates, 
acquiring  a  large  experience,  both  professional  and  general.  He  took  part 
under  General  Scott  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  being  a  master  of  the  Span- 
ish language  and  enjoying  peculiarly  good  opportunities  during  the  occupa- 
tion of  Mexico  for  observing  the  habits  and  customs  of  the  people  of  that 


Professor  Richard  McSherry,  M.  D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  269 

country,  he  wrote  a  book  embodying  his  experience,  entitled,  "II  Puchero,  or 
A  Mixed  Dish  from  Mexico,"  Philadelphia,  1850. 

In  185  1  he  resigned  his  commission  and  entered  upon  private  practice 
in  Baltimore.  In  1862  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica,  to 
fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  Professor  Warren  having  gone  South,  and 
the  following  year  he  became  Professor  of  the  same  branch  in  the  Univer- 
sity. On  the  death  of  Professor  Samuel  Chew,  at  the  close  of  1863,  he 
succeeded  to  the  chair  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine.  He  continued  in  this 
position  until  his  death  from  phthisis  pulmonalis,  October  7,  1885. 

Dr.  McSherry  was  the  author  of  a  large  number  of  lectures,  mono- 
graphs and  articles  in  the  medical  journals,  and,  besides  the  volume  already 
mentioned,  of  two  volumes,  one  entitled  "Essays  and  Lectures  on  Various 
Subjects,"  Baltimore,  1869;  the  other,  "Health,  and  How  to  Promote  It," 
New  York,  first  edition,  1879,  second  edition,  1883. 

As  a  writer,  his  style  was  simple  but  vigorous.  He  wrote  good  Eng- 
lish, and  was  fond  of  apt  classical  quotations.  His  knowledge  and  reading 
were  extensive  and  encyclopaedic.  His  articles  were  practical  in  character, 
and  exhibited  close  observation  and  judicious  thinking.  As  a  teacher  he 
was  safe,  and  inclined  strongly  to  conservatism.  His  language  was  per- 
spicuous and  sententious.  His  mind  was  ever  open  for  the  reception  of  new 
truths.  His  manners  were  quiet,  unostentatious  and  grave.  He  had  a 
genial  disposition,  which,  combined  with  a  transparent  sincerity  and  the 
strictest  conscientiousness,  secured  for  him  the  affectionate  regard  and  es- 
teem of  his  associates  and  pupils.  He  was  particularly  polite  and  con- 
descending to  the  young  graduates.  He  was  a  strict  Catholic,  but  his 
religion  was  never  obtrusive.  Among  professional  honors  which  he  held, 
were  first  President  of  the  Baltimore  Academy  of  Medicine,  1877-79,  of 
which  he  was  a  founder,  and  President  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland,  1883-84. 

About  this  time  a  movement  was  set  on  foot  for  the  establishment  of 
a  Lying-in  Hospital  in  the  vicinity  of  the  University,  which  was  consum- 


270  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

mated  in  May,  1887.  This  is  under  the  charge  of  the  Professor  of  Ob- 
stetrics as  "Director,"  a  Chief  of  Clinic,  and  four  Resident  Physicians.  It 
has  thirty  beds,  and  is  in  a  flourishing  condition,  being  assisted  by  an  un- 
conditional annual  appropriation  from  the  Legislature  of  $2,500.  Ac- 
cording to  the  last  annual  report,  May,  1906,  the  number  of  confinements 
in  the  hospital  during  the  year  was  252 ;  and  the  number  in  the  Out-Patient 
Department  642 ;  total  894.  Average  number  of  cases  seen  by  each  student 
of  the  graduating  class  25. 

In  1888  an  improvement  made  in  the  seating  arrangements  was  in- 
troduced into  the  lecture  rooms,  which  has  added  immensely  to  the  comfort 
of  the  students.  This  was  the  introduction  of  patent  folding-back  chairs. 
Earlier  alumni,  who  used  to  sit  for  hours  perched  upon  the  backs  of  the 
hard  benches, — as  has  been  said,  "like  crows  on  the  branches  of  a  tree" — 
will  fully  appreciate  how  much  their  successors  are  to  be  envied  in  this 
respect.  During  the  winter  of  1889-90  the  growing  demand  for  the  ser- 
vices of  trained  nurses  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Training  School  for 
Nurses.  It  was  placed  in  charge  of  an  experienced  lady  superintendent  who 
had  seen  service  in  St.  Thomas'  Hospital,  London,  and  also  in  the  field,  and 
instruction  was  given  by  members  of  the  Faculty.  For  the  accommodation 
of  this  service  a  building  was  erected  in  the  rear  of  the  Hospital  at  a  cost 
of  $10,000. 

In  April,  1890,  Professor  Miltenberger  retired,  and  Professor  Michael 
was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Obstetrics. 

George  Warner  Miltenberger  was  born  in  Baltimore,  March  17, 
1 8 19.  He  was  educated  at  the  Boisseau  Academy  and  the  University  of 
Virginia.  He  was  graduated  in  medicine  from  this  University  in  1840. 
That  he  was  a  good  student  and  had  attracted  the  favorable  notice  of  the 
Faculty  is  shown  by  his  selection,  upon  graduation,  as  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy,  and  also  by  his  selection  in  the  spring  of  1842  upon  the  responsi- 
ble and  delicate  mission  of  visiting  New  England  to  test  Dr.  Roby's  ability 
as  a  lecturer  upon  Anatomy.     His  ability  as  a  lecturer  and  his  industry  and 


MATERNITK  hospital, 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  273 

attention  to  duty  led  to  the  further  honor  of  a  lectureship  on  Pathological 
Anatomy  in  1847.  For  several  years  he  also  had  a  large  quiz  class,  and  a 
surgical  service  in  the  Hospital.  Thus  he  taught  almost  everything,  and 
laid  broad  and  deep  the  foundations  of  solid  attainments  in  the  various 
branches  of  medicine. 

In  1849  ne  was  appointed  Attending  Physician  to  the  Baltimore  City 
and  County  Almshouse,  and  in  1852  succeeded  Professor  Samuel  Chew  in 
the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  i herapeutics.  In  1855  he  was  made 
Dean  of  the  t  acuity,  and  in  1858  succeeded  Professor  Thomas  in  the 
chair  of  Obstetrics.  Here  he  became  pre-eminent  as  a  teacher  and  busy  prac- 
titioner, .tiis  close  application  to  his  protessional  work,  was  notorious;  he 
did  his  reading  in  his  carriage,  and  enjoyed  but  little  rest  or  recreation. 
Jt  was  said  at  one  time,  that  he  had  eighteen  horses  in  his  service.  He 
gave  up  all  amusements  and  all  social  pleasures,  church  services  and  holi- 
days; indeed,  lor  many  years  he  seemed  to  live  only  tor  the  good  of  his 
patients. 

He  was  a  ready  and  pleasing  lecturer — lecturing  always  without  notes 
— and  impressing  his  hearers  with  his  honesty,  his  sincerity,  and  his  mas- 
tery of  his  subject.  He  also  lirst  urged  the  use  ot  the  opthalmoscope  upon 
the  profession  of  Baltimore,  and  he  lirst  suggested  the  "lapactic  pill,"  as 
made  by  Messrs.  Sharp  and  Dohme.  in  1891  he  ottered  his  resignation 
for  the  second  time,  when  it  was  accepted,  and  he  was  made  Professor 
Emeritus  and  Honorary  President  of  the  Faculty,  having  completed  his 
half  century  in  the  service  of  the  School. 

Dr.  Miltenberger  was  President  of  the  Baltimore  Obstetrical  and 
Gynaecological  Society  in  1885-86;  President  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgi- 
cal  Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1886-87,  and  was  appointed  Consulting  Physi- 
cian to  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  on  its  opening  in  1889.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  motto  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  School  of  Medicine: 
"Films  sim  digitus  hid  dignd  parente,"  which  he  himself  so  well  illustrated. 
In  earlier  years,   Dr.   Miltenberger  aspired  to  be  a  surgeon,   but  on 


274  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

his  accession  to  the  chair  of  Ohstetrics  his  attention  was  turned  in  that 
direction,  and  all  his  later  writings  were  upon  that  subject.  His  writings 
are  to  be  found  in  the  Maryland  Medical  Journal  and  the  Transactions  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland.  On  April  30,  1906,  a 
portrait  of  him  was  presented  by  his  friends  to  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty,  with  an  impressive  presentation  speech  by  Dr.  Chew,  and  reply  by 
himself. 

His  wife  died  in  1898,  and  he  left  no  direct  descendants.  At  his  death 
he  was  possessed  of  a  large  fortune,  which  he  bequeathed  to  his  nephews 
and  nieces. 

In  1 89 1  Dr.  Randolph  Winslow,  who  had  been  Leeturer,  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  position  of  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Clinical  Surgery.  The 
importance  of  histology,  as  a  special  branch  of  instruction,  was  recognized 
by  the  appointment  of  a  demonstrator  of  that  branch  and  the  equipment  of 
a  laboratory,  in  which  Normal  and  Pathological  Histology  and  Bacteri- 
ology were  made  compulsory  upon  the  student  in  the  graded  course,  which 
now  took  the  place  of  the  old  two-year  course. 

This  graded  three-year  course,  the  first  great  step  in  the  revolution  that 
began  about  this  time  in  medical  education,  and  extended  over  the  entire 
country,  and  is  still  in  active  operation,  took  effect  at  the  beginning  of  the 
session  of  1891-92.  All  matriculates,  who  could  not  present  certificates  of 
proficiency,  were  required  to  pass  a  preliminary  examination  in  English  and 
Elementary  Physics.  The  following  is  the  prospectus  of  the  medical  course 
as  outlined  at  this  time:  "During  the  first  year  attendance  is  required  upon 
the  lectures  in  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Chemistry  and  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics,  and  upon  the  Laboratories  ol  Chemistry  and  Normal  His- 
tology. Dissection  is  also  required.  During  the  second  year  the  studies 
of  the  first  year  are  continued,  and  in  addition  the  courses  in  General  Medi- 
cine, General  Surgery,  Obstetrics,  Gynecology  and  Diseases  of  Children, 
and  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  must  be  taken.  Dissections  and  labora- 
tory work   in   normal   and   pathological    histology    are   also    required,    and 


I'Kiil-'ESMiK   GEORGE    WARNER    MILTENBERGER,    M.    D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  277 

attendance  upon  the  general  and  special  clinics  is  obligatory.  At  the  end 
of  the  second  term  the  student,  before  being  admitted  to  the  third  year's 
class,  must  stand  final  examinations  in  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Chemistry  and 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics.  He  must  also  produce  evidence  that 
his  work  in  the  dissecting  room  and  laboratories  has  been  satisfactory. 
Should  he  fail  to  pass  a  successful  examination  in  any  of  these  branches,  a 
second  opportunity  will  be  offered  him  before  the  opening  of  the  regular 
session  in  the  autumn;  failing  in  this,  the  studies  for  the  second  year  must 
be  repeated.  The  studies  of  the  third  year  embrace  Practice  of  Medicine, 
General  Surgery,  Obstetrics,  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  and  Di- 
seases of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  and  Pathology — gross  and  miscroscopic.  At- 
tendance upon  the  various  clinics  is  obligatory.  At  the  end  of  the  third 
session,  the  student  is  admitted  to  the  final  examinations,  in  Practice  of 
Medicine,  Surgery,  Obstetrics,  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  and  Di- 
seases of  the  Eye  and  Ear,  and  upon  passing  successfully  in  these  branches, 
he  will  be  admitted  to  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  Demonstrations 
in  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Pathology — for  which  an  abundance  of  ma- 
terial is  furnished  free  of  charge — also  form  an  important  part  of  the 
course."  This  represents  the  first  crude  effort  to  lengthen  the  period  of 
study  beyond  two  years  and  to  grade  the  curriculum,  that  had  been  made 
since  the  foundation  of  the  School  in  1807.  Hitherto  there  had  been  the 
same  repetition  of  lectures  and  instruction  year  after  year,  to  which  be- 
ginners as  well  as  advanced  students  were  required  to  conform.  It  seems 
scarcely  possible  to  realize  that  such  great  and  varied  changes  have  taken 
place  within  the  short  period  of  fifteen  years. 

It  is  proper  to  state  that  the  adoption  of  the  three-year  graded  course 
bv  the  Faculty  of  Physic  of  this  University  took  place  as  early  as  December, 
1889,  to  have  effect  in  the  fall  of  1891,  and  that  this  was  done  indepen- 
dently of  the  conference  of  Baltimore  Medical  Colleges,  which  was  held 
some  weeks  later,  and  of  the  founding  ol  the  American  Medical  College 
Association,  which  took  place  at  Nashville,  in  the  following  May.      It  is 


278  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

clear,  therefore,  that  the  Faculty  of  Physic  of  that  date  must  have  been 
guided  by  a  high  public  spirit  and  disinterested  motives,  in  being  among 
the  very  earliest  pioneers  in  this  advance  movement.*  And  this  will 
appear  the  more  evident  from  the  fact  that  it  was  regarded  as  "suicidal" 
for  any  school  at  that  time  to  take  this  step.**  The  introduction  of  the 
three-year  course  by  the  American  Medical  College  Association  did  not 
take  effect  until  the  fall  of  1892,  a  year  after  its  introduction  by  the  School 
of  Medicine  of  this  University. 

The  fees  for  the  three-year  course  amounted  to  $305.  It  is  of  interest 
to  note  that,  at  this  time,  eighteen  positions  in  hospitals  were  open  to  gradu- 
ates. The  scholarships  ceased  after  the  session  of  1891-92.  This  session 
was  six  months  in  length,  an  increase  of  half  a  month  over  the  previous 
one. 

The  session  of  1892-93  was  again  lengthened  by  a  half  month,  making 
six  and  a  half  months.  The  preliminary  examination  was  modified  to 
accord  with  the  rules  of  the  Association  of  American  Medical  Colleges, 
and  comprised  an  English  Composition,  "Easy"  Latin  Prose,  Higher  Arith- 
metic and  Elementary  Physics. 

In  the  catalogue  of  1893,  stress  is  laid  upon  the  laboratories  of  Chem- 
istry, Histology,  Pathology  and  Bacteriology.  A  very  full  curriculum  of 
studies  is  given,  in  which  we  note  especially  the  weekly  "Demonstration" 
in  Physiology  in  the  first  and  second  year,  the  "six  hours  for  two  months" 
work  in  Normal  Histology  to  first  year  men,  and  the  similar  course  in  Patho- 
logical Histology  and  Bacteriology  to  third  year  men,  the  practical  labora- 
tory work  in  chemistry  under  Dr.  Thomas  R.  Brown,  and  the  "ward  in- 
struction in  class  sections  "  in  the  Hospital,  "in  the  dressing  of  wounds,  the 
application  of  splints,  plaster  jackets  and  other  appliances,  and  in  the 
use     of     the     opthalmoscope,     laryngoscope,     etc."      The     Hospital     has 


*SeeMd.  Med.  II.,  Jan.  11,  1896.  for  author's  account  of  the  Founding  of  the    American 
.Medical  College  Association. 

**See  Dr.   A.   Friedenwald's  statement  of  the  opinion  of  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  &  Surgeons  to  that  effect  in  the  paper  just  quoted. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  270 

three  resident  physicians  and  twenty-four  resident  students,  and  .  has 
had  [,508  patients  during  the  year,  with  600  operations  and  in  its 
Dispensary  Department  has  registered  23,414  visits  of  patients.  The  thor- 
ough training  in  the  Lying-in  Hospital  by  Professor  Michael  and  Dr. 
Batchelor  is  fully  detailed,  and  the  statement  is  made  that,  in  the  preceding 
session,  each  graduate  had  witnessed  ten  discs  of  labor. 

It  was  in  this  year  that  the  Permanent  Endowment  Fund  was  in- 
augurated by  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  Medical  School  with  the  formal 
sanction  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic.  The  following  were  elected  to  constitute 
the  first  Trustees  of  the  Fund:  Frank  Frick,  Richard  McSherry,  Lawrason 
Riggs,  Thomas  W.  Flail,  S.  C.  Chew,  J.  Edwin  Michael,  H.  M.  Wilson, 
E.  F.  Cordell  and  Charles  O'Donovan.  As  directed,  these  gentlemen  ob- 
tained a  charter,  which  gives  them  perpetual  and  independent  succession,  and 
secures  the  principal  of  the  Fund  intact  forever.  L'p  to  1903  the  subscrip- 
tions were  for  the  Medical  School  only;  after  that  they  were  extended  to  the 
University  at  large. 

The  School  met  with  a  great  misfortune  at  5  p.  m.  on  the  2d  of  De- 
cember, 1893,  by  a  fire,  which  entirely  destroyed  the  fine  new  Laboratory 
Building,  erected  during  the  summer  upon  the  site  of  Practice  Hall.  This 
building  had  just  been  completed,  and  afforded  excellent  and  much-needed 
accommodations  for  the  instruction  in  Histology,  Pathology,  Chemistry 
and  Anatomy,  a  reading  room,  and  ample  modern  toilet  conveniences.  The 
lire  began  in  a  large  six-story  warehouse  facing  on  Paca  street,  but  abutting 
on  the  Laboratory  Building  in  the  rear.  In  three  hours,  damage  had  been 
done  to  the  amount  of  over  $360,000.  The  main  building  of  the  Univer- 
sity was  in  great  danger  and  was  slightly  damaged.  Most  of  the  apparatus 
was  saved  by  the  students  who  also  removed  the  library  and  furniture  from 
the  Law  Building.  On  the  upper  floor,  where  the  dissecting  room  was,  were 
eleven  bodies,  among  them  that  of  old  Perry,  the  former  Janitor,  who  was 
implicated  in  the  famous  Emily  Brown  "Burking"  case.  1  he  Baltimore 
Medical  College  very  generously  offered  its  rooms  in  the  emergency,  but 


280  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

they  were  declined  as  unneeded.  Lectures  were  continued  in  the  Clinical 
Amphitheatre  at  the  Hospital,  and  laboratory  work  was  carried  on  in  the 
Dental  Building.      Rebuilding  was  not  begun  until  the  following  spring. 

In  the  same  year  the  University  Medical  Society  was  founded.  It  is 
still  in  active  operation.  Dr.  C.  W.  McElfresh  being  its  present  President. 
Meetings  are  held  monthly  and  are  well  attended.  It  may  be  mentioned 
here  that  a  medical  society — the  "Medical.  Society  of  Baltimore" — was 
founded  at  the  University  in  1812,  Professor  Potter  being  President.  Dip- 
lomas of  this  organization  are  extant.  A  "Maryland  University  Club" 
was  organized  in  October,  1871,  in  opposition  to  the  "Rush  Club."  It  died 
within  two  years.  There  is  a  small  "Anatomical  Society,"  composed  of 
those  persons  connected  with  the  Department  of  Anatomy,  which  was 
founded  we  believe  by  Professor  Michael.  In  1889  it  had  a  small  museum 
of  its  own. 

With  the  session  of  1894-95  the  fees  for  the  entire  course  were  raised 
to  $365. 

In  1895  Dr.  Walter  B.  Piatt's  name  drops  out  as  Demonstrator  of 
Surgery.  Mention  is  due  to  the  event  on  account  of  his  long  and  faithful 
service  in  the  institution,  which  will  never  cease  to  be  appreciated  by  those 
who  had  the  good  fortune  to  study  under  him. 

With  the  beginning  of  the  session  of  1895-96,  the  four-year  require- 
ment was  introduced,  and  here  again  the  University  took  the  lead,  as  it  had 
in  the  introduction  of  the  three-year  course.  The  following  explanation 
will  show  that  this  was  done  voluntarily,  and  not  without  considerable 
sacrifice.  The  American  Medical  College  Association  had  intended  that 
all  of  its  members  should  adopt  it  at  this  time.  Unfortunately,  a  faulty 
wording  of  the  rule  providing  for  it  led  to  unexpected  delay.  The  rule 
read:  "Candidates  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1899  and 
thereafter  shall  have  pursued  the  study  of  medicine  for  four  years,"  etc. 
Literally  construed,  these  words  did  not  forbid  the  graduation  of  matricu- 
lates of  189;  in   1898,     This  flaw  does  not  seem  to  have  been  noticed  at 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  281 

the  meeting  of  the  Association  held  in  the  spring  of  1895,  and  it  was  then 
generally  understood  and  repeatedly  asserted  that  the  four-year  course 
would  become  obligatory  in  the  ensuing  fall.  The  discovery  was  soon 
made,  however,  and  many  schools  took  advantage  of  it.  Others  had  pub- 
lished their  adoption  of  the  fourth  year  before  this  interpretation  was  an- 
nounced, and  among  them  was  this  School.  It  is  with  pride  that  the  writer 
recalls,  that,  although  on  the  19th  of  October,  1895,  tne  Judicial  Council 
of  the  American  Medical  College  Association,  in  view  of  the  verbal  defect, 
gave  its  sanction  to  the  Colleges  to  graduate  matriculates  of  the  session  of 
1895-96  in  1898,  this  School  persevered  in  its  determination  in  good  faith 
and  without  regard  to  consequences. 

In  the  four-year  curriculum  we  note  a  lengthening  in  the  laboratory 
work,  and  the  addition  of  embryology  and  pharmacy  as  "laboratory"  sub- 
jects. The  first  two  years  are  devoted  entirely  to  didactic  work,  while  clini- 
cal work  preponderates  in  the  third  and  fourth.  Advanced  standing  was 
allowed  to  graduates  in  Chemistry  and  Biology,  and  of  colleges  of  Homoeo- 
pathy, Eclectic  Medicine,  Dentistry,  Pharmacy  and  Veterinary  Medicine. 
The  contrast  between  the  curriculum  of  this  year,  and  that  <>l  1890-91  — 
a  period  of  only  five  years — is  astonishing. 

A  serious  loss  to  the  School  and  the  University  was  sustained  by  the 
death  of  Professor  Michael,  on  December  7,  1905. 

Jacob  Edwin  Michael  was  born  at  Michaelsville,  Harford  County, 
Maryland,  on  the  13th  of  May,  1848.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Timothy's 
Hall,  Catonsville,  Newark  Academy,  Delaware,  and  at  Princeton  College, 
taking  the  degree  of  A.  B.  at  the  last-named  in  1871.  He  then  entered  the 
University  of  Maryland,  where  he  graduated  M.  D.  in  1873.  The  next 
year  he  spent  abroad,  chiefly  in  Wurzburg  and  Vienna,  and  in  traveling 
over  Europe.  On  his  return  in  1874,  he  was  made  Demonstrator  of  Anat- 
omy, which  office  he  held  for  six  years.  He  was  then  advanced  to  the  Pro- 
fessoriate of  Anatomy,  and  he  continued  in  this  until    [890,  when  he  sue- 


282  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

ceeded  Professor  Miltenberger  in  the  chair  of  Obstetrics.  His  death  was 
due  to  Bright's  Disease,  from  which  he  had  suffered  for  about  two  years. 

Dr.  Michael  was  a  man  of  no  ordinary  proportions,  mental  or 
physical.  He  was  of  herculean  stature  and  strength,  and  as  a  student  was 
distinguished  for  skill  in  athletic  pursuits.  At  the  time  of  his  graduation  at 
Princeton,  when  in  thorough  physical  training,  he  was  probably  the  most 
superb  specimen  of  physical  manhood  ever  seen  there.  He  was  always 
proud  of  his  great  physical  vigor,  and  was  reluctant  in  his  last  years  to  accept 
the  evidence  of  chronic  disease  undermining  his  superb  physique  with  the 
certainty  and  relentlessness  of  fate. 

As  a  medical  student  he  was  greatly  admired,  and  easily  took  the  lead 
among  his  classmates.  As  a  surgeon  he  was  cool,  painstaking  and  skilful, 
and  took  a  high  rank  as  an  operator.  As  a  teacher  he  was  popular  and 
successful,  having  a  fine  delivery  and  ready  command  of  language.  He 
was  a  thoughtful  observer,  and  possessed  a  clear  judgment  and  a  large  and 
accurate  fund  of  knowledge.  He  acquired  knowledge  with  ease,  and,  while 
firm  in  his  opinions,  was  broad,  liberal  and  tolerant. 

He  continued  actively  engaged  in  his  duties  to  the  last,  hopeful  and 
courageous,  and  bearing  his  burden  patientlv  and  unselfishly,  when  men  of 
less  courage  and  pride  would  have  sought  relief  in  rest.  Fev*  except  his 
intimate  friends  knew  of  the  serious  condition  of  his  health. 

Dr.  Michael  held  for  several  years  the  Deanship  of  the  Faculty;  he 
had  also  been  editor  of  the  Maryland  Medical  Journal,  President  of  several 
of  the  local  societies,  of  the  Princeton  Alumni  Association,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  President  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Mary- 
land. 

During  Professor  Michael's  illness,  Dr.  C.  W.  Mitchell  gave  the  in- 
struction in  his  department.  Upon  the  death  of  the  latter,  Dr.  L.  Ernest 
Wale  became  Professor  of  Obstetrics,  and  Dr.  C.  W.  Mitchell  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  new  chair  of  Materia  Medica,  created  by  a  division  of  Profes- 
sor Atkinson's  chair.     Professor  Chisolm  at  the  same  time  became  Emeritus 


PROFESSOR    J.    EDWIN     MICHAEL,    A.    M..    M.    I> 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  285 

Professor  of  Eye  and  Ear  Diseases,  and  Dr.  Hiram  Woods  became  clinical 
Professor  of  this  department. 

During  the  summer  of  1896,  the  new  Hospital  was  begun  upon  the 
site  of  the  old  Infirmary,  the  greater  portion  of  which  was  demolished.  The 
new  building  was  constructed  of  brick  and  Tennessee  limestone,  in  the 
Colonial  style,  and  fronting  175  feet  on  Lombard  street.  The  cost  was 
about  $70,000.  It  was  supplied  with  the  most  modern  and  approved  sys- 
tems of  heating,  ventilation,  etc.,  and  equipped  with  all  the  modern  re- 
quirements and  conveniences  for  the  care  of  the  sick  and  for  clinical 
instruction.  It  has  190  beds.  There  is  a  post-mortem  building  in  connec- 
tion with  it,  especially  constructed  with  a  view  to  the  instruction  of  students. 
Immigrants  are  sent  here  for  treatment,  and  both  city  and  State  maintain 
many  charity  beds.  The  new  Hospital  was  completed  in  1897.  Notice  is 
made  at  this  time  that  each  graduate  had  seen  fourteen  cases  of  labor. 

Julian  John  Chisolm  was  a  native  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
where  he  was  born  April  16,  1830.  He  received  his  medical  degree  from 
the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina  in  1850.  He  then  pur- 
sued his  medical  studies  in  London  and  Paris.  Returning,  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  Faculty  of  his  Alma  Mater  as  an  instructor  in  Surgery.  He 
held  the  chair  of  Surgery  in  it  from  1858  to  1869.  He  received  the  first 
medical  appointment  in  South  Carolina  during  the  Civil  War,  and  treated 
the  first  wounded  during  that  conflict  at  Fort  Sumter.  He  was  a  Surgeon, 
holding  high  rank,  in  the  Confederate  Army,  1861-65.  In  1868  he  moved 
to  Baltimore  and  took  up  the  specialty  of  the  Eye  and  Ear.  In  the  same 
year  he  became  Professor  of  Military  and  Operative  Surgery  in  this  School, 
and  a  year  later  his  chair  received  the  title  of  Operative  Surgery  and  Clini- 
cal Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear.  In  1873  the  former  part  of 
his  title  was  dropped,  and  also  the  word  "Clinical."  In  1894  he  went 
abroad,  and  in  September,  while  there,  was  attacked  with  a  stroke  of  apo- 
plexy and  aphasia.  He  recovered  sufficiently  to  resume  work  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  but  in  1896  was  retired  as  Professor  Emeritus.     In  1898  he  left 


286  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Baltimore  and  the  remaining  years  of  his  life  were  passed  in  obscurity  at 
Petersburg,  Virginia,  where  he  died  on  November  i,  1903. 

In  1 87 1,  Dr.  Chisolm  founded  the  Baltimore  Eye  and  Ear  Institute, 
with  twenty  free  beds.  Later,  in  1877,  he  founded  the  Presbyterian  Char- 
ity Eye,  Ear  and  Throat  Free  Hospital,  which  was  dedicated  at  77  East 
Baltimore  street,  on  March  26,  1883.  This,  which  is  one  of  the  largest 
hospitals  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  may  be  looked  upon  as  Dr.  Chisolm's 
chief  monument.     About  12,000  patients  are  treated  in  it  annually. 

Dr.  Chisolm  was  of  medium  figure  and  height,  with  regular  features, 
mustache  and  short  beard.  He  had  a  quick,  intelligent  and  piercing  eye. 
His  movements  were  very  active,  and  his  words  and  actions  betokened 
energy  and  resolution.  He%as  a  cool,  swift  and  skilful  operator,  and  thor- 
oughly equipped  for  his  work.  He  kept  full  records  of  his  cases,  and  was  a 
prolific  writer.  Up  to  1881  he  had  operated  for  cataract  by  extraction 
nearly  one  thousand  times,  and  had  administered  chloroform  upwards  of 
ten  thousand  times  without  a  single  serious  accident.*  Between  1874  and 
1 S 78  in  the  Annuls  d'Oculistique,  there  were  nineteen  references  to  im- 
portant papers  written  by  him,  a  larger  number  than  was  credited  to  any 
other  American  oculist.*  He  ligated  the  external  iliac  artery  near  its 
origin,  and  trephined  the  sacrum  successfully.  He  successfully  removed 
from  the  bladder  by  lithotomy  a  minie  ball  which  had  perforated  the  ab- 
dominal walls  and  lodged  in  the  bladder.*  Quinan  gives  a  list  of  fifty-nine 
of  his  works  up  to  1883.!  In  1861  he  published  a  "Manual  of  Military 
Surgery,  for  the  Use  of  Surgeons  in  the  Confederate  States  Army,"  pp.  529, 
which  went  through  a  second  edition  in  1862,  and  a  third  in  1864,  and  was 
the  standard  of  authority  in  the  South  during  the  Civil  War,  being  favor- 
ably reviewed  both  at  home  and  abroad.  As  a  teacher  he  was  pre-eminent, 
being  clear,  concise,  patient,  dogmatic,  repeating  if  need  be,  and  illustrating 
his  remarks  constantly  with  chalk,  chart,  the  cadaver  and  the  living  sub- 


*B.  B.  Browne,  Trans.  Me  d.  and  Chir.  Fac.  1881. 
■fMedical  Annals. 


rROFESSOR  JULIAN   J.  CXilSOLM ,     M.  D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  289 

ject.  He  was  an  active  participator  in  the  proceedings  of  the  societies,  and 
held  the  Presidency  of  the  Baltimore  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Ophthal- 
mological  Section  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  and  of  the  same 
section  of  the  International  Medical  Congress  of  1887. 

William  Travis  Howard,  M.  D.,  was  born  in  Cumberland  County, 
Virginia,  January  12,  1821,  being  the  son  of  William  A.  Howard,  an 
architect.  He  pursued  his  collegiate  studies  at  Hampden-Sidney  and  Ran- 
dolph-Macon Colleges  in  Virginia,  and  then  entered  upon  the  study  of 
medicine  under  Dr.  John  Peter  Mettauer,  an  eminent  surgeon  of  lower 
Virginia.  He  entered  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1842,  and  graduated 
therefrom  in  1844.  In  the  intervals  between  the  sessions  he  was  a  resident 
student  at  the  Baltimore  Almshouse,  where  he  enjoyed  the  instruction  of 
those  fine  clinicians,  Drs.  William  Power  and  Thomas  H.  Buckler. 

Upon  graduation  he  settled  for  practice  in  Warren  County,  North 
Carolina.  He  was  then  in  poor  health  from  the  grippe,  and  has  never 
since  been  entirely  free  from  cough.  During  his  residence  in  North  Caro- 
lina he  engaged  in  a  discussion  with  Dr.  O.  F.  Manson,  on  Malarial  Pneu- 
monia, which  brought  him  into  favorable  notice  with  the  profession.  Upon 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  where  he  at  once  took 
a  leading  position  in  the  profession.  For  a  year  he  held  the  appointment 
of  Adjunct  to  the  chair  of  Physiology  in  this  University,  at  the  same  time 
giving  clinical  instruction  in  auscultation  and  percussion.  A  chair  of  Di- 
seases of  Women  and  Children  was  then  created  for  him,  to  which  he  was 
elected  January  26,  1867.  This  was  the  first  distinct  chair  of  its  kind  in 
any  medical  school  in  America.  This  position  he  filled  with  conscientious 
devotion  and  untiring  energy,  giving  the  full  number  of  scheduled  lectures 
each  session,  and  teaching  with  that  clearness  of  language,  that  strong  per- 
sonality and  that  array  of  past  experience,  which  are  so  familiar  to  his  stu- 
dents, and  have  contributed  so  much  to  the  reputation  of  the  school.  He 
was  always  particularly  rich  in  practical  suggestions,  and  many  of  these 
were  entirely  original  with  him.     In  1897,  after  serving  as  a  member  of  the 


2$o  I  XII  ERSI TY  OF  MAR  YLAND 

Faculty  for  thirty  years,  he  resigned  and  was  immediately  made  Professor 
Emeritus. 

Dr.  Howard's  services  to  the  University  have  heen  great  and  are  well 
recognized.  His  influence  and  activity  in  its  councils  have  had  no  small 
share  in  its  prosperity  and  high  standing.  His  vacant  place  has  been  idled 
by  three  of  those  who  were  his  students  in  past  years,  and  nothing  evinces 
more  than  this  simple  statement  the  industry  and  energy  with  which  he  dis- 
charged his  professorial  duties.  He  also  showed  his  influence  by  attracting 
students  from  North  Carolina.  When  he  left  that  State  there  was  but  one 
graduate  recorded  from  it,  whereas  at  a  commencement  shortly  before  his 
resignation  there  were  forty-three  North  Carolinians  among  the  graduates. 

He  is  the  author  of  various  lectures,  reports  and  articles  in  medical 
journals  and  society  transactions.  We  may  especially  cite  his  able  reports  in 
the  Gynecological  Section  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Mary- 
land, and  his  papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Gynecological  So- 
ciety. One  of  his  most  meritorious  efforts  was  his  address  as  President,  de- 
livered on  the  one  hundred  and  fourth  anniversary  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  the  State  of  Maryland,  April  28,  1903.  This  ad- 
dress, valuable  for  its  historical  matter  and  delightful  for  its  reminiscences 
of  the  masters  of  the  profession  who  taught  him,  who  taught  with  him  and 
who  were  his  pupils,  bore  the  title:  "During  the  Last  Half  of  the  Last  Cen- 
tury, was  more  done  for  the  Advancement  and  Growth  of  Medicine  than 
was  done  in  the  Twenty-two  Hundred  and  Fifty  Years  Which  Preceded 
it?"  It  was  an  attempt  to  disprove  a  remarkable  statement  disparaging  the 
physicians  of  the  past,  made  by  an  eminent  American  Gynecologist. 

Dr.  Howard  has  invented  many  gynecological  instruments  of  a  useful 
and  practical  character.  His  bivalve  speculum  has  found  much  favor  with 
the  profession.  He  was  the  first  in  America  to  use  successfully  Tarnier's 
forceps,  which  occurred  in  February,  1881.  He  also  simplified  the  instru- 
ment, taught  its  application  and  rendered  it  popular  in  this  country.  He 
showed  that  it  facilitates  rotation  of  the  head  in  occipito-posterior  presenta- 


PROFESSOR    WILLIAM    T.    HOWARD,    M.   D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  293 

tions;  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  remove  it  when  the  head  reaches  the  floor  of 
the  pelvis,  and  that  its  use  is  not  limited  to  cases  where  the  head  is  at  the 
brim.  He  was  one  of  the  two  medical  founders  of  the  Hospital  for  the 
Women  of  Maryland,  a  founder  of  the  Baltimore  Gynecological  Society  and 
its  second  president,  a  founder  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society  and  its 
president  in  1885,  and  he  was  President  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1902.  He  has  held  the  posts  of  Consulting  Physi- 
cian and  Surgeon  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  Consulting  Physician  to 
the  Hebrew  Hospital,  honorary  member  of  the  North  Carolina  Medical 
Society  and  the  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
Honorary  President  of  the  Library  and  Historical  Society  of  the  University 
of  Maryland,  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Gynecological  Society  of  Bos- 
ton, etc. 

At  the  age  of  eighty-six  he  is  still  an  indefatigable  scholar.  He  retains 
unusual  mental  and  physical  vigor,  with  a  clear  vision  and  a  steady  hand. 
His  memory  is  phenomenal  in  its  accuracy,  and  he  holds  very  definite  and 
decided  views  on  medical  subjects.  His  wide  experience  of  men  and  events 
through  a  long  life  makes  his  companionship  a  delight  to  all  who  are  privi- 
leged to  be  associated  with  him.     Dr.  Howard  is  married,  but  has  no  children. 

Professor  Howard  was  succeeded  by  Professor  Thomas  A.  Ashby.  The 
department  of  Histology  and  Pathology  was  entrusted  to  Associate  Pro- 
fessor William  Royal  Stokes. 

In  1898  Professor  Mackenzie  resigned  the  chair  of  Diseases  ol  the 
Xose  and    Throat. 

In  1899  the  sessions  were  lengthened  to  seven  months.  During  the  ten 
years  previous  to  this,  an  increasing  number  of  additions  to  the  Faculty  of 
Clinical  and  Associate  Professors,  Lecturers,  Demonstrators,  etc.,  had  ap- 
peared in  the  catalogues.  The  catalogue  of  tliis  year  shows  nearly  two  pages 
of  names  of  instructors — representing  every  part  of  medical  science  and  art 
— didactic  and  clinical — forty-six  names  in  all  of  active  members  of  the  staff. 
This  did  not  include  the  eighteen  Dispensary  physicians  and  chiefs  of  staff, 


294  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

nor  the  large  resident  staff  and  clinical  assistants  of  the  several  hospitals  con- 
nected with  the  University.  There  were  thirty  resident  students  in  the  Uni- 
versity Hospital  alone.  There  was  an  abundance  of  obstetric  material,  over 
twenty  cases  being  seen  during  the  year  by  each  senior.  Instruction  for  six 
hours  weekly  was  given  to  the  first  and  second  year  students  in  embryol- 
ogy and  histology,  and  to  the  third  year  students  in  pathology  and 
bacteriology.  The  fourth  year  class  in  sections  received  in  a  thoroughly 
equipped  clinical  laboratory  at  the  Hospital  instruction  in  the  examination 
of  blood,  urine,  sputum,  feces  and  stomach  contents.  These  courses  were 
under  charge  of  Professor  Hemmeter  and  Dr.  Adler.  Dr.  Reuling  gave  a 
practical  course  on  the  Pathology  of  the  Nervous  System.  "Students  hold- 
ing degrees  in  Arts  or  Sciences,  may,  at  the  discretion  of  the  Faculty,  be  given 
advanced  standing."  A  laboratory  fee  of  $5  is  added,  and  the  entire  ex- 
pense of  the  four-year  course  is  now  $490. 

In  1900  Professor  I.  Edmondson  retired,  and  Professor  Mitchell  took 
his  chair,  in  addition  to  his  own  of  Children. 

Isaac  Edmondson  Atkinson  is  a  native  of  Baltimore,  and  was  born 
January  23,  1846.  He  received  his  collegiate  training  at  the  School  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  of  this  University,  and  his  medical  training  in  the  School  of 
Medicine,  graduating  M.  D.  in  1865.  He  held  the  position  of  Attending 
Physician  in  both  the  Baltimore  General  and  Special  Dispensaries.  In  1873 
he  was  made  Vaccine  Physician,  and  during  the  prevalence  of  smallpox  in 
1883  he  was  made  Superintendent  of  that  department.  His  connection  with 
the  Faculty  of  this  University  began  with  the  Clinical  Professorship  of  Der- 
matology in  1879;  in  1881  this  title  was  changed  to  the  Professorship  of 
Pathology;  from  1886  to  1900  he  held  the  chair  of  Therapeutics. 

Dr.  Atkinson  has  held  the  Presidency  of  the  Clinical  Society,  the  Medi- 
cal and  Chirurgical  Faculty,  and  the  American  Dermatological  Association. 
He  has  also  been  a  member  of  the  Maryland  Lunacy  Commission,  and  a 
Consulting  Physician  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital.  He  has  written  many 
articles  which  have  appeared  in  the  journals  and  in  the  transactions  of  the 


PROFESSOR     ISAAC     EDMONDSON     ATKINSON,     M.     O. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  297 

societies  with  which  he  has  been  connected.  He  is  the  author  of  a  section  in 
Pepper's  "System  of  Medicine." 

Dr.  Atkinson  has  led  an  active  professional  life,  and  has  taken  a  lead- 
ing part  in  our  Societies.  He  holds  a  position  in  the  front  rank  of  the  pro- 
fession, and  has  a  large  consultation  practice,  being  highly  esteemed  for  his 
medical  learning,  his  diagnostic  powers,  and  his  excellent  judgment.  For 
some  years  he  gave  special  attention  to  diseases  of  the  skin  and  syphilis,  but 
later  embraced  general  medicine. 

We  are  pained  to  record  the  decease  of  Dr.  Atkinson  since  the  above 
was  written.  It  occurred  at  his  residence  on  Cathedral  street,  on  November 
24,  1906,  after  an  illness  of  ten  days,  from  pneumonia. 

In  1 90 1  Dr.  R.  Tunstall  Taylor  became  Associate  Professor  of  Or- 
thopaedic Surgery,  and  this  appointment  brought  to  the  students  and  nurses 
of  this  School  the  advantages  of  the  Hospital  for  the  Relief  of  Crippled  and 
Deformed  Children,  with  its  forty  beds  and  jts  thorough  equipment.  An 
orthopaedic  clinic  was  also  instituted  at  the  University  Hospital.  The  nurses 
are  required  to  spend  six  months  in  Dr.  Taylor's  Hospital  before  their  gradu- 
ation. 

Professor  Culbreth  became  the  incumbent  of  his  chair  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Pharmacognosy,  which  he  now  holds  in  the  three  Faculties — 
in  this  year.    The  number  of  students  in  attendance  in  1901-2  was  366. 

In  1902  the  course  was  still  farther  lengthened  to  seven  and  one-half 
months.  Professor  J.  Holmes  Smith  was  promoted  to  the  chair  of  Anat- 
omy and  Clinical  Surgery.  Professor  Tiffany  resigned,  and  Professor  Wins- 
low  became  Professor  of  Surgery.  Professor  Hirsh  was  advanced  to  a  full 
Professorship  of  Pathology  and  Bacteriology.  A  course  in  Obstetric  Path- 
ology was  instituted  for  third-year  students  under  Associate  Professor  L.  M. 
Allen. 

Louis  McLane  Tiffany  was  born  at  Baltimore  October  10,  1844.  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Cambridge,  England,  taking  the  bacca- 
hureate  degree  in  1866.     Some  years  later  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts 


298  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

was  given  him  by  the  same  institution.  He  entered  the  University  of  Mary- 
land School  of  Medicine  in  the  fall  of  1866,  and  graduated  therefrom  in 
the  spring  of  1868.  He  was  during  this  period  an  office  student  of  Professor 
Nathan  R.  Smith. 

After  obtaining  his  professional  degree,  he  was  made  Resident  Physi- 
cian at  Bayview  Asylum  (the  Baltimore  Almshouse).  Later  he  was  for 
several  years  Visiting  Physician  to  the  same  institution.  Professor  William 
T.  Councilman  speaks  of  the  stimulating  and  admirable  demonstrations  in 
pathological  anatomy  given  by  Dr.  Tiffany  at  this  time,  adding  that  they 
were  models  of  clearness  and  simplicity.  In  1869  he  became  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy  in  the  University;  in  1874,  Professor  of  Operative  Surgery,  in 
succession  to  Professor  Alan  P.  Smith;  and  in  1880,  on  the  withdrawal  of 
Dr.  Johnston,  he  was  made  Professor  of  Surgery.  His  active  career  prac- 
ticaly  closed  with  his  resignation  of  this  position  in  1902.  During  the  period 
of  his  Demonstratorship,  he  held  the  chair  of  Anatomy  in  the  Maryland 
Dental  College,  an  institution  which  was  merged  with  the  Baltimore  College 
of  Dental  Surgery  after  a  brief  career,  about  1  874. 

Dr.  Tiffany  has  held  a  number  of  offices — local  and  national.  He  was 
President  of  the  Baltimore  Medical  Association,  of  the  Clinical  Society,  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  ( 1892-93),  of  the  Ameri- 
can Surgical  Association,  and  of  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological 
Association.  He  was  Consulting  Surgeon  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital 
from  its  opening  in  1889,  and  for  many  years  he  was  Surgeon-in-Chief  to 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Dr.  Tiffany's  reputation  was  achieved  especially  in  connection  with 
renal  surgery,  and  in  operations  on  the  Gasserian  ganglion,  and  on  the  upper 
pharynx.  The  following  resume  shows  some  of  his  work:  In  1877  he  re- 
ported cases  of  colotomy  and  syphilis  of  the  lung.  In  the  same  year  he  de- 
vised a  rectotome  for  division  of  strictures  at  a  distance  from  the  anus.  In 
1878  he  first  successfully  removed  a  large  naso-pharynycal  polypus  by  tem- 
porary depression  of  both  upper  jaws,  preceded  by  tracheotomy  (which  B. 


Professor   Louis   McLane  Tiffany,   A.    M.,  M.  D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  301 

B.  Browne  pronounces  "the  most  difficult  and  heroic  operation  recorded  in 
the  annals  of  surgery").  In  [879  he  reported  cases  of  litholapaxy.  In  iSS<> 
he  reported  excision  of  a  tumor  of  the  sciatic  nerve,  with  five  ami  three-quar- 
ter inches  of  the  nerve;  also  cases  of  removal  of  malignant  tumors 
of  the  upper  jaw  without  scar — in  one  the  entire  maxilla  being  removed;  the 
operation  was  preceded  hy  laryngo-tracheotomy.  In  1883,  he  successfully 
ligated  the  common  femoral  artery  for  aneurism.  In  1885,  he  performed 
the  first  nephro-lithotomy  in  the  United  States;  the  operation  was  successful, 
a  phosphate  of  lime  calculus  being  removed — said  to  be  the  largest  calculus 
on  record.  In  1SS6,  he  performed  oesophagotoniy  for  impacted  artificial 
denture.  In  1889,  he  was  the  first  to  divide  the  capsule  of  the  kidney  for 
the  relief  of  nephralgia — the  first  step  in  the  Edehohl  operation  of  decapsu- 
lation. In  1892,  he  performed  successfully  his  first  Gasserian  ganglion 
operation,  for  facial  neuralgia.  In  1893,  he  successfully  removed  the  spleen 
for  malarial  hypertrophy. 

Dr.  Tiffany  is  a  man  of  fine  physique — a  noted  athlete  in  his  college 
days.  He  particularly  carried  off  the  honors  in  running,  and  has  a  beauti- 
ful silver  bowl  which  he  won  in  contests  at  Cambridge.  He  has  always  taken 
a  marked  interest  in  professional  matters.  His  sense  of  humor  is  strongly 
marked.  As  a  surgeon  he  is  studious,  industrious,  patient,  conservative,  but 
at  the  same  time  bold,  original,  self-confident.  He  possesses  in  large  degree 
that  self-confidence  which  comes  from  meeting  and  overcoming  difficulties. 
Since  1902  he  has  given  himself  up  to  a  well-earned  otium  cum  dignitate, 
permitted  him  by  a  bountiful  estate.  His  summers  are  spent  mostly  upon  his 
country  place  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Virginia. 

Professor  Miles  resigned  early  in  1903,  and  died  some  months  later. 
His  chair  was  given  to  Professor  Hemmeter.  A  chair  of  History  of  Medi- 
cine was  founded — the  first  Professorship  of  this  much-neglected  department 
in  America  up  to  that  time.  Dr.  Cordell  was  appointed  to  fill  it,  and  gives 
a  weekly  lecture  for  six  months  of  the  course.    The  Medical  Library,  which 


302  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

had  been  relegated  to  dust  and  neglect,  was  revived  in  July.  It  at  once  was 
made  a  member  of  the  American  Association  of  Medical  Libraries,  a  code  of 
rules  was  drawn  up  for  its  government,  and  books,  pictures  and  journals  were 
collected.  As  a  consequence  of  this  revival,  the  Librarian  has  just  been  able 
to  make  to  the  Faculty  (June,  1906)  a  report,  showing  that  it  now  contains 
6,280  volumes  and  4,200  pamphlets,  that  it  receives  regularly  forty-six  jour- 
nals, that  it  has  an  excellent  card  catalogue  of  both  authors  and  subjects,  and 
that  it  has  a  large  membership  and  patronage. 

The  fees  were  advanced  to  $125  for  each  course,  making  the  entire  ex- 
pense for  the  four  years  $570.  Three  hundred  and  ninety-three  students  had 
attended  the  previous  session. 

Francis  Turquand  Miles  was  born  on  a  plantation  near  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  on  the  1  ith  of  February,  1827.  He  received  his  academic 
training  and  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  at  the  Charleston  College.  His 
professional  training  and  medical  degree  were  obtained  at  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  in  the  same  city.  Shortly  after  his  gra- 
duation in  1849,  ne  went  abroad  and  studied  in  Paris  under  Charcot  and 
Hirschfeld.  Returning  to  Charleston,  he  became  connected  with  the  teach- 
ing faculty  of  his  Alma  Mater,  filling  successively  the  role  of  Prosector,  As- 
sistant Demonstrator,  Demonstrator,  Assistant  Professor,  and,  in  i860,  full 
Professor  of  Physiological  Anatomy,  as  successor  of  Professor  Holbrook. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Confederate 
States  as  an  infantry  private.  He  soon  rose  to  be  lieutenant  and  later  cap- 
tain. For  a  time  he  had  charge  of  Fort  Sumter  during  the  attack  upon  it  by 
the  Federal  fleet,  and  he  was  very  proud  of  this  experience.  At  the  battle  of 
Chancellorsville,  South  Carolina,  in  1862,  he  was  shot  through  the  thigh,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  was  wounded  at  Fort  Sumter.  This  latter  wound 
led  to  his  retirement  from  active  service.  During  the  last  year  of  the  war,  he 
held  rank  as  full  Surgeon  in  the  Medical  Department.  The  war  closing,  he 
resumed  his  chair  in  the  College.  In  1868  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  and  was 
immediately  appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  Washington   University 


PROFESSOR    FRANCIS  T.    Mil. MS,    M.   I). 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  305 

School  of  Medicine.  In  1869  he  was  called  to  the  University  of  Maryland 
to  fill  the  chair  of  Anatomy  and  Clinical  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System. 
In  1880  he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Physiology.  Dr  Miles'  health 
began  to  fail  during  the  session  of  1902-03.  He  attempted  to  continue  his 
lectures,  sitting  during  their  delivery.  But  early  in  1903  he  had  to  give  up 
entirely,  and  his  resignation  quickly  followed — for  he  was  not  a  man  to  hold 
a  position  which  he  could  not  fill.  After  several  months  of  confinement  to 
bed  and  of  suffering,  he  expired,  July  30,  1903. 

Dr.  Miles  never  cared  for  office,  and  he  was  not  the  man  to  seek  it. 
Nevertheless,  he  twice  filled  the  role  of  Vice-President  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty,  he  was  made  an  honorary  member  of  the  American  As- 
sociation of  Physicians,  and  for  two  terms  (1880-82)  he  was  President  of 
the  American  Neurological  Association.  In  1889  he  was  made  a  consulting 
physician  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital. 

From  an  early  period  of  his  professional  career  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  diseases  of  the  nervous  system,  and  in  doing  so  he  sought  the 
aid  of  the  highest  authorities  in  London  and  Paris.  Early  in  his  Baltimore 
career  he  went  a  second  time  to  Europe,  confining  himself  to  England.  He 
was  a  great  admirer  of  Gowers  and  Hughlings  Jackson,  and  became  very  in- 
timate with  them.  On  his  appointment  as  Clinical  Professor  of  Nervous 
Diseases  in  the  University  he  secured  opportunities  for  observation  and  study 
which  he  had  not  previously  enjoyed,  and  he  entered  upon  his  work  with  en- 
thusiasm. He  frequently  contributed  papers  and  reported  cases — sometimes 
with  exhibition  of  patients — at  the  local  societies.  He  was  the  first  to  teach 
the  specialty  here,  and  to  bring  before  the  profession  the  modern  views  and 
researches  regarding  it.  In  March,  1871,  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
upon  it  to  physicians,  which  continued  for  several  weeks.  In  1  874  he  brought 
before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  the  investigations  upon  cerebral 
localization,  and  his  address  attracted  great  attention. 

Professor  Miles  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  figures  in  University 
circles.     Endowed  with  a  handsome  face  and  figure,  with  the  ease  and  grace 


3o6  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

of  manners  and  dignity  which  distinguish  the  true  Southern  gentleman, 
he  would  have  been  a  marked  figure  anywhere.  He  had  a  good  voice  and 
ready  command  or  language,  never  using  notes.  He  was  devoid  of  all  vanity, 
pretense  and  prejudice,  a  hater  of  shams,  and  modest  as  to  his  own  achieve- 
ments. He  was  an  enthusiastic  student,  being  master  of  French  and  German, 
a  close  reader  and  deep  thinker,  and  presented  his  thoughts  with  so  much 
eloquence,  force  and  clearness  as  to  captivate  all  who  heard  him. 

He  left  one  son,  who,  although  a  graduate  of  this  School,  has  aban- 
doned medicine  for  literature.  After  obtaining  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  in  1905,  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Faculty  of  Princeton  University.  Dr.  Miles'  third  and  last  trip  to 
Europe  was  to  Germany,  where  his  son  was  then  studying  the  language  and 
literature  of  that  country. 

The  writer  has  made  a  list  of  twenty-four  of  Dr.  Miles'  contributions 
to  medical  literature,  which  can  be  found  in  the  "Students'  Yearbook" 
("Bones,  Molars  and  Briefs")  for  1903.  He  contributed  articles  upon 
neurological  subjects  to  Pepper's  "System  <>l  Practice,"  1886;  to  Keating's 
"Encyclopaedia  of  Diseases  of  Children,"  1890;  to  Starr's  "American  Text- 
Book  of  Diseases  of  Children,"  1898;  and  to  Loomis  &  Thompson's  "Sys- 
tem of  Practice,"  1898. 

In  1904  arrangements  were  made  for  a  union  with  the  Maryland  Col- 
lege of  Pharmacy,  as  already  described  in  the  first  part.  Accommodations 
were  provided  for  this  department,  as  also  for  the  growing  laboratories,  in 
the  new  Dental  Building,  erected  in  1903-04,  on  Greene  street.  Here,  on 
the  third  floor,  were  located  the  laboratories  of  Pathology  and  Bacteriology 
and  of  Physiological  Chemistry. 

In  [905  the  session  was  lengthened  to  eight  months. 

In  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the  Association  of  American 
Medical  Colleges,  the  preliminary  requirements  were  at  this  session  still 
further  advanced.  Each  matriculant  must  now  present  a  Bachelor's  degree, 
a  high  school  diploma,  a  certificate  from  a  reputable  instructor,  or,  in  lieu  of 


PROFESSOR    SAMUEL   CLAGGETT   CHEW,    A.    M.,    M.    D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  309 

these,  pass  an  examination.  This  examination  can  no  longer,  as  formerly, 
be  held  by  the  Faculty  or  by  the  Dean,  but  must  be  conducted  by  an  outside 
party.  The  present  Examiner  for  this  School  is  Dr.  Edward  Deichmann, 
the  well-known  principal  of  the  Gymnasium  School,  on  North  Howard  street. 

Samuel  Claggett  Chew,  M.  D.,  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,  and  for  more  than  forty  years  a  member  of  the 
Faculty  of  Physic  of  that  institution  and  for  five  years  Dean  of  the  Faculty, 
is  one  of  the  oldest  medical  practitioners  of  the  city  and  one  of  the  eminent 
men  of  his  profession  in  the  State  of  Maryland.  1  lis  father  before  him  was 
a  physician  of  distinguished  prominence  and  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  life 
of  this  University  for  many  years. 

It  may  be  said  that  Dr.  Chew  is  a  physician  and  medical  educator 
by  native  endowment  as  well  as  by  personal  acquisition,  and  that  in  many 
respects  his  course  in  professional  life  has  been  laid  parallel  with  that  of 
his  father,  although  the  radical  changes  in  the  character  of  practice 
and  methods  of  instruction  in  schools  of  medicine  during  the  last  two- 
score  years  have  laid  more  severe  exactions  on  the  modern  successful 
practitioner  and  incumbent  of  a  professor's  chair  than  were  required  when 
the  elder  Professor  Chew  was  one  of  the  guiding  spirits  of  the  University 
of  Maryland. 

Dr.  Chew  was  born  in  Baltimore  July  26,  1837,  and  was  educated  in 
Princeton  College,  graduating  A.  B.,  1856;  A.  M.  in  course,  1859.  He  took 
up  the  study  of  medicine  under  the  direction  of  his  father,  and  also  followed 
the  course  of  the  School  of  Medicine  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  gradu- 
ating with  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1858.  Since  that  time  he  has  practiced 
in  Baltimore  except  during  the  year  1864,  which  was  spent  abroad.  An 
able  physician  and  man  of  high  character,  he  always  has  controlled  a  large 
private  practice,  and  his  personal  qualities  and  attainments  are  such  that  his 
rise  in  the  ranks  of  the  profession  is  only  a  natural  result;  and  to-day  he 
occupies  a  position  of  prominence  in  medical,  circles.  He  was  one  of  the 
collaborators    of    Pepper's    "System    of    Medicine,"    and    his    articles    and 


310  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

addresses  on  various  occasions  have  been  published  in  medical  journals  and 
read  before  assemblages  of  professional  men. 

In  1 873-1 874  and  again  in  1  877-1878  Dr.  Chew  was  Vice  President  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  and  in  1 879-1 880  and 
in  1898-1899  was  President  of  that  body.  He  is  Consulting  Physician  to 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Peabody 
Institute,  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  of  Maryland 
and  an  honorary  member  of  the  Association  of  American  Physicians. 

In  the  material  and  educational  life  of  the  University  of  Maryland  Dr. 
Chew  has  been  a  prominent  factor  for  many  years,  and  besides  the  duties  of 
the  Professorship  he  has  filled  so  long  and  so  well,  he  is  one  of  the  directing 
influences  of  the  University  and  its  policy.  His  connection  with  the  Faculty 
of  Physic  began  in  1  864  as  incumbent  of  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica,  which 
he  filled  until  1886,  and  then  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine, his  present  position.  From  1874  to  1879  he  was  Dean  and  executive 
officer  of  the  Medical  Faculty.  His  interest  in  the  duties  of  his  Professor- 
ship never  has  abated  one  whit  with  the  lapse  of  years,  nor  his  lovalty  to  the 
I  niversity  in  its  several  departments  and  auxiliary  institutions.  He  is  still 
a  member  of  the  Medical  Alumni  Association,  and  twice  has  been  President 
of  that  great  body  of  graduates,  first  in  1  877-1878,  and  again  in  1893-1894. 

Robert  Dorsey  Coale,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology 
and  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Baltimore,  Mars- 
land,  September  13,  1857,  son  of  George  Buchanan  Coale  and  Caroline 
Dorsey  Coale. 

George  Buchanan  Coale  was  a  son  of  Edward  Johnston  Coale,  a  pub- 
lisher of  Baltimore  and  Washington,  who  was  a  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  Stringer 
Coale,  a  prominent  figure  in  early  medical  circles  in  Baltimore.  Caroline 
Dorsey  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Robert  Edward  Dorsey,  a  physician  of  repute, 
a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Maryland  in  18  19,  and  later  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  in  the  Trustees'  Faculty. 

Colonel  R.  Dorsey  Coale — he  is  frequently  so  addressed  because  of  his 
military  rank — acquired  his  elementary  education  in  Baltimore  schools,  after 


PROFESSOR  ROBERT  l)()RSli\'  COALE,  I'll. I). 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  313 

which  he  entered  the  Pennsylvania  Military  Academy  at  Chester,  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  was  graduated,  C.  E.,  in  1875.  In  July,  1876,  he  applied 
for  a  studentship  at  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  in  that  connection  enjoys 
the  pleasant  distinction  of  having  been  the  first  matriculant  at  that  famous 
institution,  his  "ticket"  being  "No.  1."  At  the  University  he  took  a  special 
course  in  chemistry,  was  appointed  Fellow  in  Chemistry  for  the  academic 
year  1880-1881,  and  was  graduated  Ph.  D.  in  June  of  the  latter  year.  For 
the  sessions  of  1 881-1882  and  1 882-1 883  he  was  assistant  to  the  Chair  of 
Chemistry,  but  on  August  iuth  of  the  vear  last  mentioned  he  was  appointed 
to  a  lectureship  on  Chemistry  and  Toxicology  in  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  on  March  6,  1884,  was  elected  to  the 
Faculty  in  that  chair.  Since  that  time  Dr.  Coale  has  been  a  conspicuous 
figure  in  the  University  life,  especially  in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and 
also  as  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Michael, 
December  8,  1895,  he  was  elected  his  successor  as  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Physic,  and  served  until  June,  1897.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  same  office 
May  29,  1900,  and  still  serves  in  that  capacity. 

Dr.  Coale  has  for  twenty  years  been  an  officer  of  the  National  Guard  of 
Maryland,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  War  was  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  his  regiment,  and  when  the  command  was  mustered  into  the 
United  States  service  as  the  Fifth  Maryland  Volunteer  Infantry,  he  was 
commissioned  its  colonel.  The  regiment  was  intended  for  active  service  in 
Cuba,  but  owing  to  lack  of  transportation  facilities  it  was  held  in  camp  in 
the  South  until  the  close  of  the  war.  On  the  return  to  Baltimore,  Colonel 
Coale  resumed  his  former  commission  of  lieutenant-colonel.  Under  Gover- 
nor Lowndes  he  was  for  four  years  Liquor  License  Commissioner  of 
Baltimore. 

Dr.  Coale  married,  November  15,  1892,  Minna  Howison,  daughter 
of  Captain  John  W.   Howison,   U.   S.    R.  C.  S. 

Randolph  Winslow,  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  School  of  Medicine 
of  the  University  of  Maryland,  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Uni- 


314  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

versitv  and  former  Vice  President  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of 
Maryland,  was  born  at  Hertford,  North  Carolina,  October  23,  1852.  He 
has  been  a  well-known  figure  in  medical  circles  in  Maryland  for  thirty  years, 
and  during  the  course  of  his  professional  career  has  been  a  part  of  the  teach- 
ing force  of  three  institutions  of  medical  learning  in  the  city  of  Baltimore. 

Dr.  Winslow  had  the  advantage  of  being  reared  in  an  atmosphere  of 
medicine.  He  is  a  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Caleb  Winslow,  a  graduate  of  Haver- 
ford  College,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  and  a  surgeon  ol  rare  ability  and  skill.  Dr. 
C.  Winslow  performed  the  operation  ol  lithotomy  ninety-nine  times  with  but 
one  death,  and  is  credited  with  having  successfully  trephined  the  skull  in  a  case 
of  epilepsy.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of  Medical  Examiners  of 
North  Carolina,  organized  in  18^9,  and  six  years  later  removed  to  Balti- 
more, where  he  died  June  13,  1895.  Dr.  John  R.  Winslow,  a  brother  of 
Dr.  Caleb  Winslow,  was  a  prominent  physician  of  Baltimore,  and  held  the 
chair  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  from  1863 
to  the  time  of  his  death  in  1866.  Dr.  John  Randolph  Winslow,  also  a  son 
of  Dr.  Caleb  Winslow,  now  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat 
and  Nose  in  the  University  of  Maryland  School  of  Medicine,  a  laryngolo- 
gist  and  rhinologist  of  recognized  ability,  was  born  in  Baltimore  in  1  866. 
graduated  A.  B.  from  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  1886  and  M.  1). 
from  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1888.  He  was  Assistant  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy  at  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  1 888-1 889;  Lecturer  on 
Chemistry,  1 888-1  890;  Professor  of  Physiology,  1 890-1 893;  Professor  of 
Physiology  and  Clinical  Professor  of  Nose  and  Throat,  1893- 1894;  Clinical 
Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Nose,  1  894-1  896.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic  at  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1903. 
He  is  also  an  attending  Surgeon  of  the  Presbyterian  Eve,  Ear  and  Throat 
Hospital.  And  to  complete  the  record  it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  profes- 
sion is  represented  in  the  third  generation,  in  Dr.  Randolph  Winslow's  two 
sons,  both  graduates  of  this  University — Dr.  Nathan  Winslow,  Instructor  in 


PROFESSOR   RANDOLPH    WINSLOW,  A.   M..  M.   D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  317 

Surgery  and  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  and  Dr.  Fit/.  Randolph 
Winslow,  an  Assistant  Resident  Physician  in  the  University  Hospital. 

Dr.  Randolph  Winslow  began  his  education  at  the  Academy  of  his 
native  town  during  the  troublous  times  of  the  Civil  War.  In  October,  1  865, 
he  was  placed  at  school,  in  Baltimore,  to  which  city  his  family  moved  the 
following  year.  He  acquired  his  higher  literary  education  at  Haverford 
College,  which  he  entered  in  1867,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1871,  and  A.  M.,  in 
course,  1874.  He  was  educated  for  the  medical  profession  in  the  School  of 
Medicine  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  graduating  with  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  in  1873,  in  a  class  which  numbered  among  its  members  Professors 
Michael,  Ashbv  and  others  who  have  attained  eminence  in  the  profession. 
Since  then  he  has  been  engaged  in  practice  in  Baltimore,  giving  special  atten- 
tion to  surgical  cases.  He  began  pedagogical  work  in  this  University  in 
1874  as  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  in  1877  was  Uecturer  in 
the  Spring  course,  from  1880  to  1886  was  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
and  from  1880  to  1891  was  Lecturer  on  Clinical  Surgery.  In  1882 
he  was  elected  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College, 
Baltimore,  continuing  in  that  chair  until  1  893,  and  as  Dean  of  the  Faculty 
from  1890  to  1892.  In  1891  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Anatomy  and 
Clinical  Surgery  in  the  University,  which  he  held  until  1902,  when  he  took 
his  present  chair  of  Surgery.  He  is  also  Surgeon-in-Chief  to  the  University 
Hospital  and  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Hebrew  Hospital. 

In  1884,  in  connection  with  other  professorial  duties  and  his  private 
practice,  Dr.  Winslow  became  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Baltimore 
Polyclinic,  incumbent  of  the  chair  of  Operative  Surgery  and  Topographic 
Anatomy.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of 
Maryland  in  1876,  and  was  its  Vice-President  in  1  896-1  897.  In  addition 
to  his  other  work,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  he  pursued  special  studies  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  the  year  of  his  graduation,  and  attended  Bill- 
roth's  Clinic,  in  Vienna,  in  1883.  He  has  just  returned  from  a  visit  to 
Europe,  in  which  he  inspected  the  great  hospitals  of  Germany,  Austria  and 


3i8  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Great  Britain,  and  witnessed  the  operations  of  some  of  the  world's  greatest 
surgeons. 

Professor  Winslow  has  heen  a  prolific  contributor  to  periodical  medical 
literature.  He  was  the  first  in  Maryland  to  resect  the  pylorus  for  carcinoma 
and  to  shorten  the  round  ligaments  (1884),  and  he  performed  the  first 
vaginal  hysterectomy  in  the  State  in  1888.  He  was  the  first  Maryland 
surgeon  to  operate  successfully  for  gunshot  wounds  of  the  intestines  ( 1893) , 
and  he  has  since  that  had  a  large  and  highly  successful  experience  in  this 
field.  As  a  surgeon  he  is  bold  but  conservative,  never  jeopardizing  his 
patients  for  the  sake  of  effect.  He  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  work  of 
the  local  medical  societies,  of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  of  the 
Association  of  American  Medical  Colleges,  and  never  fails  to  be  present  at 
the  meetings  of  the  National  Association.  During  the  year  1905-06  he  was 
chairman  of  the  section  on  Clinical  Medicine  and  Surgery  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland.  He  takes  great  pride  in  being  a 
North  Carolinian  by  birth,  and  was  President  of  the  North  Carolina  Society 
of  Maryland  in  1905-06.  During  his  college  days  he  was  prominent  in 
athletics  and  field  sports,  and  has  maintained  a  warm  interest  in  such  diver- 
sions ever  since,  being  at  one  time  one  of  Baltimore's  crack  cricket  players. 
His  literary  taste  and  power  of  application  were  well  exhibited  when  he 
selected  Greek  as  the  subject  of  examination  for  the  A.  M.  degree  at  Haver- 
ford.  He  possesses  a  sound  judgment  and  many  of  the  qualities  which  make 
men  the  leaders  of  their  fellows.  His  skill,  his  earnestness  and  his  manifest 
desire  to  help  students  in  mastering  the  intricacies  of  their  profession,  have 
endeared  him  to  those  who  have  followed  his  instructions,  and  have  secured 
for  him  their  highest  respect.  He  has  always  shown  the  warmest  interest  in 
the  growth  and  development  of  the  University,  contributing  freely  his  means 
and  influence  for  the  promotion  of  every  effort  made  in  its  behalf. 

Leonard  Ernest  Neale,  M.  D.,  was  born  at  Port  Tobacco,  Charles 
county,  Maryland,  December  19,  1858.  He  is  descended  from  Captain  James 
Neale,  of  Wolleston  Manor,  St.  Mary's  county,  Maryland,  who  arrived  in 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  319 

Maryland  prior  to  1642,  and  was  a  member  of  Lord  Baltimore's  Privy 
Council.  Dr.  Neale's  father  was  the  late  Dr.  Bennett  Neale,  of  Port  To- 
bacco, Charles  county,  Maryland,  181 5-1878.  His  mother  is  the  only  sister 
of  the  late  Professor  George  \V.  Miltenberger. 

At  the  age  of  twelve  Dr.  Neale  began  his  residence  in  Baltimore,  and 
the  following  five  years  were  spent  as  a  student  of  Loyola  College,  where  he 
took  the  highest  honors  in  Latin  poetry,  mathematics  and  English  composi- 
tion. The  next  two  years  were  devoted  to  special  study  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  in  biology,  physiology  and  chemistry.  He  then  entered  upon 
the  study  of  medicine  in  the  University  of  Maryland,  where  he  was  a  volun- 
tary matriculate  for  four  years.  During  two  of  these  years  he  was  a  resident 
student  in  the  Baltimore  Infirmary.  He  graduated  M.  D.  in  188 1,  sharing 
the  gold  medal  and  Miltenberger  prize  with  Dr.  Charles  W.  Mitchell. 
Immediately  after  graduation  he  spent  several  months  in  clinical  study  in 
hospitals  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  In  the  summer  of  1881,  he  went 
abroad,  and  there  continued  his  studies  for  two  years,  especially  in  gyne- 
cology and  obstetrics,  under  such  masters  as  Schroeder,  Gusserow,  Winckel, 
Braun,  Spaeth,  Tarnier,  Charpentier,  Pinard  and  McCann. 

Upon  his  return  to  Baltimore,  he  was  appointed  in  the  fall  of  1883 
Demonstrator  of  Obstetrics  and  Chief  of  the  Obstetric  Clinic  under  Pro- 
fessor Miltenberger.  He  at  once  began  to  organize  the  clinic  and  to  sys- 
tematize methods.  The  results  are  shown  in  the  present  clinic,  which  is  second 
to  none  in  the  South  and  to  few  in  the  country,  numbering  nearly  1,000 
deliveries  per  annum. 

(  >wing,  however,  to  the  want  of  proper  accommodations  for  cases  of 
this  character,  Professor  Miltenberger,  at  the  constant  suggestion  and  solici- 
tation of  Dr.  Neale,  soon  began  to  agitate  the  subject  ot  a  Lying-in  Hospital, 
to  be  connected  with  the  Medical  Department  ot  the  University,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  enlisting  the  interest  not  only  of  the  Faculty,  but  also  of  some 
prominent  citizens  ot  Baltimore,  chiefly  among  his  own  private  patients,  in 
this  new  and  important  Held  of  usefulness  of  the  University.     The  present 


32o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

"Lying-in  Hospital  of  the  University  of  Maryland,"  owned  by  the  Faculty 
of  Phvsic,  and  at  lirst  governed  by  a  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  was  opened 
in  1887,  and  for  a  period  of  three  years  succeeding,  Dr.  Neale  was  Chief, 
and  in  personal  charge  of  the  entire  in  and  out-door  clinic,  receiving  abso- 
lutely no  remuneration.  In  1883  he  also  began  in  the  School  the  "practical 
method"  of  teaching  operative  obstetrics,  using  the  human  foetus  and  the 
most  approved  apparatus  of  the  time,  purchased  by  him  in  Europe.  This 
method  of  practical  teaching  had  hitherto  never  been  in  use  in  the  Univer- 
sity, and  was  probably  the  lirst  of  its  kind  in  Baltimore.  Dr.  Neale  combined 
with  the  operative  work  on  the  mannikin,  which  was  given  to  groups  of  stu- 
dents or  "ward  classes,"  the  recitative  or  quiz  method  of  instruction,  instead 
of  the  customary  didactic  lecture.  These  private  courses,  although,  at  an 
extra  expense  to  the  students  and  entirely  optional,  soon  became  very  popular 
among  them  and  were  largely  attended. 

During  this  time  Dr.  Neale  was  an  active  member  of  several  medical 
societies,  contributing  a  number  of  articles  upon  practical  subjects  in  obstet- 
rics and  gnyecology.  He  also  published,  chiefly  for  the  use  of  the  students, 
a  translation  from  the  French,  of  Pinard's  work  on  Abdominal  Palpation, 
the  first  complete  treatise  on  this  eminently  practical  subject  in  the  English 
language. 

On  the  resignation  of  Professor  Miltenberger,  in  1891,  Dr.  Neale  also 
voluntarily  withdrew.  In  1892  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Obstetrics  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Baltimore,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  was  made  Professor  of  the  same  branch.  In  1896  the  death  of 
Professor  J.  Edwin  Michael,  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  left  a  vacancy 
in  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  in  that  institution.  The  position  was  offered  to 
Dr.  Neale,  who  accepted  it.  Since  that  he  has  devoted  himself  to  building 
up  his  department  in  the  University,  which,  notwithstanding  the  most  inade- 
quate equipment  and  accommodations  has  grown  to  a  degree  surpassed  by 
none  south  of  New  York,  and  is  to-day  regarded  by  the  medical  students 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  321 

as  offering  the  best  practical  training  of  any  department  in  the  School  of 
Medicine  of  the  University. 

Dr.  Xeale  has  held  the  Presidency  of  the  Baltimore  Gynecological  and 
Obstetrical  Society,  and  is  now  Chairman  of  the  Section  on  the  same  branches 
of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  or  Maryland,  lie  is  married  and 
has  one  child — a  son.     In  religion,  he  is  a  Roman  Catholic. 

Charles  Wellman  Mitchell  was  born  in  Baltimore,  February  4,  1859. 
He  took  his  Bachelor  of  Arts  degree  at  Princeton  College  in  1879,  and  later 
received  the  Alaster's  degree  from  the  same  institution.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Dr.  J.  Edwin  Michael,  and  graduated  M.  D.  and  examination  medalist  from 
the  University  of  Maryland,  1881.  He  was  Resident  Physician  University 
Hospital,  1885-88;  Uecturer  on  Pathology,  University  of  Maryland, 
1888-93;  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children,  Woman's  Medical  College, 
Baltimore,  1893-94;  President  of  Medical  Society,  University  of  Maryland, 
1894-95;  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  University  of  Maryland,  1893-  ; 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  University  of  Maryland,  1896-97; 
Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  Children,  University  of  Maryland,  1897-  ; 
Dean  University  of  Maryland,  1 897-1900;  Visiting  Physician,  Union 
Protestant  Infirmary.      He  resides  at  211  West  Madison  street,  Baltimore. 

Thomas  A.  Ashby,  physician  and  surgeon,  medical  educator,  founder 
of  institutions  of  medical  instruction  and  journals  for  the  dissemination  of 
medical  literature,  ex-president  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of 
Maryland,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Women  in  the  University  of  Maryland 
School  of  Medicine,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent  professional  men  of  the 
present  day  on  whom  the  degree  of  this  University  has  been  conferred,  was 
born  near  Front  Royal,  Warren  county,  Virginia,  on  November  18,  1848. 
The  Virginia  Ashbys  claim  descent  from  Richard  de  Ashby,  who  was  Uord  of 
the  Manors  of  South  Croxton  and  Quenby,  in  Leicestershire,  England,  in  the 
year  1296.  The  English  family  has  contributed  many  men  who  have  achieved 
distinction  in  literature,  war  and  in  statesmanship.  The  town  of  Ashby  de  la 
Zouche,  and  the  Castle  of  Ashby,  in  which  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  impris- 


322  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

oned,  are  associated  with  the  English  family  of  Ashby  and  are  located  in 
Leicestershire. 

The  ancestors  of  Dr.  Ashby  were  cavaliers  who  fled  to  Virginia  during 
the  reign  of  Cromwell,  where  many  of  the  best  known  families  of  English 
blood  found  protection.  He  is  the  fifth  in  line  of  descent  from  Colonel  John 
Ashby,  who  was  a  friend  and  companion  of  General  George  Washington  in 
the  French  and  Indian  wars  prior  to  1764.  He  commanded  a  company  in 
the  Braddock  campaign,  and  was  selected  by  Washington  to  convey  the 
intelligence  of  the  defeat  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia,  at  Williamsburg.    As 

an  officer  in  the  Colonial  service  of  Virginia  he  was  noted  for  courage  and 
daring  as  an  Indian  lighter,  and  many  incidents  are  told  of  his  remarkable 
exploits.  Through  this  same-  line  Dr.  Ashby  is  related  to  the  late  General 
Turner  Ashby,  so  distinguished  as  a  Confederate  officer  in  the  War  between 
the  States,  and  whose  tragic  death  on  the  6th  of  June,  1862,  cast  a  sorrow 
over  the  Confederate  cause  in  the  South.  Through  his  paternal  grand- 
mother's family  lie  is  descended  from  the  Marquis  Calmes,  a  French  noble- 
man, whose  family,  with  other  Huguenots,  came  to  Virginia  after  the 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Through  this  same  line  he  is  a  descen- 
dant of  Philip  Thomas,  who  came  to  Maryland  prior  to  165  1,  and  became 
the  progenitor  of  the  distinguished  Thomas  and  other  noted  families.  His 
great-grandfather,  Captain  Nathaniel  Ashby,  held  a  commission  during  the 
Revolution  in'the  Third  Virginia  Regiment,  commanded  by  Colonel  Thomas 
Marshall,  the  father  of  Chief  Justice  John  Marshall.  Subsequent  to  the  war 
he  married  Margaret  Mauzy,  a  granddaughter  of  Colonel  Henry  Mauzy, 
a  Huguenot,  who  fled  from  France  in  1685  and  came  to  Virginia. 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  General  Robert  E.  Lee  accepted 
the  Presidency  of  Washington  College,  at  Lexington,  Virginia,  and  the  youth 
of  the  South  immediately  flocked  to  that  institution  to  receive  educational 
instruction  under  the  great  soldier  and  citizen.  Dr.  Ashby  was  one  of  the 
number.  He  entered  the  College  (now  Washington  and  Lee  University)  in 
February,  1867,  and  remained  there  until  June,  1870.     He  took  an  elective 


PROFESSOR  THOMAS   A.   ASHBY,    M.  D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  325 

course,  consisting  of  the  classics,  modem  languages  and  chemistry,  as  having 
a  special  bearing  on  his  preparation  for  the  medical  profession.  In  the  lall 
of  187  1  he  entered  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  <>!  Maryland, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  March,  1S73.  I  le  served  as  interne  at  the 
University  Hospital  from  March,  [S72,  to  March,   i  S 7 3 . 

After  graduation,  Dr.  Ashby  located  lor  practice  in  Baltimore,  ami  was 
soon  appointed  Prosector  to  the  chair  of  Anatomy  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University.  In  March,  1  S  7  ^ ,  he  was  elected  Resident  Physician 
to  University  Hospital,  where  his  opportunities  for  clinical  study  and  obser- 
vation were  of  the  most  valuable  character.  Posing  his  father  in  1S7S  he 
was  compelled  to  resign  this  position  in  July  ol  that  sear  and  return  to 
Virginia  to  close  up  his  father's  estate.  However,  in  October  ol  the  same 
year  he  returned  to  Baltimore  and  has  since  lived    n  that  city. 

In  May,  1877,  Dr.  Ashby  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Maryland 
Medical  Journal,  which  was  issued  monthly  until  May,  iNSu,  after  which 
it  was  changed  to  a  bi-weekly.  Subsequentl)  he  became  sole  editor  and  owner 
of  the  journal,  and  in  May,  1883",  converted  it  into  a  weekly.  I  his  is  the 
only  medical  journal  in  Maryland  which  up  to  that  time  had  survived  Volume 
II.,  No.  3.  The  Maryland  Midical  Journal  has  taken  a  front  rank  among 
the  medical  publications  ol  this  country,  and  owes  its  success  to  the  indomit- 
able perseverence,  energy  and  determination  ol  Dr.  Ashby.  Owing  to  the 
increase  of  his  professional  work  and  other  interests,  V>v.  Ashby  sold  Ins 
interest  in  the  journal  in  1  SSS.  I  lis  experience  as  an  editor  extended  through 
some  fourteen  years,  and  during  thai  period  his  pen  handled  almost  ever) 
subject  ami  professional  interest  worthy  ol   note. 

In  1.NN2,  Dr.  Ashby  suggested  to  several  medical  men  the  advisability 
of  establishing  a  Woman's  Medical  College  in  Baltimore.  This  suggestion 
bore  fruit,  and  in  October  ol  that  year  an  institution  lor  the  medical  educa- 
tion of  women  was  established  lor  the  first  time  ;n  the  South.  Dr.  Ashln 
delivered  the  opening  address  and  presented  an  argument  in  support  ol  the 
new  movement  which  has  not  been  disproved.       Ibis  college  is  now    one  ol 


326  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  most  creditable  schools  of  its  class  in  the  country,  keeping  pace  with  every 
movement  looking  to  higher  methods  of  education  in  medicine.  Dr.  Ashby 
filled  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  from   1S82  to  1897. 

In  1889  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children 
in  Baltimore  Medical  College.  Here  a  wide  field  of  work  was  opened  up 
to  him.  The  College  then  was  almost  in  its  infancy,  and  its  facilities  were 
not  equal  to  the  work  of  progress  ahead  of  it,  but  energy,  enthusiasm  and  a 
progressive  spirit  came  to  the  front,  and  within  a  few  years  the  College 
Faculty  and  Trustees  erected  a  College  and  Hospital  plant  at  an  outlay  of 
more  than  $150,000,  which  placed  it  in  the  front  rank  among  the  medical 
schools  of  the  country. 

For  the  term  of  1 890-1  891  Dr.  Ashby  was  honored  with  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  the  sixth  in 
point  of  organization  of  the  medical  societies  of  this  country.  He  is  an 
ex-President  of  the  Baltimore  Medical  Association  and  of  the  Baltimore 
Gynecological  and  Obstetrical  Society,  member  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  and  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society.  He  is 
widely  known  as  an  editor,  teacher  and  surgeon,  and  is  regarded  as  a  con- 
servative, conscientious  and  industrious  worker  in  his  profession,  and  has 
already  achieved  many  of  the  results  which  flow  from  strict  attention  to  duty 
and  untiring  effort.  He  has  devoted  much  attention  to  abdominal  surgery, 
and  claims  to  have  performed  successfully  the  first  laparotomy  for  ruptured 
tubal  pregnancy  in  the  State  of  Maryland.  As  an  operative  gynecologist 
he  has  a  large  and  successful  experience.  He  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  current  medical  literature.  Dr.  Ashby  resigned  his  chair  in  the  Baltimore 
Medical  College  in  July,  1897,  a"d  was  elected  Professor  of  Diseases  of 
Women  in  the  University  of  Maryland,  his  old  Alma  Mater.  Since  1897 
he  has  been  prominently  identified  with  the  upbuilding  of  the  old  University. 

In  his  tastes  Dr.  Ashby  is  social  and  literary,  being  an  omnivorous 
reader,  an  attentive  student  and  a  careful  obsener.  His  manner  is  frank 
and  cordial,  and  to  an  eminent  degree  he  possesses  the  faculty  of  making  and 


PROFESS!  HI  JOHN   <-'<  >HN     HEMMKTICR.     PH.D.,    M.    D.,    LL.D. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  329 

retaining  friends.  In  his  pleasant  home  on  Madison  avenue,  in  Baltimore, 
he  is  ever  hospitable  and  courteous  to  friends  or  strangers  who  seek  his  com- 
pany. His  characteristics  are  those  of  an  unassuming  and  cultivated  gentle- 
man and  courteous  physician  and  friend.  In  1877  Dr.  Ashby  married  Miss 
Mary  Cunningham,  of  Covington,  Kentucky,  a  lady  of  most  attractive  per- 
sonal and  social  characteristics.  They  have  five  interesting  and  attractive 
daughters. 

J.  Holmes  Smith  was  born  at  Bel  Air,  Harford  county,  Maryland, 
March  30,  1857,  a  great-great-grandson  of  Abraham  Mitchell,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland.  I  le  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  and  graduated  M.  D.  from  the  Universit) 
of  Pennsylvania,  1880.  He  settled  in  Baltimore  in  18SS.  He  became 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  University  of  Maryland,  1890;  Lecturer  on 
Clinical  Surgery,  1891;  Visiting  Surgeon,  Bayview  Hospital,  1801-96; 
Chairman,  State  Anatomy  Board,  1892-96;  Associate  Professor  ol  Anat- 
omy, 1896-1902;  Professor  of  Anatomy,  1902-  ;  Surgeon  University  Hos- 
pital, 1902-   .     He  resides  at  2205  St.  Paul  street,  Baltimore. 

John  Cohn  Hemmeter,  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Clinical  Medicine 
in  this  University,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  April  25,  1863,  ol  parents  who 
emigrated  to  this  country  from  Germany  in   1848. 

He  attended  the  public  schools,  graduating  at  the  Baltimore  City  Col- 
lege in  1881.  Previous  to  entering  the  Baltimore  City  College  he  had  been 
a  pupil  at  the  Kaiserliches  Gymnasium  at  Wiesbaden,  Germany,  for  five 
years.  After  graduation  at  the  Baltimore  City  College  he  returned  to 
Wiesbaden,  taking  instruction  at  the  Fresenius  Chemical  Laboratory.  On 
returning  to  America  the  second  time,  in  1882,  he  entered  the  University  of 
Maryland  School  of  Medicine,  from  which  he  was  graduated  M.  1).  two 
years  later.  From  1885  to  1888,  he  was  Resident  Physician  in  charge  of 
Bay  View  Hospital,  at  Baltimore.  Since  1897  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Faculty  of  Physic  of  this  University  and  Director  of  the  Clinical  Laboratory, 
which  was  constructed  and  equipped  with  a  fund  acquired  through  his  own 


330  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

influence  and  activity.  Since  1903,  after  the  death  of  Professor  Francis  T. 
Miles,  he  has  held  the  chair  of  Physiology  in  both  the  Medical  and  Dental 
Faculties,  and  he  is  one  of  the  Consulting  Physicians  to  the  University  Hos- 
pital and  numerous  other  hospitals,  and  a  Regent  of  the  University  of  Mary- 
land. Almost  the  entire  instrumental  equipment  of  the  Physiological 
Laboratory  has  been  acquired  through  his  efforts. 

His  practice  is  limited  to  diseases  of  the  stomach  and  intestines,  and  his 
original  researches  and  writings  on  affections  of  these  organs  have  given 
him  an  international  reputation.  His  articles  have  appeared  in  American, 
English,  French  and  German  journals.  Among  his  more  important  contri- 
butions is  the  discovery  that  certain  forms  of  gastric  hyperacidity  are  due  to 
an  increased  number  of  acid  cells  in  the  peptic  ducts,  there  being  an  atrophy 
of  the  same  cells  in  sub  or  anacidity.  He  originated  an  instrumental  method 
of  investigating  the  duodenum  by  intubation  in  the  human  patient.  He  dis- 
covered a  new  disease  of  the  stomach  characterized  by  variable  secretion, 
which  he  designated  as  "keterochylia,"  which  has  been  confirmed  and  the 
name  adopted  by  German  authors.  He  established  the  relation  between  the 
secretion  of  the  gastric  juice  and  that  of  the  salivary  glands  by  the  discovery 
of  a  substance  in  the  salivary  glands,  the  intravenous  injection  of  which 
causes  a  secretion  of  gastric  juice.  Disease  or  atrophy  of  the  salivary  glands 
(Mickulicz'  Disease)  he  found  causes  loss  of  gastric  secretion.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  valuable  original  researches  on  the  pathogenesis  and  the  early 
diagnosis  of  cancer  of  the  stomach. 

He  is  an  associate  editor  of  the  "Archiv  fur  Verdauungs-Krankheiten," 
published  in  Berlin,  Archiv  fur  Klin.  Med.,  and  Centralblatt  fur  Stoff- 
wechselkrankheiten.  He  is  the  author  of  the  following  works:  "The  Special 
Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Organic  Diseases  of  the  Stomach,"  1897; 
"Diseases  of  the  Stomach,"  3rd  ed.  1900;  "Diseases  of  the  Intestines,"  two 
volumes,  1901-2;  "Theodore  Billroth,  Surgical  and  Musical  Philosopher," 
"History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood,"  both  originally 
published  in  the  John  Hopkins  Hospital  Bulletin;  "The  Literary  and  Poetic 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  331 

Activity  of  Albrecht  von  Haller,"  and  some  one  hundred  or  more  original 
and  experimental  contributions  published  in  Europe  and  America. 

While  a  student  in  Europe  he  studied  music  under  Yahn  at  Wiesbaden, 
and  he  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  musical  compositions  for  piano,  chorus 
and  orchestra.  His  experimental  researches  on  the  physiological  effects  of 
alcohol,  "Studies  from  the  Biological  Laboratory,  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity," Vol.  IV.,  of  Ergot,  Medical  News,  1891,  and  of  digitalis,  New  York 
Medical  Record,  September  12,  [891,  have  been  quoted  in  almost  all  stand- 
ard text-books  on  Therapeutics. 

He  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  from  the  Johns  1  lop- 
kins  University  in  1890.  For  several  years  he  worked  under  Professor  H. 
Newell  Martin,  a  pupil  of  Huxley  and  Michael  Foster,  in  the  Biological 
Laboratory  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University;  for  three  years  later  worked 
under  William  T.  Councilman,  the  present  Professor  of  Pathology  at  Har- 
vard University,  and  thus  laid  the  excellent  foundation  for  that  career  as  a 
physiologist  and  as  a  pathological  and  clinical  investigator,  which  he  has 
since  followed  with  such  credit  and  success.  St.  John's  College,  Annapolis, 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.,  in  1905,  at  which  time 
he  delivered  the  commencement  address  to  the  graduates  of  that  institution. 

He  is  an  active  or  honorary  member  of  many  clubs  and  societies  here 
and  abroad  and  has  held  the  presidency  of  the  American  Gastro-Enterologi- 
cal  Association.  He  is  a  pleasing  and  graceful  speaker,  in  English  as  well  as 
in  German  and  French,  a  most  industrious  worker,  and  takes  a  warm  and 
active  interest  in  the  advancement  of  this  University  and  of  his  profession. 
As  chairman  of  the  committees  on  Centennial  of  the  University  of  Maryland 
he  represents  at  this  time  the  head  of  that  most  important  movement.  He 
has  recently  returned  from  a  visit  to  Europe  (1906),  during  which  he  re- 
ceived much  hospitality  and  many  academic  attentions  from  leading  clinicians 
of  Germany,  Austria  and  Holland,  delivering  clinical  addresses  in  Berlin  and 
elsewhere,  and  brought  along  a  marble  bust  of  Rudolf  Virchow,  which  he 
presented  to  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland. 


332  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

On  November  15,  1905,  on  the  twentieth  anniversary  of  his  doctorate, 
one  hundred  oi  Dr.  Hemmeter's  professional  friends  and  former  pupils 
throughout  the  country  assembled  in  Baltimore  and  presented  to  him  an 
oil  portrait  of  himself,  executed  by  the  artist,  Mr.  Louis  Dietrich.  The 
presentation  speech  was  made  by  Surgeon-General  Walter  Wyman,  of  the 
United  States  Marine  Hospital  Service,  who,  among  other  things,  uttered 
this  tribute  to  the  recipient:  "You  have  demonstrated  in  your  life  the  great 
truth,  that  a  man  may  be  a  great  physician,  yet  eminent  in  other  walks  of 
lite,  meeting  the  social  demands  oi  his  nature,  Loving  melody,  and  cultivating 
to  a  high  degree  the  love  of  the  beautiful  and  good  as  well  as  the  true." 

He  is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Koniglich  Kaiserlich.  Gesellschaft 
Oesterreicher  Aertzte  and  the  Gasellschaft  fur  Innere  Medicin  und  Kinder- 
heil-Kunda,  both  of  Vienna,  member  of  the  Congress  fur  Innere  Medizin, 
Germany,  and  the  Tri-Stafe  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  North  and  South 
Carolina,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Association  lor  the  Advancement  of 
Science.  In  1902  his  publications  of  various  characters  from  American, 
German,  British  and  French  journals  were  compiled  by  Drs,  Charles  C. 
Conser  and  Wilbur  F.  Skillman,  not  for  general  publication,  'however,  but 
only  lor  medical  libraries. 


SCHOOL    OF    LAW. 


III. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 


SCHOOL  OF   LAW 


III.    SCHOOL  OF  LAW. 

THE  Faculty  of  Law,  consisting  of  a  Professor  and  six  members — 
all  leaders  of  the  Bar — their  names  have  already  been  given — 
was  annexed  to  the  Faculty  of  Physic  on  January  6,  1813. 
The  Board  of  Regents,  composed  of  the  four  Faculties,  organ- 
ized on  April  22  following.  David  Hoffman,  Esq.,  was  chosen  the  first 
Professor  of  Law. 

There  was  no  immediate  attempt  to  found  a  School  of  instruction,  but 
Professor  Hoffman  constantly  cherished  the  hope  of  doing  so,  and  his 
thoughts,  his  studies  and  his  writings  all  tended  towards  that  result.  In  18 17 
he  published  in  Baltimore  a  memorable  work  entitled:  "A  Course  of  Legal 
Study  addressed  to  Students  and  the  Profession  generally,"  the  first  of  the 
kind  in  the  United  States,  and  treating  the  subject  in  a  manner  entirely  unique. 
The  object  of  this  treatise  was  not  itself  to  teach,  but  merely  to  point  out  the 
method  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  great  science  of  Law.  In  a  subject 
of  such  vast  extent,  the  necessity  of  system  and  economy  of  time  is  impera- 
tive. Beginning  with  general  considerations,  the  student  was  here  led  on  by 
a  master  hand  through  all  the  mazes  of  the  intricate  course,  directing  him 
what  authors  to  read,  and  accompanying  the  directions  with  notes  composed 
in  the  broadest  philosophical  spirit,  and  abounding  in  just  and  discriminating 
criticism  and  in  precepts  calculated  to  elevate  the  moral  as  well  as  intellectual 
character.  The  following  extract  conveys  an  idea  of  the  author's  object  in 
preparing  the  treatise : 

"If  a  man  should  calculate  on  living  to  the  age  of  sixty  years,  and  should 
appropriate  forty  of  them  to  the  study  of  books,  the  most  that  could  be  ac- 
complished in  this  time  would  be  the  careful  study  of  about  sixteen  hundred 
octavo  volumes  of  five  hundred  pages  each.  What  is  this  number  compared 
with  the  millions  out  of  which  he  has  to  select?     How  important  is  it,  there- 


338  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

fore,  that  the  choice  should  be  judicious,  and,  that  after  it  is  made,  the  whole 
should  be  studied  with  method?  And  how  much  more  necessary  is  it  to 
those  who,  instead  of  forty  years'  devotion  to  books,  appropriate  not  more 
than  a  fourth  part  of  that  period?  We  are  aware  that  such  calculations  can- 
not be  made  with  mathematical  accuracy,  but  an  approximation  is  sufficient 
for  our  purpose,  which  is  to  illustrate  the  great  importance  of  system  and 
judicious  selection,  in  the  attainment  of  knowledge  through  the  channel  of 
books." 

Mr.  Hoffman  realized  that  the  course  which  he  recommended — requir- 
ing, according  to  his  estimate,  six  or  seven  years,  nearly  double  that  usually 
allotted,  to  accomplish — was  an  ideal  one,  which  for  various  reasons — lack 
of  means,  age,  deficient  zeal,  or  industry,  etc. — many  would  find  impractic- 
able, provided  by  marks  the  means  of  shortening  it  to  three  or  four  years, 
although  still  insisting  that  the  residue  should  be  completed  later  on  in  pro- 
fessional life. 

This  work  elicited  the  highest  encomiums  from  legal  authorities 
throughout  the  country.  It  at  once  gave  its  author  a  national  reputation,  and 
later  led  to  the  highest  foreign  honors.  It  elicited  from  the  North  American 
Review,  a  review  of  thirty-three  pages,  in  which  it  was  pronounced  to  be  "by 
far  the  most  perfect  system  for  the  study  of  the  law  which  has  ever  been 
offered  to  the  public — a  model  for  the  direction  of  students."  Chief  Justice 
Marshall  said  that  it  was  "calculated  to  elevate  and  dignify  the  profession;" 
Judge  Story  pronounced  it  "an  honor  to  the  country;"  Hon.  Chancellor 
Kent  wrote  to  the  author:  "Whoever  follows  your  directions  will  be  an  ac- 
complished and  well-read  lawyer;"  Hon.  De  Witt  Clinton  characterized  it 
"as  an  invaluable  guide  to  legal  knowledge;"  Associate  Justice  Duvall  added 
his  commendation. 

In  April,  i  82  i,  he  embodied  this  course  in  a  "Syllabus  of  a  Course  of 
Lectures  on  Law  proposed  to  be  delivered  in  the  University  of  Maryland — 
Addressed  to  the  Students  of  Law  in  the  United  States."  This  syllabus  pro- 
vided for  three  hundred  and  one  lectures,  "embracing  every  title  known  to 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  339 

the  great  body  of  law,  viz.;  Kthics,  commercial,  statute,  national,  Roman, 
Admiralty,  mercantile  and  constitutional  law,"  and  occupying  an  hour  every 
day  for  ten  months  in  the  year.  "Whoever  looks  on  the  numerous  volumes 
of  Institutes,  Abridgments,  Digests  and  Reports,  will  see  the  benefit  of  pos- 
sessing some  summary  oi  principles,  of  distinctions  and  of  topics,  which, 
however  imperfect  in  itself,  may  show  him  the  points  which  are  to  be  sought 
over  this  wide  surface,  the  train  of  investigation  which  is  to  lead  him  to  each 
and  the  order  in  which  they  are  to  be  pursued."  In  providing  for  this  want, 
the  author  "expects  to  treat  in  order  all  the  important  topics  of  the  law  with 
a  minuteness  which  will  give  students  a  knowledge  of  them  that  will  leave 
few  difficulties  in  their  private  studies." 

As  for  the  inauguration  of  a  Department  of  Law  in  the  University,  he 
says  that  it  ought  to  constitute  a  part  of  the  instruction  there.  It  has  from 
the  beginning  been  taught  as  an  important  branch  of  learning,  and  was  then 
so  taught  in  most  European  countries,  lectures  being  delivered  and  degrees 
being  conferred,  as  in  other  departments  of  knowledge.  The  reasons  which 
have  made  it  to  be  considered  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  University  education 
of  other  countries  are  of  yet  greater  weight  in  a  nation  whose  fundamental 
principles  of  government  invite  all,  without  distinction  of  rank,  to  the  par- 
ticipation of  political  power,  and  to  the  administration  of  laws.  He  pro- 
posed to  treat  every  branch  of  law  and  in  detail,  and,  however  laborious  and 
responsible  the  enterprise  might  prove,  it  would  be  prosecuted  with  all  the 
industry  and  zeal  the  author  could  command,  provided  it  should  meet 
with  encouragement  sufficient  to  compensate  him  for  the  sacrifices  inevitable 
to  so  great  an  undertaking.  He  declared  that  he  was  prompted  to  the  task 
by  no  pecuniary  necessity  and  by  no  want  of  extensive  practice,  his  chief  mo- 
tives being  a  fondness  for  these  subjects  and  the  desire  of  being  useful.  To 
these  he  looks  for  support  and  cheer  in  the  many  hours  of  exhaustion  inci- 
dent to  his  enterprise. 

He  alludes  to  the  condition  of  the  University — the  only  institution  in 
the  country  professing  to  teach  through  the  medium  of  lectures  exclusively. 


Un  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

There  were  already  fourteen  professorships  and  two  lectureships,  eight  of 
which  were  in  operation  under  circumstances  of  rare  and  great  promise  and 
several  others  were  in  contemplation  in  the  ensuing  fall.  As  a  School  of 
Medicine,  none  in  the  country  offered  such  numerous  facilities  for  the  acquisi- 
tion of  learning.  No  pains  nor  expense  had  been  spared  in  the  erection  oi 
buildings  and  in  providing  necessary  accommodations.  The  chemical  appar- 
atus was  more  modern  and  extensive  than  any  in  the  country,  and  was  being 
annually  augmented  by  importations  from  Paris  under  the  direction  of  the 
able  Professor  of  Chemistry,  De  Butts.  There  was  an  extensive  museum,  the 
specimens  of  which,  illustrative  of  morbid  anatomy,  were  among  the  most 
valuable  of  the  kind  in  the  world,  having  been  collected  with  great  care  and 
expense.  The  mineralogical  department  was  respectable  and  growing.  From 
the  extent  and  perfection  of  the  philosophical  apparatus  and  the  learning 
and  zeal  of  the  Professor,  much  was  to  be  expected  from  that  department. 
Botany  languished  from  want  of  a  botanical  garden,  etc.,  but  as  the  pe- 
cuniary resources  of  the  University  were  augmenting,  and  the  Regents  in- 
tended to  fill  all  the  chairs  and  to  furnish  them  with  the  requisite  means  of 
instruction,  it  was  hoped  that  this  subject  would  receive  due  attention.  He 
had  hoped  to  have  it  in  his  power  to  say  with  certainty  that  his  own  lectures 
would  commence  in  the  following  October,  but  was  prevented  from  doing  so 
by  the  extensiveness  of  the  scheme  of  instruction  and  the  imperfect  state  and 
deficient  funds  of  the  University.  However,  through  the  liberal  patronage 
of  the  State,  the  accommodations  for  students  having  been  greatly  increased 
and  improved,  and  the  extensive  original  plan  being  likely  to  be  completed 
during  the  summer,  the  medical  professorships  being  filled  by  men  of  well- 
known  talent  and  knowledge,  and  the  prospects  of  the  University  from  these 
advantages,  its  situation  and  the  increase  of  students  during  the  previous  ses- 
sion being  on  the  whole  extremely  flattering,  there  was  every  encouragement 
to  look  forward  to  a  fulfillment  of  his  hopes. 

It  is  seen  from  the  above  what  stress  Professor  Hoffman  laid  upon  in- 
struction by  lectures.     He  even  thought  that  this  method  was  made  compul- 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  34  > 

sory,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others,  hy  the  charter,  and  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Pegents,  held  September  28,  1821*,  he  called  attention  to  a  syllabus  of  a 
course  of  study  in  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences  which  he  said  he  was  sure 
had  never  been  contemplated  hy  the  founders  of  the  University.  The  matter 
was  discussed,  but  no  action  was  taken  upon  it  by  the  Board. 

In  1822  he  gave  notice  in  the  newspapers  of  his  intention  to  begin  lec- 
tures. It  was  not  until  1823,  however,  that  he  was  able  to  realize  the  fruition 
of  his  long-delayed  hopes.  The  sudden  death  of  Judge  Dorsey  on  the  1st 
of  August  of  that  year  favored  his  plans  by  leaving  the  field  vacant  for  him 
and  the  large  and  successful  law  school  conducted  by  the  former  without  a 
head.  At  this  date  the  Faculty  of  Law  consisted  of  Professor  Hoffman,  Wil- 
liam H.  Winder,  Nathaniel  Williams,  George  Winchester,  Jonathan  Mere- 
dith and  William  Frick,  with  one  vacancy. 

We  have  in  print,  bearing  date  October,  1823,  Professor  Hoffman's 
"Introductory  to  a  Course  of  Lectures  now  Delivering  in  the  University  oi 
Maryland — Published  at  the  request  of  the  Faculty  of  Law."  It  contains 
seventy-six  pages.  The  following  year  his  school  assumed  the  designation  oi 
the  "Maryland  Law  Institute,"  and  was  opened  "in  a  spacious  and  commodi- 
ous building  on  South  street,  near  Market  street,"  where  "apartments  were 
handsomely  fitted  up  ami  arranged  in  every  respect  for  the  accommodation 
of  students,"  including  a  large  law  and  general  library.! 

Professor  Hoffman  soon  realized  the  impracticability  of  the  far-reach- 
ing plan  which  he  bail  outlined  in  his  Course  of  Legal  Study  in  18  17  and 
his  Syllabus  of  1821,  anil  which  was  to  embrace  every  branch  ol  jurispru- 
dence in  any  degree  appropriate  to  the  United  States,  or  which  might  be  use- 
ful to  the  American  student  of  law.  I  le  was  attempting  to  do  what  had  not 
yet  been  attempted  in  this  country,  it,  indeed,  in  Lngland,  and  the  greatness 
of  bis  ideals  as  well  as  the  deficient  pecuniary  backing  which  the  University 
was  able  to  give  him,  was  embarrassing  him.     We  find  him,  therefore,  modi- 


*Minute  Book,  Board  of  Regents. 

f.  /  circular  to  students  at  Law  in  the  United  States,   I'lnl.i.,   1S4.;. 


342  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

fying  his  views  as  he  proceeds.  In  the  Introductory  of  1823,  for  example, 
he  speaks  of  the  whole  course  occupying  at  least  eighteen  months  and  more 
probably  two  years  in  the  delivery — students  to  be  admitted  at  any  time  ac- 
cording to  advancement.  Indeed,  at  this  time  the  course  as  laid  out  in  his 
mind  was  not  complete,  and  he  contemplated  adding  to  it  from  time  to  time 
by  founding  a  Moot  Court  and  Debating  Society,  and  by  institution  of 
medals  and  prizes,  oral  and  written  discussions,  colloquial  examination,  etc. 
He  expected  his  chief  patronage  from  the  South  and  West. 

The  following  were  the  fees  as  published  in  1824:  Per  annum,  $100; 
four  months,  950;  public  lectures  to  law  students,  $30,  to  others,  $15  ;  moot 
court  (optional),  $20;  moot  court  and  public  lectures,  $40.  His  advertise- 
ment of  October  1,  1824,  contemplates  a  two-year  course  of  ten  months  each 
with  daily  lectures.* 

His  second  and  third  Introductories  are  also  extant,  the  former  bear- 
ing the  title:  "The  Law  of  Personal  Rights  and  Personal  Remedies."  In 
the  latter  occur  the  following  words:  "The  sacrifices  I  have  been  thus  far 
subjected  to  must  be  obvious  to  all,  but  I  trust  my  zeal  has  not  abated,  tho' 
I  have  had  from  my  brethren  so  little  to  enliven  and  encourage  me."  The 
advantages  and  details  of  a  Moot  Court  were  again  dwelt  upon,  but  in  a 
N.  B.  added  April,  1826,  we  are  told,  "The  Moot  Court,  on  the  extensive 
plan  delineated  in  the  foregoing  lecture,  has  not  gone  into  operation,  and 
probably  will  not  unless  a  more  ample  zeal  and  encouragement  on  the  part 
of  those  to  whom  it  was  tendered  should  be  manifested.  But  a  Court  of 
less  pretension  is  in  operation,  and,  when  time  and  circumstances  will  justify 
it,  that  one  may  probably  mature  into  the  one  orginally  contemplated,  tho' 
it  is  not  very  probable,  as  students  of  law  (as  far  as  we  can  perceive)  have 
not  generally  that  zeal  for  availing  themselves  of  facilities  in  study  which 
seems  to  mark  the  students  of  medicine  and  theology.  Whether  the  whole 
of  our  plans  in  regard  to  the  Law  Institute  and  Scheme  of  lectures  is  to  be 


*Fed.  Gazette, 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  343 

eventually  defeated  by   the  want  of  suitable  encouragement   is  yet   uncer- 
tain." 

And  as  late  as  i  83  i  we  still  find  that  "the  expenses  of  the  establish- 
ment" are  "so  very  considerable"  as  to  "forbid  the  hope  of  accomplishing 
the  delivery  of  the  entire  course,  until  the  permanent  class  shall  be  much  en- 
larged" beyond  its  then  or  previous  number.*  There  were  about  thirty 
students  attending  lectures  at  this  time.t 

The  Law  Institute  continued  in  successful  operation  until  1836,  receiv- 
ing during  its  career  students  from  eleven  of  the  States  of  the  Union  and 
from  two  foreign  countries.  About  1833  it  was  located  on  Courtland  street, 
convenient  to  the  courts.  We  do  not  know  of  any  records  giving  names 
and  numbers  of  students,  etc.,  and  we  have  not  been  able  to  learn  with  cer- 
tainty whether  any  degrees  were  given  or,  if  so,  to  whom.  The  late  Hon. 
George  W.  Dobbin  and  I.  Nevitt  Steele,  of  Baltimore,  were  pupils  of  Pro- 
fessor Hoffman,  and,  according  to  Lamb's  Biographical  Dictionary,  the 
former  "graduated."  The  general  statement  was  made  by  Professor  John 
P.  Kennedy,  of  the  chair  of  History,  at  the  opening  of  the  School  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  January  3,  1 83 1 ,  that  "the  degree  of  B.  L.  was  conferred 
after  three  years'  study  in  the  Institute  and  a  successful  examination  by  three 
gentlemen  of  legal  science  appointed   for  that  purpose."! 

Professor  Hoffman  took  an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  Univer- 
sity during  the  government  of  the  Regents.  He  was  opposed  to  the  action 
of  the  State  in  assuming  control  of  the  University  in  1826,  and,  like  Pro- 
fessor Potter,  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  his  relations  with  the  Trustees  were 
far  from  being  friendly.  The  Legislature,  however,  seemed  to  be  disposed 
to  be  fair  and  even  generous  in  the  disposition  of  the  funds,  and  in  the 
division  of  the  balance  of  the  $140,000  authorized  by  the  Lottery  acts, 
appropriated  $14,200  to  the  Department  of  Law,  that  sum  being  considered 


♦Professor  John   P.   Kennedy's  Address,   [831. 

t.  /  Complete  View  of  Baltimore,  By  Charles  Varle,  Civil  Engineer,  Bait.,  1833,    "'  ln" 

%Loc.  rit. 


344  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

a  due  proportion  of  the  whole  amount.  Of  the  $14,200,  $5,000  were  paid 
to  Professor  Hoffman  for  his  law  library,  and  the  balance  was  invested  with 
a  view  to  the  subsequent  erection  of  necessary  buildings.  Meanwhile  a 
building  was  secured  for  temporary  use  at  a  rental  of  $400.* 

According  to  the  Minutes  of  the  Trustees,  Professor  Hoffman  paid  no 
attention  to  the  regulations  regarding  the  Library  and  furniture  (which  had 
been  included  also  in  the  purchase),  and  on  April  16,  1833,  proceedings 
were  brought  against  him  for  their  recovery,  but  he  gave  bail  and  departed 
for  Europe  without  delivering  either.  It  is  said  in  the  Minutes  that  he 
ceased  to  lecture  before  January  1,  1833;  his  own  statement,  already  re- 
corded, was  that  he  continued  to  lecture  until  1836.  On  the  restoration  of 
the  property  of  the  University  to  the  Regents,  in  April,  1839,  there  is  men- 
tion of  "unsatisfied  judgment  against  David  Hoffman,  Esq.,  in  the  Balti- 
more County  Court,  held  by  the  Trustees." 

Professor  Hoffman  gives  the  following  account  of  the  suspension  of  his 
Institute  in  1836:  "Owing  to  the  pressure  of  an  extensive  practice,  with  the 
duties  which  the  Institution  involved,  I  resolved  in  1836  to  abandon,  not 
only  the  practice  of  my  ever  and  long-cherished  profession,  but  also  the  Law 
Institute,  and  for  health  and  ease  sought  the  more  genial  climates  of 
Europe." 

He  did  not  take  any  further  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  University, 
and  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  Board  of  Regents  on  October  9,  1843,! 
having  determined  to  open  a  law  school  in  Philadelphia.  As — according 
to  his  own  statement — he  received  his  appointment  as  Professor  of  Law  in 
1  816,  his  connection  with  the  University  is  thus  seen  to  have  extended  over 
a  period  of  twenty-seven  years. 

David  Hoffman  was  born  in  Baltimore  on  December  25,  1784.  He 
was  surrounded  by  influences  of  literary  culture  from  his  birth,  and  at  a  very 


-MS.  Records  0/  University.    Joint  Mem'l  of  Trustees  of  Univ.  and  Baltimore    College 
to  the  Legislature,  1830. 
jRegents'  Min.  Bk. 


PROFESSOK    DAVID    HOFFMAN,    LL.D. 
(From  a  cameo  portrait  in  the  possession  of   his  granddaughter,  Miss  Kerr,  of 

Bryn  Mawr,  Penn.) 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  347 

early  age  began  the  study  of  law.  He  quickly  took  rank  as  a  scholarly  law- 
yer— one  devoted  to  his  profession  and  to  the  elevation  of  its  practice.  In 
1 8 1 6  he  began  practice  in  Baltimore*  and  the  same  year  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Law  in  the  Law  Faculty  of  this  University.  He  actively  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  that  position  from  i  823  to  1836.  In  the  latter  year  he 
abandoned  teaching  and  spent  two  years  in  E'urope.  On  his  return  he 
became  a  Presidential  Elector  for  Maryland  in  the  Harrison  campaign. 

In  1843  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  with  the  design  of  reviving  there 
his  Law  Institute.  In  a  circular  addressed  to  students  of  law  in  the  United 
States,  and  dated  Philadelphia,  December,  1843,  he  says:  "rinding  at  this 
time  my  health  perfectly  restored,  and  with  it  no  abatement  whatever  of 
my  zeal  and  devotion  to  that  great  science  which  in  this  country  of  all  others 
needs  to  be  methodically  and  carefully  studied,  and  seeking,  moreover,  in- 
dustrious and  continual  occupation  so  essential  to  happiness  in  a  land  that 
knows  of  no  idlers,  I  resolved  to  re-establish  the  Law  Institution,  and  have 
selected  Philadelphia  as  the  place  of  its  location."  He  adds  that  his  school 
is  located  in  a  spacious  and  beautiful  building,  No.  117  South  Fifth  street, 
with  accommodations  for  about  sixty  students.  The  result  of  this  project  is 
not  known.  He  also  devoted  himself  to  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
Philadelphia. 

In  1847  he  went  to  England  to  complete  his  history  of  the  world.  He 
returned  to  America  in  1853,  and  applied  himself  to  straightening  out  his 
private  affairs,  and  never  was  able  to  resume  his  literary  work. 

Professor  Hoffman  was  an  inspiring,  accurate,  laborious,  learned 
and  lucid  teacher.  His  achievements  as  a  scholarly  and  brilliant  writer 
secured  for  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  Universities  of  Maryland  and 
Oxford,  and  that  of  J.  U.  D.t  from  the  University  of  Gottingen,  and  also 
membership  in  many  learned  societies  at  home  and  abroad.     He  died  from 


*His  own  statement. 
jjuris    Utriusque   Doctor. 


348  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND' 

a  stroke  of  apoplexy  while  on  a  visit  to  New  York  City,  November   II, 

1854. 

Professor  Hoffman's  first  work  was  his  "Course  of  Legal  Study,"  Bal- 
timore, 1 8 17;  second  edition  in  two  volumes,  1836.  His  "Syllabus  of  a 
Course  of  Lectures  on  Law"  appeared  in  1821,  followed  by  his  introduc- 
tory lectures  of  1823,  1824  and  1825,  and  his  "Address;  to  Students  of 
Law,"  1824.  His  other  works  were:  "Legal  Outlines,"  volume  i,  Balti- 
more, 1829;  "Miscellaneous  Thoughts  on  Men,  Manners  and  Things," 
Baltimore,  1837;  "A  Peep  Into  My  Note  Book,"  Baltimore,  1839;  "Sylla- 
bus of  a  Course  of  Lectures  upon  History,"  Baltimore,  1841  ;  "Viator,  or  A 
Peep  Into  My  Note  Book,"  Baltimore,  1841  ;  "Circular  to  Students  at  Law 
in  the  United  States,"  Philadelphia,  1843;  "Legal  Hints,"  1846; 
"Chronicles  Selected  from  the  Originals  of  Cartaphilus,  the  Wandering 
Jew,  Embracing  a  Period  of  Nearly  XIX.  Centuries,"  London,  1853-54, 
three  volumes.  The  last  was  intended  to  give  in  a  novel  manner  a  history  of 
the  world  in  six  volumes  from  A.  D.,  27  to  A.  D.,  1840.  It  well  illustrates 
the  deep  literary  research  and  curious  tastes  of  its  author.  Only  three  vol- 
umes of  it  were  published,  and  these  formed  the  basis  of  a  course  of  histori- 
cal lectures  delivered  by  him  in  Baltimore  in  1841.  He  wrote  but  never 
published  "Moot  Court  Decisions"  and  "Abridgment  of  Lord  Coke's  Re- 
ports, with  Notes." 

There  was  no  attempt  made  to  resume  the  lectures  of  the  Law  Depart- 
ment by  Professor  Hoffman,  or  to  supply  his  place  in  that  Faculty,  upon  his 
resignation  in  1843.  The  members  of  the  Faculty  of  Law,  at  the  reorgani- 
zation of  the  Regents  on  September  18,  1837,  were  David  Hoffman,  Dean 
and  Professor,  and  Messrs.  Meredith,  Winchester,  Mayer,  Evans,  Hall  and 
Dobbin. 

The  School  of  Law  was  revived  in  1  869  upon  the  initiative  of  Professor 
Christopher  Johnston,  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic*     At  that  time  but  two 


*Personal  statement  of  Professor  Poe  to  author. 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  349 

members  of  the  Faculty  of  Law  remained,  viz.;  Messrs.  George  W.  Dobbin 
and  John  H.  B.  Latrobe.  These  gentlemen  tilled  the  vacancies  by  the 
election,  as  their  colleagues,  of  Messrs.  George  William  Brown,  Bernard 
Carter,  H.  Clay  Dallam  and  John  P.  Foe.  Hon.  Robert  N.  Martin  and 
Hon.  John  A.  Inglis,  both  of  whom  had  tilled  with  distinction  high  judicial 
positions,  were  elected  Professors,  and  Judge  Dobbin  was  made  Dean.  1  he 
first  course  of  instruction  began  on  the  first  Monday  of  February,  1870,  with 
a  class  of  twenty  students,  and  was  continued  until  the  summer  vacation. 
The  lectures  were  delivered  at  the  building  of  the  Department  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  on  Mulberry,  opposite  Cathedral  street,  and  were  attended  mostly 
by  young  members  of  the  bar,  "attracted,  perhaps,  to  some  extent  at  least, 
by  the  novelty  here  of  the  attempt  to  teach  law."  A  leading  member  of  the 
bar,  and  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  1871,  thus  speaks  of  the  first  Faculty: 
"Professor  Inglis,  while  not  an  interesting  lecturer,  was  a  most  admirable 
and  painstaking,  learned  and  thorough  teacher.  Professor  Martin  was  also 
a  very  strong  man,  possessing  great  mental  vigor  and  extensive  legal  acquire- 
ments; his  relations  with  the  students  were  very  pleasant.  The  course  for 
those  days  was  a  very  good  one." 

In  July,  1870,  Judge  Martin  died,  and  was  succeeded  by  Hon.  Alex- 
ander FI.  Handy,  a  native  Marylander,  who  had  held  a  judicial  position  in 
Mississippi. 

The  second  session  began  in  October,  1870,  Mr.  John  P.  Poe  being 
added  to  the  Instructors  in  the  chair  of  Pleading  and  Practice  at  Law.  Pro- 
fessor Poe  lectured  at  night,  and  his  class  numbered  from  three  to  seven. 

The  first  Commencement  was  held  in  the  Court  Room  of  the  United 
States  District  Court,  Fayette  and  North  streets,  and  there  were  six  gradu- 
ates, viz.;  John  J.  Donaldson,  J.  H.  B.  Latrobe,  Jr.;  Harry  E.  Mann, 
Charles  K.  Poe  and  Samuel  E.  Turner,  Jr.  The  diplomas  were  conferred 
by  Mr.  S.  Teackle  Wallis,  and  the  address  was  delivered  by  Mr.  Reverdy 
Johnson,  who  also  received  at  the  hands  of  the  Regents  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.  D.    The  newspapers  note  as  unusual  for  such  an  occasion  that  there 


350  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

were  few  ladies  present,  and  that  there  were  no  bouquets.  There  were 
many  distinguished  members  of  the  legal  profession  in  attendance,  as  also 
Professors  Christopher  Johnston  and  William  E.  A.  Aikin,  of  the  Faculty  of 
Physic,  and  Rev.  J.  G.  Hamner,  of  the  Faculty  of  Theology. 

In  the  fall  of  1871,  Judge  Handy  returned  to  Mississippi  and  a  rear- 
rangement of  the  chairs  was  rendered  necessary.  The  following  assignment 
was  then  made:  Hon.  George  William  Brown,  "Constitutional  Law;" 
Arthur  George  Brown,  "Admiralty  and  Shipping;"  Benjamin  C.  Barroll, 
"Principles  and  Rules  of  Equity,  Jurisprudence,  Pleading  and  Practice." 
The  services  of  these  gentlemen  were  considered  of  great  value  at  this  critical 
period  in  the  history  of  the  School. 

In  the  fall  of  1872  the  Messrs.  Brown  and  Barroll  retired,  and  Pro- 
fessor Richard  M.  Venable  was  called  to  assist  Messrs.  Inglis  and  Poe,  these 
three  constituting  the  Faculty  for  the  next  six  years.  The  following  was 
the  distribution  of  subjects  at  this  time:  Hon.  John  A.  Inglis,  LL.  D.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Commercial  Law,  Equity  and  Jurisprudence,  etc.;  John  P.  Poe, 
Esq.,  Professor  of  Pleading,  Practice,  Evidence  and  International  Law; 
Richard  M.  Venable,  Esq.,  Professor  of  Law  of  Real  Estate,  Leaseholds  and 
Crimes  and  of  Constitutional  Law.  At  the  Commencement  held  in  the 
Academy  of  Music  May  26,  1876,  there  were  twenty-nine  graduates. 

In  September,  1878,  Judge  Inglis  died,  and  his  branches  were  divided 
between  Messrs.  Charles  Marshall  and  Bernard  Carter.  The  former  oc- 
cupied for  four  years  the  chair  of  Commercial  Law  and  Law  of  Contracts, 
the  latter  held  for  five  years  the  chair  of  the  Law  of  Domestic  Relations, 
Corporations,  Personal  Property,  Executors  and  Administrators  and  Equity 
Jurisprudence. 

In  the  session  of  1879-80  (the  first  of  which  we  have  been  able  to  secure 
a  catalogue)  there  were  sixty  students  and  twenty-six  graduates.  The  stu- 
dents were  divided  into  two  classes — Senior  and  Junior.  Students  could 
animation  was  necessary  in  this  case,  and  a  grade  of  7q  was  required, 
enter  at  once  the  Senior  class  and  graduate  in  one  year,  but  a  rigorous  ex- 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  351 

Instruction  was  given  by  lectures,  assigned  readings,  and  by  catechising  at 
each  lecture.  A  grade  of  75  and  a  thesis  were  required  of  each  graduate. 
Two  prizes  were  awarded  of  $100  each — first  to  the  student  attaining  the 
highest  grade  in  the  four  examinations;  second,  to  the  student  submitting  the 
best  thesis.  There  was  a  Literary  Society  among  the  students  at  this  time, 
known  as  the  Inglis  Society,  and  they  were  also  advised  by  the  Faculty  to 
form  quiz  classes.  There  was  also  a  Moot  Court,  which  met  weekly  under 
the  Presidency  of  one  of  the  Professors.  The  charges  were  $100  for  the 
session  of  eight  months,  with  an  additional  diploma  fee  of  $10. 

At  the  Annual  Commencement  held  at  the  Academy  of  Music,  a 
memorable  address  was  delivered  by  the  Provost,  Mr.  Wallis,  and  there 
were  in  addition  two  orations — the  orators  being  selected  by  the  Faculty  and 
the  graduating  class  respectively. 

Mr.  Wallis'  address  was  in  his  happiest  vein,  and  was  brimming  with 
wit,  scholarship  and  eloquence.  He  was  acknowledged  to  be  peerless  in  this 
field,  and  he  spoke  on  "The  Profession  of  the  Law,"  a  subject  with  which 
he  was  perfectly  familiar.  An  extract  from  it  may  be  cited  to  show  its 
beauty  and  may  not  be  unacceptable  to  the  reader.  Speaking  of  the  breadth 
of  the  Law,  and  the  scope  it  offers  for  the  highest  powers  of  the  intellect,  he 
said:  "Your  profession  calls  upon  you  for  no  sacrifice  of  your  best  gifts  and 
powers.  There  is  room  for  all  of  them  within  it,  unless  pedantry  has  the 
making  of  its  pole.  There  is  scope  in  it  for  Fancy,  and  her  nobler  sister, 
Imagination.  There  is  room  for  all  literature,  all  science,  and  every  liberal 
art.  There  is  field  for  Wit  and  Humor,  for  Taste  and  Grace — for  all  that 
is  splendid  in  the  mastery  of  eloquence — all  that  can  influence  the  human 
mind  and  penetrate  anel  control  the  human  heart.  History  has  no  record  of 
an  advocate  whose  genius  and  culture  were  above  his  office,  and  it  is  in  part 
the  fault  of  just  such  prejudice  as  I  am  combating,  that  we  have  so  few  in  the 
country  to-day,  who  approach  the  level  of  its  true  greatness." 

On  the  retirement  of  Professor  Marshall,  in  1SS2,  his  place  was  as- 
sumed bv  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Hall. 


352  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

In  1883  Mr.  Carter  withdrew,  and  a  rearrangement  of  the  Faculty 
was  effected,  with  Messrs.  Poe,  Venable  and  Hall  as  Professors,  and  Messrs. 
Edgar  H.  Gans,  Henry  D.  Harlan  and  John  C.  Rose  as  Assistant  Profes- 
sors. Thus  the  science  of  the  Law  was  more  completely  embraced  in  the 
curriculum,  and  several  subjects  were  added  to  it  not  previously  enumerated. 

These  changes  called  for  a  lengthening  of  the  course  from  two  to  three 
years,  and  the  institution  of  an  intermediate  class.  The  fee  for  the  session 
was  placed  at  $80,  or,  if  a  student  attended  two  classes  at  the  same  time, 
$100;  if  three,  $120.  Professor  Harlan  was  made  Secretary  and  Treasurer 
of  the  Faculty,  and  thus  relieved  the  Dean,  Professor  Poe,  of  much  of  the 
clerical  duties  previously  devolving  upon  him. 

The  next  year  Judge  Charles  E.  Phelps  was  added  to  the  Faculty  as 
Professor  of  Equity  Jurisprudence.  The  academic  degrees  possessed  by 
students  were  published  for  the  first  time,  from  which  we  learn,  that  twenty- 
two  of  fifty-three  students  possessed  such  degrees. 

Meanwhile  it  had  been  determined  by  the  city  authorities  to  open 
Cathedral  street  through  from  Mulberry  to  Saratoga,  and  accordingly  it 
became  necessary  to  pull  down  the  building  of  the  School  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  which  occupied  the  middle  of  the  proposed  extension.  This  build- 
ing, it  will  be  recalled,  was  erected  for  the  Baltimore  City  College,  and  was 
occupied  by  it  in  1  8  1 1  ;  in  1  830  it  was  turned  over  to  the  School  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  by  whom  it  was  occupied  for  the  succeeding  forty-six  years.  In 
1854  a  third  story  was  added  to  it,  by  the  aid  of  a  mortgage  then  put  upon 
it  by  the  Regents.  From  1870  to  1883  it  was  occupied  by  the  Faculty  of 
Law,  being  pulled  down  in  the  latter  part  of  1883.  By  the  sale  of  a  por- 
tion of  this  property  to  the  city,  and  the  remaining  side  lots  to  individuals, 
the  sum  of  $26,000  was  realized.  After  the  payment  of  the  mortgage,  the 
sum  of  $21,000  remained  to  be  divided  between  the  two  existing  Faculties. 
From  the  share  of  this  coming  to  the  Faculty  of  Law,  a  sum  was  obtained 
sufficient  for  the  erection  of  the  building  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  Uni- 
versity premises — Lombard  and  Greene  streets — which  was  formally  opened 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  353 

on  the  evening  of  February  28,  1884.  It  is  a  plain  but  substantial  brick 
structure,  containing  a  large  lecture  room  in  the  rear,  and  a  library  room  in 
front,  connected  by  a  hallway.  Here,  according  to  the  Catalogue  of  1884, 
was  placed  "a  carefully-selected  library  of  text-books  upon  the  subjects  em- 
braced in  the  course  of  study,  volumes  of  Leading  Cases,  the  United  States 
and  Maryland  Reports,  Digests,  Statutes,  etc.  It  is  proposed  to  add  to  these 
the  English  Common  Law  and  Equity  Reports,  and  such  other  books  as  may 
from  time  to  time  seem  desirable,  and  to  keep  the  tables  supplied  with  the 
prominent  Law  Reviews."  For  the  privileges  thus  provided,  each  student 
was — and  is — required  to  pay  a  Library  fee  of  four  dollars  annually. 

We  may  add  here  the  following  facts  regarding  this  Library,  a  pro- 
vision so  essential  to  the  students  of  the  Law  School.  It  began  with  a  small 
number  of  volumes  in  1874,  the  Faculty  then  realizing  the  need  of  such  help. 
There  are  two  Librarians,  who  are  appointed  annually  from  the  students 
attending  the  School,  and  who  are  entitled  to  free  tuition  as  compensation 
for  their  services.  They  alternate  in  service,  the  hours  being  from  10  a.  m. 
to  10.30  p.  m.  Constant  use  is  made  of  the  books  by  the  students,  especially 
of  the  300  text-books. 

According  to  a  report  made  by  Mr.  D.  W.  Burroughs,  Librarian,  in 
the  spring  of  1905,  the  following  books  were  then  contained  in  the  Library, 
approximately  1,450  in  number,  and  estimated  to  be  worth  $6,000:  United 
States  Digests,  48  volumes;  English  Common  Law  Reports,  119  volumes; 
United  States  Revised  Statutes,  1  volume  (1878)  ;  United  States  Supreme 
Court  Reports,  194  volumes;  Early  Decisions  of  Maryland  Court  of  Appeals, 
27  volumes;  Maryland  Reports,  96  volumes;  Acts  of  Maryland  Assembly, 
10  volumes;  Baltimore  City  Code,  2  volumes;  Maryland  Code  (three  sets), 
6  volumes;  English  Ruling  Cases,  26  volumes;  Cyclopaedia  of  Law  and 
Procedure,  13  volumes;  American  State  Reports,  87  volumes;  United  States 
Appeals  Cases,  56  volumes;  Lawyers'  Reports  Annotated,  64  volumes; 
American  and  English  Encyclopaedia  of  Law,  first  edition,  30  volumes;  sec- 
ond, 26  volumes;  New  York  State  Reports,  91  volumes;  Miscellaneous  Text- 


354  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Books  and  Legal  Authorities,  306  volumes;  Biography  of  American  States- 
men and  English  Jurists,  36  volumes;  American,  English  and  Roman  His- 
tories, 84  volumes;  Senate  Journals,  House  Journals,  Congressional  Pro- 
ceedings, 53  volumes;  Century  and  other  Dictionaries,  10  volumes;  Narra- 
tive and  Critical  History  of  America,  8  volumes;  Reports  of  Commissioners 
of  Education,  30  volumes.*  To  this  enumeration  should  be  added  a  dona- 
tion of  about  1  so  volumes  just  received.  The  collection  is  open  for  readers 
only  during  the  session. 

Thus  the  three  departments  of  Medicine,  Law  and  Dentistry  of  the 
University  were  all  brought  together  upon  the  same  site,  an  arrangement 
evidently  calculated  to  promote  closer  relations  between  them,  and  to  ad- 
vance the  interests  of  the  University  as  a  whole. 

In  1885  Mr.  Rose  withdrew,  and  Assistant  Professor  William  T. 
Brantly  assumed  his  chair. 

In  1888  the  notice  of  the  Inglis  Society  dropped  out  of  the  catalogues, 
and  "The  Maryland  University  Debating  Society"  took  its  place,  "the 
discussions  of  which,"  as  we  are  informed  had  been  "during  the  past  session 
unusually  interesting  and  instructive."  We  note  also  that  graduates  were 
at  this  time  admitted  to  practice  in  the  Maryland  courts  on  presentation  of 
their  diplomas  without  examination. 

The  Faculty  continued  without  change  from  1886  to  1893,  Messrs. 
Poe,  Venable,  Hall  and  Phelps  being  Professors,  and  Messrs.  Gans,  Har- 
lan and  Brantly  "Assistant,"  or  later,  "Associate"  Professors.  The  number 
of  the  students,  however,  increased  from  year  to  year,  until  in  the  last  men- 
tioned session  there  were  134,  and  there  were  twenty-eight  graduates.  The 
total  number  of  graduates  from  1871  to  1890,  inclusive,  was  449. 

For  the  session  of  1893-94  the  Faculty  consisted  of  nine  Professors, 
the  additions  being  Messrs.  Thomas  S.  Baer  and  B.  Howard  Hainan,  the 
former  having  the  chair  of  Law  of  Real  and  Leasehold  Estates,  the  latter 
that  of  Law  of  Corporations.     Messrs.  Gans,  Harlan   (made  Chief  Judge 

*0!d  Maryland,  April,  1905. 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  355 

of  the  Supreme  Bench  of  Baltimore  City,    1889)    and  Brantly,  were  ad- 
vanced to  the  full  Professorship. 

In  April,  1 894,  the  death  of  the  Provost,  S.  Teackle  Wallis,  LL.  D., 
occurred,  and  Professor  Brantly  was  chosen  by  the  Regents  to  fill  the  posi- 
tion temporarily  at  the  ensuing  Commencements. 

Provision  for  recognition  of  merit  was  made  in  the  following  rule  now 
adopted:  "All  members  of  the  graduating  class  who  have  attained  an  aver- 
age grade  of  95  in  the  six  examinations  will  be  honorably  mentioned  in  the 
order  of  their  standing  at  the  Commencement." 

In  1895  Judge  Albert  Ritchie  was  added  to  the  Board  of  Instruction 
in  the  department  of  Commercial  Law  and  Shipping.  The  attendance  had 
risen  to  151,  with  43  graduates.  "I  he  examinations  are  by  printed  ques- 
tions to  be  answered  in  writing,  each  being  valued  at  100.  In  order  to  gra- 
duate, the  student  must  attain  a  grade  of  at  least  three-fourths  on  the  ques- 
tions propounded  on  each  distinct  subject  at  each  examination.  This  require- 
ment will  be  rigidly  adhered  to."* 

In  February,  of  this  year,  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the  reopening 
of  the  School  was  celebrated.  The  exercises  were  held  in  the  Law  Building; 
there  was  a  fine  historical  address  by  the  Dean,  Mr.  Poe,  and  Mr.  I.  Nevitt 
Steele  gave  some  reminiscences  of  Professor  Hoffman's  Institute,  of  which 
he  was  a  student  and  also  of  the  profession  of  an  earlier  time.  The  Provost, 
Mr.  Wallis,  also  spoke  in  his  usually  happy  vein,  and  the  assembly  was  in- 
vited to  partake  of  an  entertainment  provided  for  the  occasion. 

In  his  address,  Mr.  Poe  stated  that  up  to  the  close  of  the  session  of 
1904,  there  had  been  590  graduates, t  all  of  whom  had  been  admitted  to  the 
Bar,  at  least  sixty  per  cent,  of  which  held  the  diplomas  of  the  School.  He 
combatted  the  idea  that  the  School  had  increased  the  number  of  lawyers. 
The  Bar  of  Baltimore  was  scarcely,  if  at  all,  larger  than  in  1880,  and,  com- 
pared with  other  cities,  was  relatively  to  population,  considerably  smaller 

*Ca!alogue. 

fOur    figures    make   the    number    583;    see    further   on. 


356  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

than  in  them.  Many  students  had  been  deterred  from  persevering  in  their 
career  by  the  exactions  of  the  course. 

Mr.  Poe's  address  concluded :  "Fourteen  years  of  hard  work  in  the  face 
of  many  obstacles  and  discouragements  found  us  here  in  most  welcome  physi- 
cal as  well  as  legal  union  with  our  brethren  of  the  School  of  Medicine,  as 
visible  and  component  parts  of  one  and  the  same  University,  and  with  our 
Department  equipped  and  furnished  and  ready  for  a  race  of  generous  emula- 
tion and  rivalry  with  theirs  we  now  pledge  ourselves  anew,  as  we  did  when 
we  located  ourselves  here  in  1884,  to  move  forward  with  them  in  the  good 
work  of  increasing  the  usefulness  and  reputation  of  our  University,  asking 
only  from  our  friends,  and  especially  from  our  brethren  of  the  Bench  and 
Bar,  a  continuance  of  their  kindly  support  in  our  efforts  to  advance  the  per- 
manent interests  of  the  profession,  whose  dignity,  improvement  and  honor 
we  have  so  much  at  heart." 

The  following  allusions  by  Mr.  Poe  to  the  other  departments  of  the 
University  are  valuable  as  historical  records  and  should  be  preserved:  "In 
the  work  of  the  University,  the  School  of  Medicine  has  always  taken  and 
maintained  the  lead  without  interruption,  and  from  the  beginning  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  institution  has  almost  entirely  rested  upon  the  skill  and  learning 
of  its  professors.  Indeed,  they  have  always  held  the  very  front  rank  in  their 
profession,  and  the  honor  of  a  chair  in  their  Faculty  has,  with  an  occasional 
exception,  always  been  recognized  as  of  itself  an  all-sufficient  test  of  scholar- 
ship, character,  ability  and  conspicuous  merit. 

"The  School  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences  did  its  work  for  many  years  with 
very  satisfactory  results,  and  quite  a  large  number  of  our  prominent  citizens 
received  in  it  their  education  and  training.  But  the  want  of  an  adequate 
endowment  always  more  or  less  crippled  and  enfeebled  it,  and  prevented 
that  development  and  scope  in  its  instruction  which  its  founders  designed. 
For  a  long  time,  however,  it  met  and  sufficiently  supplied  a  want  in  this  com- 
munity, and  as  a  classical  and  mathematical  school  it  maintained  an  excellent 
and  well-deserved  reputation.     Under  the  principalship  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  357 

E.  A.  Dalrymple,  a  scholar  of  large  and  varied  acquirements,  it  was  for 
several  years  very  flourishing,  and  prosperous,  but  in  the  race  of  competition 
with  schools  more  favorably  circumstanced  it  gradually  succumbed,  and 
sixteen  or  eighteen  years  ago,  it  ceased  altogether  to  exist. 

"The  Faculty  of  Divinity,  constituted,  as  it  was,  by  the  terms  of  the 
charter,  of  six  ministers  of  different  religious  denominations,  could  not,  of 
course,  be  expected  to  prove  itself  a  very  great  success,  nor  indeed  could  any 
system  of  Theology  taught  by  Professors  of  such  discordant  views  well  be 
harmonious  or  homogeneous.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  that  no  at- 
tempt was  ever  seriously  made  to  put  this  department  into  full  operation." 

In  1897  a  rule  was  adopted  that  no  student  would  be  permitted  to  com- 
plete the  course  in  less  than  two  years,  and  this  was  emphasized  in  the  cata- 
logue by  italics,  showing  the  importance  attached  to  it. 

With  1897  tne  notice  about  diplomas  entitling  to  the  right  of  practice 
disappeared  from  the  Catalogue,  but  examination  before  the  Board  of  State 
Law  Examiners  was  not  mentioned  until  the  Catalogue  of  1902. 

Professor  Hainan's  name  disappeared  from  the  Faculty  after  the  ses- 
sion of  1897-98,  and  his  place  was  taken  by  Judge  Upshur  Dennis.  Judge 
Dennis  held  it  only  one  session,  being  succeeded  by  the  present  incumbent, 
Mr.  Joseph  C.  France.  Professor  Hall's  chair  likewise  became  vacant,  and 
was  assumed  by  Judge  Stockbridge. 

We  note  "oral"  examinations  for  the  first  time  in  1900:  "Examinations 
are  oral  or  in  writing."  In  marking  the  latter,  "grammar  and  composition 
will  be  taken  into  account." 

In  1 90 1  Mr.  Edgar  A.  Poe  was  added  to  the  Faculty  as  Associate  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Law  of  Quasi-Contracts,  Sales  and  Suretyship,  making  the 
corps  of  instructors  eleven. 

With  the  session  of  1901-02,  Professor  Gans  withdrew,  but  retained  his 
place  on  the  Board  of  Regents.  His  duties  were  assumed  by  Professor 
Stockbridge. 

In    1902   Associate  Professor  W,    Calvin   Chesnut  was  added  to  the 


358  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Faculty  on  Criminal  Law  and  Insurance,  subjects  taken  from  the  chairs  of 
Professors  Gans  and  Stockbridge,  and  the  following  year,  on  the  death  of 
Professor  Ritchie,  Mr.  Robert  M.  McLane,  then  Mayor  of  Baltimore,  was 
chosen  to  fill  the  chair  of  Commercial  Law  and  Shipping. 

Tn  1904  Mr.  James  P.  Gorter  was  called  to  this  chair,  an  unexpected 
vacancy  having  occurred  in  it  by  the  sudden  and  lamented  death  of  Professor 
McLane. 

In  October,  1905,  the  "Atlas"  of  the  Faculty,  Professor  Venable,  after 
a  distinguished  service  of  thirty-three  years,  during  which  his  instruction 
covered  at  various  periods  the  subjects  of  Real  Property  and  Leasehold 
Estates,  Title,  Conveyancing,  Torts,  Constitutional  and  Statute  Law,  and 
finally  General  Jurisprudence,  severed  his  connection  with  the  School,  and 
Professor  John  J.  Donaldson,  an  alumnus  of  the  first  graduated  class — 
that  of  1 87 1 — was  appointed  to  instruct  in  General  Jurisprudence  and  Legal 
Fthics. 

During  the  present  year  (1906)  the  changes  have  been:  Professor 
Charles  E.  Phelps  has  resigned;  Professor  Baer  has  died;  Mr.  Eli  Frank, 
who  assumed  the  duties  of  Judge  Baer,  during  the  illness  of  the  latter  last 
session,  has  been  continued  in  the  chair  of  "Title  to  Real  Property  and  Con- 
veyancing;" Mr.  John  C.  Rose  has  again  entered  the  Faculty,  but  filling  a 
different  chair — that  of  Jurisdiction  and  Procedure  of  the  Federal  Courts, 
Admiralty  and  Bankruptcy;  Mr.  Herbert  T.  Tiffany,  recently  lecturer 
in  the  Baltimore  Law  School,  has  been  selected  to  give  instruction  in  the 
Law  of  Real  Property,  a  subject  upon  which  he  has  written  a  text-book.  The 
chair  of  Equity  (Professor  Phelps')  has  been  filled  by  the  transfer  of  Pro- 
fessor Gorter,  and  Mr.  Albert  C.  Ritchie,  a  son  of  the  late  Judge  Ritchie, 
has  been  put  in  charge  of  the  department  of  Commercial  Law. 

The  following  is  Judge  Phelps'  letter  of  resignation  : 

Baltimore,  April  21,  1906. 
Hon.  John  P.  Poe. 

My  Dear  Sir:  A  grateful  sense  of  obligation  to  the  profession,  by  whose 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  359 

influence  I  have  been  for  many  years  maintained  in  judicial  position,  has 
brought  me  to  the  reluctant  conclusion  that  the  time  has  at  last  come  when 
[  should  devote  my  remaining  energies  exclusively  to  the  duties  of  that 
position. 

I  therefore  feel  constrained  to  request  of  you  the  favor  to  submit  to  the 
Faculty,  at  such  time  as  in  your  discretion  may  seem  proper,  this,  my  resig- 
nation of  the  office  of  Professor  in  the  Law  School  of  the  University  of 
Maryland  and  to  take  effect  at  the  close  of  this  next  commencement. 

It  is  with  sincere  and  deep  regret  that  I  have  thus  felt  obliged  to  ter- 
minate my  relations,  which  have  been  so  uniformly  agreeable,  both  officially 
and  personally. 

Kindly  convey  to  each  member  of  the  Faculty  the  assurance  of  the  same 
esteem  and  affectionate  regard  with  which  1  have  now  the  honor  to  subscribe 
myself, 

Your  colleague  and  friend  of  half  a  century, 

CHAS.  E.  PHELPS. 

A  recent  classification  of  the  subjects  of  study  deserves  mention,  because 
of  its  bearing  upon  graduation.  As  Major  Subjects,  are  classed  Domestic 
Relations;  Personal  Property  and  Contracts;  Sales,  Suretyship  and  Quasi- 
Contracts;  Real  Property;  Pleading  and  Torts;  Title  and  Conveyancing; 
Testamentary  Law;  Commercial  Law  and  Shipping;  Corporations;  Evidence 
and  Damages;  Constitutional  Law;  Equity.  As  Minor:  Elementary  Law: 
Criminal  Law;  Insurance;  Bills  and  Notes;  Practice;  Copyrights  and  Trade- 
marks; International  Law.  "In  order  to  graduate,  a  student  must  have  ob- 
tained the  passing  grade  on  each  distinct  subject  at  each  examination;  but  a 
student  who  has  obtained  the  passing  grade  on  all  major  subjects  and  has 
failed  on  onlv  one  minor  subject,  may  be  graduated  by  a  vote  of  the  Faculty." 

One  of  the  most  important  departments  of  the  School  is  the  Moot 
i.ourt,  which  meets  once  a  week  and  is  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
Chesnut.  Each  senior  student  is  required  to  argue  at  least  one  case  before 
this  Court.     Notice  of  assignment,  with  copies  of  papers,  are  placed  upon 


360  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  bulletin  board  early  in  the  session.  In  this  connection,  one  may  recall 
the  great  value  set  by  Professor  Hoffman  upon  the  Moot  Court  as  a  means 
of  training  students  in  the  methods  of  law-procedure,  and  giving  a  practical 
finish  to  the  didactic  instruction — corresponding  with  the  clinics  in  the  De- 
partment of  Medicine- — but  he  was  never  able  to  realize  his  hope  of  its  com- 
plete establishment  in  the  earlier  career  of  the  Law  School. 

Since  the  close  of  last  session,  an  advance  of  no  small  consequence  has 
been  made  in  the  requirements  of  Preliminary  Education,  which  is  sum- 
marized in  Old  Maryland  for  August,  1906,  as  follows:  "Students  entering 
as  candidates  for  the  degree  will  be  required  hereafter  to  show  evidence  of 
having  completed  a  High  School  course  of  study  or  its  equivalent.  The 
latter  may  be  determined  by  the  Faculty  upon  certificates  issued  under  public 
authority,  or  by  the  authorities  of  an  institution  of  advanced  learning.  The 
Faculty  will  consider  that  students  who  have  received  the  degree  of  A.  R. 
from  any  reputable  college  or  university,  or  certificate  of  graduation  from 
any  of  the  normal  or  high  schools  of  the  State  of  Maryland,  or  other 
reputable  institution  of  a  similar  character,  are  properly  qualified.  In  the 
absence  of  such  degrees,  or  certificates,  candidates  must  pass  an  examination 
upon  the  following  subjects: 

1.  English — Spelling,  Grammar,  Composition  and  Literature. 

2.  History — United  States  and  English. 

3.  Mathematics — Arithmetic. 

4.  Science — Political  Economy  and  Physics  or  Geography. 

5.  Languages — Latin  or  French;  at  least  two  years  work. 

This  examination  is  conducted  by  members  of  the  Faculty  and  may 
be  taken  in  any  September  before  graduation.  The  examinations  are  held 
about  the  beginning  of  the  last  week  in  September. 

The  following  figures  represent  the  number  of  graduates  each  year 
since  1871:  1 87 1,  6:  1872,  10;  1873,  21;  1874,  18;  1875,  14;  1876,  29; 
1877,  21;  1878,  25;  1879,  29;  1880,  26;  1SS1,  28;  1882,  30;  1883,  27; 
1884,  15;  1885,  18;  1886,  21;  1887,  22;  1888,  28;  1889,  33;  1890,  28: 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  361 

1891,  22;  1892,  34;  1893,  28;  1894,  50;  1895,  43;  1896,  47;  1897,  53; 
1898,  41;  1899,  62;  1900,  ^\  1901,  55;  1902,  58;  1903,  62;  1904,  54; 
1905,  54;  1906,  28.  According  to  these  figures,  which  have  been  gathered 
with  care,  the  total  number  of  graduates  is  1,173. 

The  number  of  students  last  session  (1905-06)  was  251,  which  is  the 
largest  recorded  in  any  year.  A  comparison  between  the  number  of  stu- 
dents and  the  number  of  graduates  indicates  the  high  standing  the  School 
has  attained.  In  earlier  years  the  former  were  to  the  latter  as  about  three 
to  one,  but  now  the  proportion  has  risen  to  nine  to  one.  In  the  session  of 
1869-70  there  were  two  instructors;  in  1906  there  are  thirteen.  According 
to  an  estimate  derived  from  the  Students'  Yearbook  for  1906,  56.09  per 
cent,  of  the  seniors  of  last  session  held  academic  degrees,  which  is  slightly  in 
excess  of  the  medical  seniors,  who  had  50.92  per  cent. 

The  lectures  of  the  Law  School  are  all  given  after  4  p.  m.  While  a 
three-year  course  is  provided,  it  is  still  possible  to  obtain  the  degree  in  two 
years  by  a  combination  of  classes. 

John  Prentiss  Poe  has  many  titles  to  recognition  in  Baltimore.  He  is 
not  only  a  great  lawyer,  at  the  head  of  the  bar  of  that  city,  but  he  is  a  legal 
author  of  distinction,  and  he  presides  over  the  School  of  Law  of  the  great 
University  of  whose  history  this  sketch  forms  a  brief  part.  He  is  thoroughly 
identified  with  the  interests  of  the  Maryland  metropolis,  where  he  was  born 
on  August  22,  1836.  His  father,  Mr.  Neilson  Poe,  was  also  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Baltimore  bar. 

He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  Academy  of  Pro- 
fessor Boursand.  Later  he  attended  St.  Mary's  College  at  Baltimore,  and 
Princeton  College,  and  he  graduated  from  the  latter  with  the  degree  of  A.  B. 
in  June,  1854.  Manv  years  later  (viz.:  1905) ,  he  was  honored  by  his  Alma 
Mater  with  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.,  a  distinction  well  deserved  on 
account  of  his  long  and  eminent  career  in  his  profession. 

On  his  return  from  college  he  secured  a  clerkship  in  a  bank,  and  while 
holding  this  position  he  read  law  under  the  guidance  of  his  father.     About 


362  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

this  time  he  was  appointed  librarian  of  the  Law  Library,  which  gave  him  an 
excellent  opportunity  of  advancing  his  knowledge  of  his  chosen  profession. 
Having  sufficiently  mastered  the  subject,  he  applied  for  admission  to  the 
bar,  and  his  petition  was  granted  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  Baltimore  on 
August  22,  1857,  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Maryland  in  December  of 
the  same  year,  and  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  in  January, 
1858.  From  this  period  to  the  present  time  he  has  continued  in  active  and 
laborious  practice  in  the  various  State  and  Federal  courts.  Scarcely  a  case  of 
the  first  magnitude  comes  up  in  the  Baltimore  courts  in  which  he  does  not 
take  some  part. 

From  the  first  he  took  an  active  part  in  all  political  movements  of  the 
State  and  nation,  advocating  persistently  and  earnestly  the  principles  of 
Jeffersonian  Democracy.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  School  Commissioner  for 
the  Eleventh  Ward,  and  he  served  in  this  office  for  seventeen  years.  In  1885 
he  was  appointed  President  of  the  City  Tax  Commission,  and  the  following 
year  President  of  the  State  Tax  Commission.  Under  the  mayoralty  of  Hon. 
William  Pinkney  Whyte  he  served  as  City  Counsellor  from  1882  to  1884, 
and  later  on,  in  1891,  was  elected  Attorney-General  of  Maryland. 

Mr.  Poe  is  well  known  as  the  author  of  works  of  merit  and  authority 
in  his  profession.  His  "Pleading  and  Practice  in  Courts  of  Common  Law," 
a  standard  text-book  of  great  value  to  lawyers  and  students  and  first  pub- 
lished in  1880,  has  gone  through  four  editions,  the  last  very  recently.  Be- 
cause of  his  special  fitness  for  the  work  he  was  appointed  by  the  Legislature 
in  1886  to  prepare  the  Maryland  Code  of  Public,  General  and  Local  Laws, 
and  his  codification  was  adopted  in  the  Act  of  1888,  and  again  in  1890. 
More  recently  he  has  also  prepared  the  Code  of  1904  with  a  supplement 
just  issued  for  the  session  of  1906.  As  a  whole,  these  are  as  complete  and 
perfect  codes  of  laws  as  can  be  found  in  any  State  in  the  Union.  He  pre- 
pared also  the  Baltimore  City  Code  of  1885,  and  also  that  of  1893. 

His  connection  with  this  University  began  upon  his  election  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Faculty  of  Law  in   [869.      In   18X4  he  was  elected  Dean  of  the 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  363 

Faculty.  For  many  years  he  has  also  heen  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Regents. 

Mr.  Poe  has  had  a  long  and  successful  career  at  the  bar,  and  continues 
at  70  with  undiminished  vigor  and  industry  and  with  unimpaired  faculties 
and  enthusiasm  to  pursue  his  active  career  of  teacher,  writer  and  attorney. 
Fie  is  a  most  eloquent  and  impressive  speaker,  and  his  manners  are  exceed- 
ingly genial  and  attractive. 

Mr.  Poe's  sons  are,  like  himself,  all  Princeton  graduates,  and  they 
gained  great  fame  at  college  as  athletes,  especially  in  football.  Three  of 
them  are  graduates  in  law  of  this  University,  viz. :  S.  Johnson  Poe,  Fdgar 
Allan  Poe  and  Neilson  Poe.  A  brother,  W.  Charles  Poe,  now  residing  in 
Washington,  graduated  in  the  class  of  1871,  the  first  after  reorganization. 
All  of  these  are  engaged  in  practice.  Mr.  Poe  is  a  member  of  St.  Paul's 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

Richard  Morton  Venable,  member  of  the  Baltimore  bar,  Trustee  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University  and  Hospital,  and  for  many  years  a  Professor  and 
Regent  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  was  born  in  Charlotte  County,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  8th  of  February,  1839.  He  is  the  son  of  Richard  N.  and  Mag- 
dalen (McCampbell)  Venable.  He  graduated  at  Hampden-Sidney  College, 
Virginia,  in  1857,  and  in  1-859  and  1888  also  received  from  the  same  college 
the  degrees  of  A.  M.  and  LL.  D.,  respectively.  He  spent  the  years  1859-61 
as  a  graduate  student  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
great  Civil  War,  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Confederate  States  as  private, 
on  April  24,  1 86 1,  and  served  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  and  in  the 
Trans-Mississippi  Department;  he  rose  to  be  major  of  Artillery  and  En- 
gineers. At  the  conclusion  of  the  War  he  received  an  appointment  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Engineering  at  the  University  of  Louisiana.  From  thence  he  was 
transferred  to  Washington  and  Lee  University,  Virginia,  as  Professor  of 
Mathematics,  in  1867,  from  which  institution  he  graduated  with  the  degree 
of  LL.  B.  the  following  year.  In  1869  he  removed  to  Baltimore  and  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  law,  being  the  senior  member  of  the  firm  of  Venable, 


364  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Baetjer  &  I  toward.  In  the  fall  of  1  870  he  was  elected  Professor  in  the  Law- 
School  of  this  University,  and  continued  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  that 
post  until  1905,  when  he  resigned  from  the  Faculty  although  still  retaining 
his  position  on  the  Board  of  Regents.  During  his  service  of  thirty-two 
years  as  Professor,  his  instruction  covered  at  different  times  the  subjects  of 
Real  Property  and  Leasehold  Estates,  Title,  Conveyancing,  Torts,  Consti- 
tutional and  Statute  Law,  and  General  Jurisprudence.  He  was  succeeded 
hv  Professor  John  J.  Donaldson.  He  is  a  Trustee  of  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  and  Hospital,  and  holds  the  Vice-Presidency  in  the  latter.  From 
1899  to  1903  he  was  a  member  of  the  Baltimore  City  Council,  and  is  now 
President  of  the  Board  of  Park  Commissioners  of  the  city,  in  which  position 
he  has  done  much  to  develop  and  beautify  the  fine  parks  and  squares  of 
Baltimore.  Mr.  Venable's  great  ability  is  universally  recognized  by  his 
fellow-citizens,  who  have  honored  him  in  many  ways.  He  is  regarded  as 
a  citizen  of  incorruptible  virtue  and  patriotism,  a  great  wit,  and  from  his 
huge  proportions  and  dominant  influence  and  energy  is  familiarly  spoken  of 
as  the  "Atlas"  of  the  Baltimore  bar.  He  is  unmarried,  and  resides  at  930 
North  Calvert  street,  his  law  offices  being  in  the  Continental  Trust  Building. 
A  Syllabus  of  his  lectures  on  the  Law  of  Real  Property  has  been  published. 

Edgar  Hillary  Cans,  a  member  of  the  legal  fraternity  of  the  city  of 
Baltimore,  a  Regent  of  the  Umiversity  of  Maryland,  and  ex-Deputy  States 
Attorney,  was  born  at  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  November  24,  1856,  son 
of  Daniel  and  Margaret  (Schwartz)  Gans.  His  father  was  Judge  of  the 
Orphans'  Court  of  Baltimore,  and  in  earlier  life  for  many  years  an  influen- 
tial minister  of  the  German  Reformed  Church.  On  the  paternal  side  he 
descended  from  Scotch-Irish,  and  from  German  ancestry  on  his  maternal 
side.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Morristown,  near  Philadel- 
phia. His  family  removed  to  Baltimore  in  1870,  where  in  1875  he  gradu- 
ated with  highest  honors  from  the  City  College.  In  1877  he  graduated 
with  distinction  from  the  Maryland  Law  School  with  the  degree  of  LL.  B. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  commenced  to  practice  law 


PROFESSOR   EDGAR    HILLARY  GANS,    LL.D. 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW  367 

with  B.  Howard  Hainan,  which  association  continued  until  he  was  appointed 
Deputy  States  Attorney  under  Charles  G.  Kerr,  for  the  Criminal  Court  of 
Baltimore,  which  was  in  1879,  aru'  continued  in  such  position  for  eight  years. 
During  his  incumbency  of  this  office  he  tried  many  important  cases  with 
credit  to  himself  and  the  Commonwealth,  being  pitched  against  the  ablest 
men  at  the  bar — William  Pinkney  Whyte,  Joseph  Heuisler,  Senator  Vor- 
hees  and  others.  At  all  times  he  maintained  his  reputation  as  one  of  the 
most  astute  members  of  the  Baltimore  bar,  and  a  young  lawyer  of  the  great- 
est promise.  Since  retiring  from  this  office  Mr.  Gans  has  practiced  his 
profession  with  distinguished  reputation  and  ever-growing  success. 

1  lis  ability  as  a  criminal  lawyer  and  public  prosecutor  procured  for  him 
the  appointment  to  the  Professorship  of  Criminal  Law  in  his  Alma  Mater  in 
1882,  a  position  which  he  held  until  about  1890,  when  the  press  of  increas- 
ing legal  business  compelled  his  resignation.  He  retained,  however,  and 
still  holds  his  membership  in  the  Board  of  Regents. 

In  1889  he  resumed  the  practice  ot  law  with  his  old  partner,  Mr. 
Hainan,  and  such  is  his  present  association.  The  firm  of  Gans  &  Haman 
is  recognized  as  a  leading  one  not  only  of  Baltimore  but  of  the  whole  coun- 
try. Mr.  Gans'  chief  partner,  Mr.  B.  Howard  Haman — also  an  alumnus 
of  the  University — is  no  less  eminent,  and  enjoys  the  highest  reputation  as 
a  public-spirited  citizen  as  well  as  lawyer.  His  disinterested  efforts  in  behalf 
of  the  oyster  industry  of  Maryland,  resulting  in  the  passage  of  the  "Haman 
Oyster  Bill"  at  the  recent  session  of  the  Legislature,  entitles  him  to  the  last- 
ing gratitude  and  regard  of  the  people  of  Maryland. 

Mr.  Gans  has  been  employed  by  the  government  to  conduct  several 
cases,  one  of  the  most  important  being  the  Ching  Fraudulent  Census  Case 
in  lower  Maryland.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland;  the  American,  Maryland  and  Baltimore  Bar  Associa- 
tions, the  University  and  Baltimore  Country  and  Maryland  Country  Clubs. 
In  1900  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Loyola  College, 
Baltimore. 


368  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

He  married  Elizabeth  Wall,  of  Baltimore,  Maryland,  April  23,  1884, 
and  to  this  union  have  been  born  the  following  children:  Dolores,  Margaret, 
Edgar,  Elizabeth,  James,  Hillary  and  {Catherine.  Mr.  Gans'  present  address 
is  Calvert  Building,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

William  Theophilus  Brandy,  attorney  and  counsellor  at  law,  now 
Reporter  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Maryland,  and  Professor  of  Personal 
Property  and  Bailments  and  Eaw  of  Contracts,  in  the  School  of  Law  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,  was  born  in  Richmond  county,  Georgia,  November 
17,  1852,  son  of  the  Rev.  William  T.  and  Mary  Ann  (Turpin)  Brantly. 
He  comes  of  old  North  Carolina  and  Georgia  stock,  and  his  father  was  an 
eminent  Baptist  clergyman. 

He  was  educated  at  Mercer  University,  Georgia,  and  received  there- 
from the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1871,  and  that  of  A.  M.  in  1874.  He  then 
entered  the  Law  School  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  becoming  a  Bachelor 
of  Laws  in  1874.  After  a  year  of  study  at  the  University  of  Leipsic,  Ger- 
many, he  entered  upon  practice  in  Baltimore.  In  1885  he  became  a  Professor 
in  the  Law  Faculty  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  a  position  which  he 
continues  to  hold  with  credit  to  himself  and  satisfaction  to  his  colleagues  and 
successive  classes  of  students.  His  chair  is  that  of  Law  of  Personal  Prop- 
erty and  Bailments,  and  Law  of  Contracts,  Quasi-Contracts,  Sales  and 
Suretyship.  He  became  Secretary  of  State  of  Maryland  in  May,  1893,  and 
continued  in  office  until  November,  1 894.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  appointed 
Reporter  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  his  present  official  position,  and  as  such 
has  published  volumes  80  to  102,  Maryland  Reports.  For  some  time  in 
1895,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Wallis,  he  acted  as  Provost  of  the  University. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents.  From  1883  to  1886  he  edited  an 
annotated  edition  of  the  earlier  Maryland  Reports  in  forty-one  volumes.  He 
wrote  a  work  on  the  "Law  of  Personal  Property,"  published  in  1891 ;  "Laws 
of  Contract,"  published  in  1893;  a11^  "Maryland  Digest,"  in  two  volumes, 
published  in  1896.     He  is  a  member  of  the  Maryland  State  Bar  Association. 


PROFESSOR    WII  MAM    T.    BRANTLY,    LL.B 


PROFESSOR    HKNR^    DAVID    HARLAN,    \.    M„   LI. .P. 


SCHOOL  OF  L A II'  371 

the  Baltimore  Bar  Association,  the  Maryland  Club,  the  University  Club, 
and  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution. 

Henry  David  Harlan,  lawyer  and  jurist,  residing  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, Professor  of  Constitutional  Law  and  Domestic  Relations,  in  the  Law 
School  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  is  a  native  of  this  State,  born  in 
Churchville,  Harford  county,  October  23,  1858,  a  son  of  Dr.  David  and 
Rebecca  (Herbert)  Harlan,  and  comes  from  an  old  and  honored  family, 
descended  from  two  brothers,  George  and  Michael,  who  settled  in  Penn- 
sylvania about  two  hundred  years  ago,  and  whose  descendants  in  the  United 
States  now  number  more  than  three  thousand  souls.  Michael  was  the  remote 
ancestor  of  Judge  Henry  D.  Harlan,  and  George  was  an  ancestor  of  Justice 
John  M.  Harlan,  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  Dr.  David  Harlan, 
father  of  Judge  Henry  D.  Harlan,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Navy, 
served  at  sea  some  years,  was  subsequently  assigned  to  duty  at  the  Naval 
Asylum  in  Philadelphia,  and  later  at  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  At 
his  death  he  was  a  Medical  Director,  United  States  Navy,  with  rank  of 
commodore.  He  was  a  large  land  owner  in  Harford  county.  His  wife  was 
granddaughter  in  the  maternal  line  of  Jeremiah  Baker,  who  was  a  captain  in 
the  Revolutionary  War.  Through  Esther  Stump,  his  grandmother  on  his 
father's  side,  Judge  Henry  D.  Harlan  was  related  to  the  late  Judge  Fred- 
erick Stump,  of  Cecil  county,  Maryland,  and  to  Herman  Stump,  former 
representative  in  Congress  from  the  Second  District. 

Henry  David  Harlan  received  instruction  under  private  tutors  and  at 
private  schools  in  Annapolis,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  entered  St.  Clemens' 
Hall,  Lllicott  City,  where  he  remained  one  year.  He  then  entered  St.  John's 
College,  Annapolis,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1878  with  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  with  the  second  honors  of  his  class.  He  read  law 
in  the  office  of  Henry  D.  Farnandis,  at  Belair,  for  one  year,  and  in  1879 
matriculated  in  the  Law  Department  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1881  with  the  first  honors,  being  awarded  the 
prize    for    the    highest    grade    in    all    examinations,    ami    also    the    prize 


3  7  2  UNIVERS1 TY  OF  MARYLAND 

given  for  the  best  thesis,  his  subject  being  "Contributory  Negligence,"  with 
Judge  George  W.  Brown  and  A.  W.  Machen  as  the  awarding  judges. 
While  a  law  school  student  he  also  enjoyed  the  office  preceptorship  of  John 
P.  Poe.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  May,  l  8 S  l ,  immediately  after  his 
graduation. 

In  1883  he  was  chosen  Associate  Professor  in  the  Law  School  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,  and  to  him  were  assigned  the  lectures  on  Elemen- 
tary Common  Law  and  Domestic  Relations,  and  at  the  same  time  he  was 
elected  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the  Law  Faculty,  with  executive  control 
of  the  school.  He  was  subsequently  made  full  Professor,  and  in  such  capacity 
yet  continues  to  afford  to  the  institution  the  benefits  of  his  large  abilities, 
at  present  lecturing  to  the  Junior  Class  on  Domestic  Relations  ami  to  the 
Senior  Class  on  Constitutional  and  Statute  Law,  and  being  recognized  as 
one  of  the  most  capable  members  of  the  Faculty. 

In  October,  1888,  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Jackson  to  the 
supreme  bench  of  the  city  of  Baltimore,  to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by 
the  resignation  of  Judge  George  W.  Brown,  who  had  arrived  at  the  consti- 
tutional age  limit,  and  it  is  a  notable  fact,  testifying  to  the  estimation  placed 
upon  his  professional  learning  and  judicial  qualities  of  mind,  that  this 
appointment  was  made  on  the  first  day  that  his  age  made  him  eligible  for  the 
office.  He  proved  his  ability  so  thoroughly  that  on  the  election  a  year  later 
he  was  made  the  Democratic  candidate  for  a  full  judicial  term,  and  was 
elected  by  a  large  majority  over  his  Republican  opponent.  At  the  expira- 
tion of  his  term,  in  1904,  Governor  Warfield  appointed  him  to  serve  until 
November  of  1905,  when  he  was  again  elected  for  a  term  of  fifteen  years. 
Lie  is  unusually  patient  in  hearing  a  cause,  and  particularly  careful  and  indus- 
trious in  the  examination  of  evidence  and  the  preparation  of  opinions. 

Judge  Harlan  takes  a  deep  interest  in  all  matters  affecting  the  welfare 
and  fame  of  his  city  and  State.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Municipal  Art  So- 
ciety, a  Regent  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  a  Trustee  of  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University.     He  was  for  some  years  one  of  the  Board  of  Visitors 


I'ROKKSSOK    II 1-:  N  K>    STOC  K  I'.UIDGE,  A.    M.,  LL.B. 


SCHOOL  OF  I.  Ill'  375 

and  Governors  of  St.  John's  College.  In  1895  ne  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  and  in  1903  was 
chosen  President  to  succeed  William  T.  Dixon,  resigned.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  commission  under  whose  supervision  the  new  two  million  dollar  court 
house  was  constructed,  serving  from  the  organization  of  that  body  until  the 
completion  of  its  labors,  and  was  also  a  member  of  the  Citizens'  Emergency 
Committee,  appointed  by  Mayor  McLane  to  advise  the  city  authorities  as  to 
problems  connected  with  the  rebuilding  of  Baltimore's  burnt  district  after 
the  great  fire  of  February,  1904.  He  is  a  vestryman  of  Emmanuel  Pro- 
testant Episcopal  Church,  and  vice-president  of  the  Churchmen's  Club  of  the 
Diocese  of  Maryland.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  University  Club",  the 
Baltimore  Club,  and  the  Baltimore  Country  Club.  He  is  a  Democrat  in 
politics. 

Judge  Harlan  was  married,  December  19,  1889,  to  Helen  Altemus, 
only  daughter  of  Henry  and  Hannah  (Eyre)  Altemus,  of  Philadelphia. 
The  children  of  this  marriage  are:  Helen,  a  student  at  Bryn  Mawr;  Henry 
x^ltemus,  a  pupil  in  the  Boys'  Latin  School;  Mary  Leita,  and  David  Harlan. 
The  family  home  is  at  9  West  Biddle  street,  Baltimore,  with  a  summer  resi- 
dence at  Sudbrook  Park. 

Judge  Harlan's  brothers  are  Dr.  Herbert  Harlan,  of  Baltimore,  Sur- 
geon in  Chief  of  the  Presbyterian  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital;  W.  Beatty  Har- 
lan, a  member  of  the  bar  and  prominent  citizen  of  Harford  county,  and 
David  E.  Harlan,  a  civil  engineer,  at  present  residing  in  Middletown,  Ohio. 

Henry  Stockbridge,  Associate  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Bench  of  Balti- 
more, Instructor  of  International  Law,  Conflict  of  Laws,  Executors  and 
Administrators,  in  the  Law  School  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  is  a 
native  of  Baltimore,  born  September  18,  1856,  son  of  Henry  Stockbridge 
and  Fanny  E.  Montague,  and  a  descendant  on  both  the  paternal  and  mater- 
nal sides  of  New  England  Puritan  ancestors  whose  immigration  to  America 
antedates  the  year  1650. 

Judge  Stockbridge  was  fitted  for  college  at  Williston  Seminary  in  East- 


376  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

hampton,  Massachusetts,  then  entered  Amherst  College,  and  was  graduated 
from  that  institution  in  1877  with  the  degree  of  art'mm  baccalaureus.  His 
professional  education  was  acquired  in  the  Law  School  of  the  University  of 
Maryland,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1878  with  the  degree  of  legum  bacca- 
laureus. In  the  same  year  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  since  that  time 
has  been  continuously  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  or  the  administration 
of  law  in  his  judicial  capacity.  From  March,  1887,  until  March,  1889,  he 
did  editorial  work  on  the  Baltimore  American,  and  at  the  same  time  kept 
up  his  law  practice.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Instruction 
of  the  Law  School  of  the  University  of  Maryland  in  June,  1899. 

He  was  examiner  in  chancery  for  the  Equity  Courts  of  Baltimore  from 
December,  1882,  to  March,  1889;  was  elected  representative  in  Congress 
from  the  Fourth  District  of  Maryland  in  1888,  and  served  through  the 
Fifty-first  Congress;  was  appointed  Commissioner  of  Immigration  at  the 
port  of  Baltimore  in  1891  and  resigned  in  March,  1893;  and  was  elected 
Associate  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Bench  of  Baltimore  in  1806,  in  which 
capacity  he  continues  to  serve.  He  is  a  member  and  corresponding  secretary 
of  the  Maryland  Historical  Society,  member  of  the  American  Historical 
Association,  American  Political  Science  Association,  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion, American  Geographical  Society,  National  Geographical  Society,  Sons 
of  the  Revolution,  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  Society  of  Colonial 
Wars,  Maryland  Branch  of  the  Red  Cross  Society,  and  the  Maryland  Club. 
Henry  Stockbridge  married,  January  5,  1882,  Helen  M.  Smith,  of  Had- 
ley,  Massachusetts,  by  whom  he  has  two  sons,  Henry,  and  Enos  S.  Stock- 
bridge,  both  now  sophomore  class  students  in  Amherst  College. 


DENTAL    AND     PHARMACEUTICAL    BUILDHM'G.       COMPLETED     I9O4. 


IV. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 


DEPARTMENT  OF  DENTISTRY 


IV.  DEPARTMENT  OF  DENTISTRY. 

THE  first  dentist  of  any  prominence  and  the  first  to  teach  dentistry 
in  Baltimore,  according  to  the  records,  was  Horace  H.  Hayden, 
a  native  of  Windsor,  Connecticut,  who  settled  here  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  nineteenth  century.  He  was  a  man  of  scientific 
attainments,  pursuing  original  investigations  in  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology, and  devoting  much  time  to  botany,  geology  and  the 
cultivation  of  silkworms.  He  wrote  upon  these  subjects,  and  his 
"Geological  Essays,"  a  book  of  four  hundred  pages,  published  in  1820,  was 
the  first  general  work  on  geology  issued  in  the  United  States.  A  new  mineral 
which  he  discovered  was  named  "Haydenite,"  in  his  honor.  He  was  licensed 
to  practice  dentistry  in  Maryland  by  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Eaculty  in 
1  8 10.  In  18  18  he  assisted  in  founding  the  Baltimore  Physical  Association, 
for  the  promotion  of  Physical  Science,  of  which  he  was  the  first  Secretary. 
This  Society  was  the  forerunner  of  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Science.  That 
his  scientific  attainments  were  recognized  by  the  medical  profession  is  indi- 
cated by  the  fact  that  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia  in  1837,  ami 
by  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1840. 

Almost  from  the  time  when  he  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
Baltimore,  he  was  accustomed  to  hold  classes  in  dentistry  in  his  offices  at 
night,  with  no  light  but  the  tallow  dip.  He  continued  this  instruction  until  the 
founding  of  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery  in  1840.  Elisha  Town- 
send,  the  founder  of  the  first  Dental  College  in  Philadelphia,  was  one  of 
those  who  received  his  education  in  this  way,  and  he  declared  that  all  he  ever 
knew  of  dentistry  was  the  result  of  Hayden's  instruction. 

That  dentists  should  be  educated  like  other  professional  men  in  schools 


382  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

and  colleges  was  a  thought  often  brought  out  by  Hayden  in  his  conversation, 
and  he  always  regarded  his  avocation  as  a  mere  branch  of  medicine. 

Having  discussed  the  subject  with  some  of  his  friends  who  were  con- 
nected with  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  University,  he  was  invited  to  give  a 
course  of  lectures  before  the  medical  class  of  that  institution  during  the 
session  of  1837-38.  "This,"  remarks  Professor  Simon,  "was  most  likely 
the  first  attempt  to  introduce  dentistry  as  a  branch  of  medical  education," 
and  we  may  add  was  also  probably  the  first  systematic  instruction  in  dental 
science  given  in  America.  There  is  a  letter  in  the  archives  of  the  Baltimore 
College  of  Dental  Surgery  bearing  upon  and  confirming  the  above  statement, 
which  lies  before  me  as  I  write.  It  was  written  from  London,  September 
29,  1874,  by  Dr.  H.  Willis  Baxley,  himself  a  member  of  the  Medical 
Faculty  of  the  University  from  1837  to  1839  (Trustees'  Faculty),  and  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery  in  1840.  1  am 
indebted  to  Professor  M.  Whildin  Foster,  Dean  of  the  College,  for  the 
privilege  of  perusing  it.  The  passage  referring  to  Dr.  Hayden's  course  at 
the  University  is  as  follows:  "Some  years  before  that  time"  [i.  e.,  the  sum- 
mer of  1839],  "Dr.  H.  H.  Hayden,  also  of  Baltimore,  had  delivered  to  a 
few  medical  students  of  the  University  of  Maryland  some  lectures  on  Dental 
Physiology  and  Pathology.  I  was  one  of  his  class,  and  found  the  lectures 
very  speculative  ami  unsatisfactory.  Certain  it  is,  that  those  engaged  in 
tooth  pulling,  tiling  ami  filling,  which  then  seemed  the  sole  business  of  the 
craft,  took  no  interest  in  Dr.  Hayden's  attempt  to  enlighten  them.  Never- 
theless, he  is  entitled  to  credit  for  an  effort,  however  unsuccessful,  to  give 
dentistry  better  claims  to  public  confidence."  Professor  Simon  again 
remarks:  "One  can  now  readily  understand  that  Hayden's.  scientific  treat- 
ment of  his  subject  did  not  meet  with  the  approval  of  medical  students,  who 
most  likely  would  have  preferred  some  demonstration  in  practical  work. 
However,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  Hayden's  attempt  to  teach  scientific 


DEPARTMENT  OF  DENTISTRY  383 

dentistry  by  a  course  of  lectures  was  the  starting  point  for  the  founding  of 
the  college  a  few  years  later."* 

Dr.  Hayden  was  by  no  means  cast  down  by  this  failure  to  provide  the 
means  for  a  thorough  dental  education,  and  his  mind  continued  to  be  occu- 
pied with  the  thought.  He  found  an  efficient  coadjutor  in  Dr.  Chapin  \. 
I  [arris,  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  who  had  received  his  dental 
training  from  himself.  They  united  in  the  effort  to  induce  the  authorities 
ol  the  University  to  add  dental  instruction  to  the  medical  course.  Unfor- 
tunately this  effort  was  made  when  the  institution  was  suffering  from  the 
effects  ol  the  great  rupture  and  the  long  and  blighting  law  suit  to  which  it 
gave  rise.  So  that  when,  on  the  conclusion  of  these  troubles  and  the  restitu- 
tion of  the  institution  to  the  Regents  in  1839,  a  formal  proposal  lor  union 
was  made  by  Drs.  Hayden  and  Harris  it  was  rejected  by  the  Faculty  of 
Physic.  The  low  condition  of  dentistry  at  that  time  is  shown  by  the  letter 
addressed  to  Dr.  Harris  in  which  justification  lor  the  rejection  is  sought  in 
the  insignificance  <</  I  lie  subject.  I  bus  was  lost  a  great  and  noble  oppor- 
tunity for  usefulness  anil  fame,  for  which  the  Faculty  of  Physic  sought  to 
atone  forty-three  years  later  by  the  institution  of  the  Department  of  Den- 


*"  History  of  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,"  By  William  Simon,  Ph.  D. , 
M.  D. ,  Baltimore,  Mil.,  pamphlet,  pp.  36,  illustrated.  Presented  to  Section  IX.  of  the  Fourth 
International  Dental  Congress,  held  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1904;  reprinted  from  Volume  III  of 
the  Transactions.  Doctor  Simon  is  the  distinguished  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Baltimore 
College  of  Dental  Surgery,  and  is  a  thoroughly  reliable  historian.  Hissketch  isamost  valuable 
and  interesting  contribution  to  our  local  history  and  to  the  history  of  dentistry  in  general. 

Statements  have  been  made  that  earlier  courses  of  lectures  on  dentistry  were  delivered  by 
Dr.  Hayden  in  this  University  :  Medical  Catalogue,  "  1.S21  "  ;  Denial  Do.,  "  1821-22,"  "1835"  ; 
Rev.  Horace  E.  Hayden,  of  Wilkesbarre,  Pennsylvania,  in  letter  to  author,  "1825."  The 
writer  has  made  every  effort  to  confirm  these,  but  so  far  in  vain.  Rev.  Mr.  Hayden  has  MS. 
writings  of  Dr.  Hayden,  who  was  his  grandfather,  but  is  unable  at  this  time  to  refer  to  them. 
In  1896  or  '97  Dr.  S.  Denny  Willson,  of  Royal  Oak,  Talbot  County,  Maryland,  brought  to  the 
University  and  showed  to  the  then  Dean  a  MS.  course  of  lectures  on  dentistry,  being  the 
notes  taken  by  one  Chamberlain.  The  date  of  this  MS.  is  unknown.  It  was  returned  to  Dr. 
S.  C.  Trippe,  of  Royal  Oak,  its  owner,  and  a  relative  of  Chamberlain,  and  perished  in  a  fire 
with  his  library.  In  1902-03,  at  the  time  of  the  erection  of  the  tablet  portrait  of  Hayden  and 
Harris  in  the  University,  another  MS.  course  of  lectures  said  to  have  been  delivered  at  the 
University  by  Dr.  Hayden,  was  presented  to  the  Dental  Department  by  Mr.  Mozart  Hayden, 
of  Baltimore,  also  a  grandson  of  Dr.  H,  through  Dr.  C.J.  Grieves,  who  had  charge  of  the 
tablet  movement.  This  is  said  to  have  been  the  very  course  delivered  in  1837-38.  It  was  al-ci 
destroyed  through  inadvertence  shortly  after,  when  the  old  Dental  building  was  pulled  down 
to  give  place  to  the  new-  one.  The  writer  has  made  every  effort  to  throw  light  upon  this  in- 
teresting historical  subject.  It  is  singular  if  such  courses  were  delivered  that  he,  aflerall  his 
researches  into  the  history  of  the  University,  extending  back  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
has  never  come  across  any  evidences  of  them.  It  ma}' be  that  further  light  may  be  thrown 
on  the  matter,  and  the  investigation  of  it  will  be  continued  and  the  results  published  in  Old 
Maryland. 


3 84  UNIVERSITY  OF  MAR YLAND 

tistry  to  which  this  sketch  relates.    Among  the  instances  of  a  lack  of  foresight 
in  our  authorities,  we  cannot  but  regard  this  as  one  of  the  most  deplorable. 

Having  failed  so  signally  in  these  long-tried  and  commendable  efforts 
to  secure  University  recognition,  there  was  nothing  to  do  but  to  found  an 
independent  college.  A  charter  was  accordingly  framed  and  signatures 
sought  from  the  citizens,  urging  its  passage  by  the  Legislature.  The  Act 
of  incorporation  was  passed  February  i,  1840,  and  thus  the  first  Dental 
College  in  the  world  came  into  existence — the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental 
Surgery.  Drs.  Thomas  E.  Bond,  Jr.,  and  H.  Wallis  Baxley  were  added  as 
other  members  of  the  first  Faculty  and  incorporators,  all  four  of  whom  held 
the  title  of  M.  D.  The  immediate  and  continued  success  of  the  project 
showed  that  it  was  opportune  and  that  a  pressing  need  was  supplied. 

Professor  F.  J.  S.  Gorgas,  at  the  request  of  the  author,  has  kindly  fur- 
nished the  following  brief  account  of  the  circumstances  connected  with  the 
founding  of  the  Department  of  Dentistry  of  the  University  of  Maryland. 

"During  the  early  part  of  the  month  of  April,  in  the  year  1882,  the 
writer  was  waited  upon  by  Professors  William  T.  Howard,  L.  McLane 
Tiffany,  and  J.  Edwin  Michael,  who  informed  him  that  the  Faculty  of 
Physic  of  the  University  of  Maryland  had  secured  a  charter  from  the  Legis- 
lature of  the  State  of  Maryland  for  a  Department  of  Dental  Surgery  to  be 
added  to  the  School  of  Medicine  of  said  University.  This  committee  of  the 
Faculty  of  Physic  also  informed  him  (the  writer)  that  he  had  been  selected 
to  organize  the  new  department,  and  to  act  as  its  Dean,  and  also  Professor 
of  'The  Principles  of  Dental  Science,'  etc.  At  the  time  this  proposition  was 
made  to  him,  the  writer  was  holding  the  same  position  in  the  Baltimore 
College  of  Dental  Surgery,  with  which  institution  he  had  been  connected 
as  Demonstrator  and  Professor  for  the  preceding  twenty-five  years,  and  as 
Dean  for  fifteen  years. 

"After  due  consideration,  and  after  learning  that  Professor  James  H. 
Harris,  who  had  been  the  Professor  of  Clinical  Dentistry  in  the  Baltimore 
College  of  Dental  Surgery  for  a  number  of  years,  would  also  accept  the 


DEP.  I R  TA  I  EN  T  OF  DEN  TIS  TRY  385 

same  chair  in  the  new  department  it  was  proposed  to  organize,  the  writer 
consented  to  accept  the  proposition  from  the  Faculty  o(  Physic  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  with  the  understanding  that  he  was  to  he  elected  Dean 
and  Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Dental  Surgery  as  long  as  he  performed 
the  duties  pertaining  to  these  positions  in  a  competent  and  satisfactory  man- 
ner. His  resignation  was  thereupon  forwarded  to  the  late  Professor  Thomas 
S.  Latimer,  who  held  the  chair  of  Physiology  in  the  Baltimore  College  of 
Dental  Surgery,  and  who,  hy  the  action  of  the  writer,  became  the  senior 
member  of  its  Faculty.  The  reply  of  Professor  Latimer  was  a  question  as 
to  whether  the  writer  really  meant  to  sever  his  long  connection  with  the 
Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  as  no  unpleasantness  had  ever  occurred 
that  would  account  for  such  a  resignation  on  the  part  of  the  writer. 

"The  first  meeting  of  the  Faculty  of  the  University  of  Maryland  Dental 
Department  was  held  at  the  office  of  Professor  J.  Edwin  Michael,  M.  D., 
246  Madison  avenue,  Baltimore  (old  number),  on  Friday  evening,  April 
28,  1882,  at  9  P.  M.  Present:  Professors  Miles,  Tiffany,  Michael,  Harris, 
and  Gorgas.  Professor  Tiffany,  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland  School  of  Medicine,  announced  that  at  a  meeting  of 
said  Faculty,  held  April  26,  1S82,  the  following  Faculty  of  the  new  Dental 
Department  had  been  elected : 

"Ferdinand  J.  S.  Gorgas,  A.  M.,  M:  D.,  D.  D.  S.— Professor  of  Den- 
tal Science,  Dental  Surgery  and  Prosthetic  Dentistry; 

"Professor  James  EL.  Harris,  AE  D.,  D.  D.  S. — Professor  of  Operative 
and  Clinical  Dentistry; 

"Professor  William  E.  A.  Aikin,  AE  D.,  EE.  D. — Professor  of  Chem- 
istry; 

"Professor  Samuel  C.  Chew,  A.  AE,  AE  D. — Professor  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics; 

"Professor  Francis  T.  Miles,  A.  AE,  AE  D. — Professor  of  Physiology; 

"Professor  L.  McLane  Tijfany,  A.  AE,  AE  D. — Professor  of  Oral 
Surgery; 


386  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

•'Professor  ./.  Edwin  Michael,  A.  M .,  M.  D. — Professor  of  Anatomy. 

"Professor  Gorgas  was  unanimously  elected  Dean  of  the  Dental 
Department.  Dr.  John  C.  Uhler  was  elected  Demonstrator  of  Prosthetic 
Dentistry.  Dr.  Frank  L.  Harris  was  elected  Demonstrator  of  Operative 
Dentistry. 

"The  first  summer  practical  session  hegan  April  28,  1882,  in  the  new 
ward  of  the  University  Hospital,  and  the  first  regular  winter  session  began 
October  2,  1882,  with  sixty  students,  the  lectures  on  Dentistry  being  deliv- 
ered in  Practice  Hall,  and  the  Medical  lectures  in  Chemical  and  Anatomical 
Halls  of  the  University  Building." 

The  first  Faculty  is  thus  seen  to  have  consisted  of  seven  members,  five 
of  whom  were  also  members  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic.  There  were  also  a 
number  of  Demonstrators  of  Anatomy,  Mechanical  and  Operative  Dentistry' 
and  Continuous  Gum  Work.  The  whole  number  of  instructors  amounted  to 
nineteen.  A  large  number  of  eminent  dentists  in  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try were  also  enrolled  as  Clinical  Instructors,  some  of  whom  attended  the 
clinics  at  some  time  in  person,  and  gave  the  students  the  advantages  of  their 
large  and  varied  experience. 

An  announcement  was  issued  which  contained  the  following  opening 
statements:  "The  rapid  advance  of  the  art  and  science  of  Dental  Surgery 
and  the  recognition  of  it  by  the  leading  medical  associations  as  a  specialty  of 
medicine,  as  well  as  the  desire  of  every  reputable  dental  practitioner  to  have 
it  accepted  as  such,  renders  it  necessary  to  increase  the  facilities  by  which 
dental  students  can  acquire  not  only  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  profession 
of  their  choice,  but  also  a  knowledge  of  the  collateral  sciences.  While  the 
object  of  this  Department  is  to  graduate  students  in  dentistry,  yet  it  should 
be  an  incentive  to  all  who  aim  to  become  properly  qualified  to  practice  den- 
tistry, to  educate  themselves  as  doctors  of  medicine  in  conjunction  with  their 
dental  training.  By  placing  dental  surgery,  as  connected  with  oral  surgery, 
in  a  position  where  it  is  accepted  as  a  department  of  medicine,  its  status  will 
be  exalted,  and  a  larger  number  of  intellectual  men  will  be  found  in  its  ranks 


DEPARTMENT  OF  DENTISTRY  387 

and  a  new  impetus  to  thought  and  investigation  will  thereby  be  created." 
Stress  is  laid  upon  the  fact  that  this  was  contemplated  in  the  organization  of 
the  department,  and  the  advantages  of  the  union  with  a  University  are  duly 
impressed. 

Practice  Hall,  on  the  University  grounds,  capable  of  holding  two  hun- 
dred persons,  was  specially  devoted  to  the  dental  lectures,  and  as  soon  as 
possible  the  Faculty  proceeded  to  erect  a  special  "Dental  Infirmary  and 
Laboratory  building"  for  the  use  of  the  students  of  the  department.  This 
building  occupied  the  Greene  street  side  of  the  University  grounds,  abutting 
on  Cider  alley.  In  its  construction  the  amplest  provision  was  made  for  light 
by  means  of  forty-nine  large  windows,  entirely  unobstructed  on  all  sides. 
The  Infirmary  occupied  the  second  floor  and  was  provided  with  all  needed 
appliances — operating  chairs,  movable  brackets,  tables,  etc.,  each  chair  being 
opposite  a  window.  On  the  first  floor  was  the  dental  laboratory,  containing 
mechanical  appliances  and  also  closets  and  drawers  for  the  instruments, 
books  and  clothing  of  students.  Of  course,  the  facilities  offered  to  the  stu- 
dents by  the  Hospital,  Dispensary,  Museum  and  other  resources  of  the  Uni- 
versity— giving  this  School  advantages  which  no  separate  dental  school 
could  offer — were  duly  dwelt  upon  in  the  circular. 

For  graduation  it  was  required  that  the  student  should  be  twenty-one 
years  of  age,  and  have  attended  two  courses  of  lectures,  the  last  one  in  this 
School.  As  equivalent  to  the  first  of  these  courses,  a  course  in  any  other 
reputable  dental  or  medical  college,  five  years'  dental  practice,  including 
regular  pupilage,  or  a  satisfactory  examination  on  entrance  was  accepted. 
The  candidate  was  also  required  to  show  specimens  of  operations  performed 
in  the  Infirmary  or  constructed  in  the  laboratory — the  latter  for  preservation 
in  the  Museum.  The  result  of  the  examination  was  determined  by  a  major- 
ity of  the  votes  of  the  Faculty.  The  student,  by  combining  the  medical  and 
dental  courses,  could  take  both  degrees  within  three  years — thus  saving  $300. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  winter  sessions,  a  summer  session  for  practical 


3  8  8  UN  I J '  ER  SI  TY  OF  MARY  LA  ND 

instruction  was  provided,  extending  from  May  to  October,  which  was  free 
to  regular  students. 

The  fees  were  fixed  at  $115  for  each  session,  and  $30  diploma  fee  for 
graduates.  A  beneficiary  was  allowed  from  each  State  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  State  Society  or  its  President.  Several  prizes  were  offered, 
including  a  University  medal  for  best  standing  in  final  examinations. 

Thus  was  launched  this  important  "department,"  or,  more  properly 
speaking,  "school,"  providing  instruction  111  an  essential  branch  of  medical 
science. 

The  first  session  lasted  live  and  a  half  months,  and  the  success  was  most 
gratifying,  showing  that  the  advantages  derived  from  University  and  pro 
fessional  connection  were  duly  appreciated  and  eagerly  embraced  by  students 
throughout  the  country.  Sixty-six  students  attended,  representing  fifteen 
States  and  two  foreign  countries,  and  there  were  thirty-four  graduates  at  the 
commencement  held  on  March  15,  1883.  The  interest  of  the  dental  pro- 
fession was  shown  by  a  large  number  of  valuable  donations  made  to  the 
museum,  which  was  set  on  foot  at  the  very  beginning  by  the  enterprising 
and  ever  thoughtful  dean.  The  infirmary  ottered  an  embarrassment  of 
work  to  the  students,  in  both  operative  and  prosthetic  dentistry,  many  having 
inserted  as  many  as  nearly  a  hundred  fillings,  while  over  forty  tidings  had 
been  a  common  average.  Every  operating  chair  was  connected  with  a  battery 
for  the  use  of  dental  electric  appliances.  The  Dental  Laboratory  was 
equipped  with  all  conveniences  for  the  preparation  of  metals,  the  manufac- 
ture of  teeth,  and  the  construction  of  artificial  dentures  of  every  kind.  Sin- 
gular to  say,  all  the  students  entered  had  matriculated  only  in  the  Dental 
Department.  An  important  addition  to  the  Faculty  after  this  session  was 
D.  Genese,  D.  D.  S.,  a  local  dentist  of  brilliant  inventive  genius,  who  gave 
instruction  in  continuous  gum  and  plastic  work. 

The  third  session  was  characterized  by  an  important  change  in  the 
Faculty,  Professor  R.  Dorsey  Coale  having  replaced  Professor  Aikin  in  the 
chair  of  chemistry.      I"he  attendance  of  the  previous  session  had  risen  to  So, 


DEPARTMENT  OF  DENTISTRY  389 

with  36  graduates.  Many  dentists  had  availed  themselves  <>l  the  oppor- 
tunity of  obtaining  the  degree  in  one  session  upon  five  years'  experience,  this 
being  noted  of  16  of  the  36  graduates.  <  hving  to  the  growth  of  the  depart- 
ment, it  hat!  been  found  necessary  to  add  to  the  Infirmary  and  Laboratory 
Building  by  the  erection  of  two  wings,  giving  two  hundred  running  feet  to 

Infirmary  Hall,  and  additional  museum,  impression,  reception  and 
extraction  rooms.  The  asphaltum  floor  of  the  laboratory  offered  one 
hundred  and  eighty   feet   lor  the  work  tables. 

Among  additions  to  the  course,  there  had  been  established  a  working 
chemical  laboratory.  The  clause  ottering  "a  satisfactory  examination"  in 
lieu  of  the  first  of  the  two  sessions  was,  doubtless  wisely,  omitted  from  the 
third  annual  circular.  Our  attention  is  arrested  at  this  time  by  a  certificate 
of  ten  prominent  dentists,  the  chairmen  of  committees  appointed  to  award 
the  prizes  to  the  graduates,  expressing  their  "admiration  and  gratification 
at  the  remarkable  proficiency  exhibited  by  the  competitors." 

Curing  the  session  of  [885-86,  the  clause  with  reference  to  the  credit 
allowed  for  "five  years  practice"  was  abolished,  and  the  only  exemption  to 
be  obtained  from  the  two-year  course  was  that  conferred  by.  the  degree  of 
M.  D.,  "with  one  year's  dental  instruction,"  which  was  accepted  in  lieu  of 
the  first  year.*  Students  were  required  to  take  operative  as  well  as  mechan- 
ical dentistry  both  years.  The  first  mention  is  made  officially  of  preliminary 
requirements  in  the  following  words:  "The  matriculant  must  have  a  good 
English  education.  The  diploma  of  a  reputable  literary  institution,  or  other 
evidence  of  literary  qualification,  will  be  received  instead  of  an  examina- 
tion. 

In  the  fifth  session  Dr.  Genese's  name  disappeared  from  the  corps  of 
instructors,  and  Professor  1.  i:'..  Atkinson  took  Professor  Chew's  place  in 
the  chair  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics.  We  note  at  this  time  the 
statement  that   dissection   was   "now   obligatory   in   all   dental   schools."      A 


*It   was  stated  that   this  concession   was  sanctioned  b\  the  Stair  Boards  oi   Dental  Ex 
airliners  and  the  American  Dental  Association. 


390  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

number  of  additional  prizes  had  been  established,   there  being  now  five 
gold  medals  awarded. 

In  connection  with  the  list  of  graduates  of  1886,  it  is  stated  that  all  had 
attended  "two  full  sessions  of  five  months  each." 

During  the  session  of  1886-87  rne  students  numbered  125,  of  whom 
51  graduated;  "indisputable  evidence,"  says  the  catalogue,  "that  the  insti- 
tution has  acquired  not  only  a  national  but  a  cosmopolitan  reputation. 
Matriculants  have  come  from  every  section  of  the  country,  and  from 
Canada,  South  America,  Great  Britain,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Turkey,  etc., 
and  a  number  of  its  students  have  been  previously  in  attendance  upon  the 
lectures,  and  are  graduates  of  the  Universities  of  Europe,  or  of  medical  and 
dental  colleges  in  the  United  States." 

In  1889,  the  National  Association  of  Dental  College  Faculties  agreed 
to  require  of  candidates  for  matriculation  a  diploma  from  a  reputable  liter- 
ary institution,  a  teacher's  certificate,  or  other  evidence  of  literary  qualifica- 
tion, and,  in  the  absence  of  any  of  these,  a  preliminary  examination  embrac- 
ing a  good  English  education.  This  school  being  a  member  of  the  Associa- 
tion here  named,  the  above  was  duly  announced  and  duly  put  into  effect. 
That  the  conditions  as  to  preliminary  requirements  are  not  in  this  school — 
as  they  undoubtedly  are  in  many  others — a  pretence  and  a  sham,  appears 
to  be  established  by  a  formal  statement  placed  at  the  head  of  the  list  of 
matriculants  in  every  catalogue  from  this  time  to  the  present,  reading:  "All 
of  these  matriculants  conformed  to  the  requirements  for  admission  as  speci- 
fied by  the  annual  catalogue."  The  following  regulation  was  also 
announced :  "At  the  end  of  the  Junior  year  students  will  be  examined  for 
admission  to  the  Senior  Class." 

The  following  figures  are  of  interest:  During  the  session  of  1888-80 
there  were  4132  teeth  extracted,  7010  fillings  inserted — gold,  amalgam  and 
plastic;  2507  teeth  treated,  560  sets  of  teeth  made  in  the  laboratory,  137 
sets  of  teeth  repaired. 

During  the  ninth  session  the  chair  of  Anatomy  was  vacant  by  the  trans- 


DEPAR  TMEN  T  OF  DEN  TIS  TR  Y  39 1 

ferrence  of  Professor  Michael  to  another  department,  but  the  duties  belong- 
ing to  it  were  not  therefore  neglected.  An  addition  made  to  the  dental 
building  (the  third  since  its  erection  in  1SS2)  increased  its  size  to  forty-four 
by  nearly  one  hundred  feet  and  the  number  of  windows  in  the  Infirmary  to 
forty-three. 

In  the  tenth  session  (1891-92),  Randolph  Winslow,  A.  M.,  M.  D., 
assumed  the  chair  of  Anatomy.  With  the  beginning  of  this  session  a  radical 
change  was  made  in  the  course,  consisting  of  an  additional  or  third  year. 
This  had  been  provided  for  by  the  National  Association  of  Dental  Facul- 
ties, at  its  annual  meeting  held  two  years  before,  and  later  approved  by  the 
American  Dental  Association.  The  requirements  for  admission  was  also 
expressed  in  greater  detail;  for  example,  the  applicant  who  was  unable  to 
present  a  diploma  or  teacher's  certificate,  must  submit  to  an  examination  in 
grammar,  arithmetic,  history  and  geography,  and,  in  addition,  must  write 
an  essay.  Graduates  of  recognized  medical  colleges  were  admitted  to  the 
second  year  class  without  examination,  anil  were  required  to  take  only  the 
dental  tickets.  The  fees  per  session  amounted  to  $105,  including  $5  for 
matriculation.  In  addition  to  this  was  the  dissection  ticket,  $10,  required  but 
once,  and  the  diploma  fee  of  $311;  the  total  expense  therefore  tor  the  three 
years  amounting  to  $355.  Nine  gold  medals,  besides  a  number  of  other 
prizes  were  bestowed.  The  number  of  students  this  session  tell  to  126. 
the  graduates  numbering  73,  showing  a  falling  off  in  the  whole  number  of 
37,  the  result  doubtless  of  the  lengthening  of  the  course  and  the  greater 
expense  now  attending  it.  The  next  year  (  1893)  the  number  ol  graduates 
fell  to  [6,  to  rise  again  in  1  S94  to  34.  I  he  session  ol  [894-95  was  the 
most  prosperous  up  to  that  time,  the  names  of  1 S4  matriculants  being 
recorded. 

In  1896  Dr.  Charles  \V .  Mitchell  became  the  incumbent  ol  the  chair 
of  Materia  Medica,  Professor  Atkinson  retaining  Therapeutics  only.  The 
session  was  lengthened  to  six  months.  By  a  rule  of  the  National  Association 
of  Dental  Colleges  students  entering  later  than  ten  days  after  the  opening  of 


392  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  session  could  not  be  given  credit  for  a  full  course.*  Students  who  had 
attended  one  course  in  a  medical  college  were  eligible  to  the  second  year 
class,  subject  to  the  rules  regarding  examination.  Graduates  of  medical  and 
pharmaceutical  colleges  were  admitted  to  the  second  year  without  examina- 
tion. 

In  i  S98,  David  M.  R.  Culbreth,  M.  D.,  Ph.  G.,  took  the  place  of  Pro- 
fessor Mitchell  as  Associate  Professor  of  Materia   Medica. 

In  1899  the  session  was  lengthened  to  seven  months. 

In  1900  Professor  Charles  W.  Mitchell  reentered  the  Faculty,  taking 
Professor  Atkinson's  place  in  Therapeutics.  Drs.  John  C.  Uhler  and  Isaac 
H.  Davis,  previously  demonstrators,  became  Associate  Professors  of  Pros- 
thetic and  Operative  Dentistry  respectively.  Dr.  Clarence  J.  Grieves  became 
Lecturer  upon  Crown  and  Bridge  Work. 

In  1 90 1  Associate  Professor  Culbreth  assumed  the  rank  of  full  Pro- 
fessor, and  Dr.  Clarence  J.  Grieves  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Associate 
Professor.  The  clauses  admitting  one-year  medical  students  to  the  second 
year,  "subject  to  the  rules  governing  examinations,"  and  pharmacy  gradu- 
ates to  the  second  year  "without  examination,"  were  at  this  time  stricken 
out.  The  following  requirement  of  the  National  Association  of  Dental 
Faculties  came  into  effect  at  this  time:  "The  minimum  preliminary  educa- 
tion requirement  shall  be  a  certificate  of  entrance  into  the  second  year  of  a 
high  school  or  its  equivalent.  The  examination  to  be  placed  in  the  hands 
of  any  State  or  County  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction." 

In  1902  Professor  Tiffany  resigned  from  the  chair  of  Oral  Surgery, 
which  was  assigned  to  Professor  Winslow,  and  Dr.  ].  Holmes  Smith  was 
advanced  from  the  Demonstratorship  to  the  Professorship  of  Anatomy. 
The  minimum  requirement  of  matriculants  was  still  further  advanced  to 
include  a  certificate  of  entrance  into  the  third  year  of  a  high  school,  or  its 
equivalent.     Scholarships,  whether  free  or  beneficial,  were  done  away  with, 


"We  are  told  that  strict  compliance  was  given  to  this  rule  of  the  National  Associations. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  DENTISTRY  393 

having  been  pronounced  'detrimental  to  the  best  interests  ol   the  profession 

and  forbidden  by  the  National  Association  ol    Dental  faculties. 

In  1903,  Professor  Miles  having  died,  Dr.  John  C.  Hemmeter  was 
elected  to  till  the  chair  of  Physiology.  Dr.  Timothy  O.  Heatwole  was 
advanced  to  the  Associate  Professorship  of  Orthodontia.      The  handsome 

new  dental  building  on  Greene  street  was  erected  during  the  fall  and  winter, 
replacing  the  old  building  constructed  in  1SS2,  which  had  been  added  to 
from  time  to  time  as  the  growth  of  the  classes  necessitated  increased  accom- 
modations. The  new  building  is  of  brick,  is  three  stories  and  a  halt  high, 
and  is  shaped  like  an  "L,"  extending  along  Greene  St.  and  Cider  Alley  toi  1x91 1 
feet.  It  is  heated  by  steam  and  lighted  by  both  electricity  and  gas.  Without 
equipment  it  cost  $45,000.  The  operating  room,  or  Infirmary,  is  100x30 
feet,  and  has  light  from  all  four  sides.  Below  it  on  the  first  floor  are  the 
Dental  Museum,  Extracting  Room,  Impression  Room,  Dean's  Office,  Stu- 
dents' Reading  Room,  Clinic  Room,  etc.,  and  in  the  rear  a  large  Lecture 
Hall  with  raised  seats.  Each  student  has  his  private  locker  for  instruments, 
books,  clothing,  etc.  In  the  basement  are  the  Dental  Laboratories,  occupy- 
ing the  whole  of  that  floor.  Owing  to  the  size  of  this  building,  it  is  able  to 
furnish  accommodations  also  for  the  Department  of  Pharmacy  and  tor  the 
Laboratories  of  Pathology,  Bacteriology  and  Physiological  Chemistry. 

With  the  session  of  1903-04,  attendance  upon  tour  annual  sessions  was 
announced  as  requisite  for  graduation.  I  his  was  in  accordance  with  the 
action  of  the  National  Association  of  Dental  faculties,  and  applied  to  all 
Dental  Colleges  in  the  country.  Announcement  to  this  effect  appeared  in 
the  catalogues  of  [902-03,  1903-04,  and  [904-05,  with  outline  of  the  four- 
year  curriculum.  The  requirement  was,  however,  only  in  operation  for  one 
session,  that  of  [903-04,  and  was  rescinded  before  the  session  ol  [904-05. 
It  appears  that  the  colleges  of  the  country  were  not  in  unanimous  agree- 
ment upon  it,  and  the  opposition  was  sufficient  to  render  its  introduction 
impracticable.  When  it  is  learned  that  Harvard  College  Dental  School 
opposed  to  it,  for  instance,  the  strength  of  the  opposition  becomes  apparent. 


394  UNIt'ERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

An  important  innovation  in  1903  was  that  taking  the  examination  of 
matriculants  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Faculty  or  Dean  and  placing  it  in  those 
of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  This  official  has 
appointed  Professor  J.  H.  Elliott,  of  the  Baltimore  City  College,  to  hold 
examinations  as  to  preliminary  training  and  to  pass  upon  students'  certifi- 
cates. The  clause  requiring  students  to  enter  within  ten  days  was  modified 
so  as  to  allow  entrance  within  twenty  days,  in  case  of  sickness  attested  by  a 
physician's  certificate.  An  estimate  of  the  personal  expenses  of  the  student 
for  the  seven  months  of  the  session,  made  by  students  at  this  time  is  worth 
quoting.  A  "low,"  "average"  and  "liberal"  calculation  is  given;  we  quote  the 
average,  which  amounts  to  a  total  of  $233,  including  books  $32,  board  $84, 
room  $42,  clothes  and  washing  $50,  other  expenses  $25.  (This  average 
was  reduced  to  $217  in  the  next  catalogue). 

In  the  catalogue  of  1904,  notice  was  given  of  a  Post-Graduate  Course, 
four  being  in   attendance. 

In  1905,  L.  Whiting  Farinholt,  I).  D.  S.,  became  Demonstrator  of 
Porcelain  Inlay  Work. 

In  1906  (the  present  year)  Professor  Mitchell  has  retired,  leaving  the 
department  of  Therapeutics  to  be  added  to  that  of  Materia  Medica,  under 
Professor  Culbreth.  Associate  Professor  Grieves  has  resigned,  and  Clyde 
V.  Matthews,  D.  D.  S.,  has  been  made  Demonstrator  of  Anaesthesia.  The 
preliminary  requirements  have  been  advanced,  in  conformity  with  the  rules 
of  the  National  Association  of  Dental  Faculties,  to  include  "an  examination 
corresponding  to  that  required  in  a  high  school  ot  the  section  of  country 
from  which  candidates  come."  A  knowledge  of  Latin  or  Greek  is  not 
required.  The  tuition  fees  have  been  raised  from  $100  to  $1  ^o  per  session. 
The  number  of  matriculants  the  session  of  1905-06  was  150,  and  there  were 
42  graduates  at  the  commencement  in  June,  1906. 

The  Dental  Museum  deserves  some  notice.  It  was  begun  with  the 
founding  of  the  Department  in  1SS2  and  now  occupies  a  large,  well-lighted 
room  on  the  first  floor  and  south  side  of  the  new  Dental  Building.     There  is 


J 
< 

h 

la 
a 

a 


DEPARTMENT  OF  DENTISTRY  397 

an  abundance  of  space  for  the  exhibition  ot  all  the  specimens.  Among 
objects  of  interest  are  an  Egyptian  mummy's  head  showing  the  teeth  ot  both 
jaws:  the  Maynard  collection  of  Russian  maxillae,  obtained  from  the  battle- 
fields of  the  Crimean  War,  showing  the  massive  jaws  of  that  race,  the  varied 
forms  of  antral  cavities,  etc.;  a  collection  of  skulls  oi  all  ages,  also  skulls 
showing  development  of  teeth;  models  oi  jaws,  cleft  palates,  harelips,  etc.; 
skulls  of  animals  and  fishes;  a  large  exhibit  ol  minerals;  many  hundred  speci- 
mens of  teeth,  single  and  in  sets,  and  ot  various  composition;  crown  and 
bridge  work,  porcelain  work,  etc.;  Japanese  work,  with  anatomical  plaster 
moldings,  made  in  the  college;  a  pathological  collection  of  human  teeth,  occu- 
pying four  large  glass  cases;  a  comparative  anatomy  collection,  showing 
teeth  of  the  mastodon  and  other  animals;  natural  duplicates  ot  abnormal 
teeth,  including  reunited  fractured  teeth;  portraits  ot  distinguished  dentists, 
graduating  classes,  etc.  A  relic  of  great  interest  is  the  license  to  practice 
dentistry,  issued  in  18 10  to  Dr.  Horace  H.  Hayden,  who  also  held  the 
honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  University,  1840.  The  Dean  naturally 
teels  great  pride  in  this  valuable  collection,  the  result  of  his  own  personal 
zeal.and  industry.  It  is  the  second  which  he  has  made,  the  first  being  that  of 
the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  with  which  he  was  connected  for 
many  years.  The  Dental  Alumni  have  contributed  very  liberally  to  the 
formation  ol  this  collection,  part  of  which  was  also  secured  by  purchase. 
This  museum  is  one  of  the  attractions  of  the  institution,  ami  the  alumni  of  all 
departments  will  find  a  visit  to  it  both  entertaining  and  profitable.  Professor 
Gorgas  takes  great  pride  anil  pleasure  in  exhibiting  it. 

The  largest  attendance  in  this  department  in  am  year  was  in  1902-03, 
when  there  were  215  matriculants.  The  largest  graduating  class  was  that 
of  1892,  76. 

We  have  only  to  add  that  the  Department  has  a  flourishing  Alumni 
Association,  of  which  Dr.  Clarence  J.  Grieves  is  President,  ami  Dr.  I..  W. 
Farinholt  is  Secretary-Treasurer.  At  the  last  annual  meeting  there  were 
181  names  upon  the  roll,  and  annual  receipts  of  $394  were  reported. 


398  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

James  Howell  Harris,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Professor  of  Operative  and 
Clinical  Dentistry  in  the  School  of  Dentistry  of  the  University  of  Maryland, 
was  born  near  Charlottesville,  in  Albemarle  County,  Va.,  October  22,  1834. 
His  father,  Mr.  Alanson  Harris,  was  a  farmer  and  agricultural  implement 
dealer  in  that  section.  He  received  his  preliminary  education  in  private 
schools.  In  1841;  or  1846  his  family  removed  to  Augusta  County,  near 
Weir's  Cave,  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia.  Having  a  strong  taste  as  well  as 
talent  for  mechanical  pursuits,  he  applied  himself  to  the  practice  of  dentistry 
and  took  the  degree  of  D.  D.  S.  at  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery 
early  in  the  Spring  of  1 86 1 .  He  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Harrisonburg,  Va.,  but  he  had  a  large  clientele  throughout  all  the  country 
around,  whom  he  used  to  visit  periodically. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  was  in  very  bad  health,  but  the  last  two  years 
of  that  struggle  he  held  a  position  in  the  medical  department  of  the  hospital 
at  Harrisonburg.  His  father  died  in  December,  1866.  He  began  his  con- 
nection with  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery  as  Demonstrator  of 
Operative  Dentistry  in  October,  1871.  At  the  end  of  the  session  of  1S71- 
72  he  was  elected  to  the  full  Professorship  of  Operative  and  Clinical  Den- 
tistry, and  continued  in  that  position  until  he  voluntarily  severed  his  connec- 
tion with  the  institution  to  take  part  in  founding  the  School  of  Dentistry  of 
this  University.  This  was  in  1882,  and  the  circumstances  have  already  been 
detailed  in  the  body  of  this  work.  He  has  held  the  same  position  in  this 
School  as  he  held  in  the  first  institution,  and  continues  still  as  in  all  his  many 
years  of  work,  the  active,  enthusiastic  and  beloved  teacher  of  successive 
classes  of  dental  graduates. 

Professor  Harris  is  of  a  genial  disposition  and  strongly  domestic  habits. 
Although  connected  with  the  Southern  Dental  Association  and  the  Maryland 
State  Dental  Associations,  he  shrinks  from  publicity  and  has  declined  all 
offices.  He  varies  the  arduous  labors  of  his  professorship  and  practice  by  a 
stay  of  several  months  during  the  summer  at  his  country  home  near  Harrison- 
burg, seeking  that  rest  and  occupation  which  his  active  life  makes  necessary. 


PROFESSOR  JAMES   II.    HARRIS,    M.   1).,  D.  D.    S. 


PROFESSOR    FERDINAND    JAMES    SAMUEL   GORGAS,    A.    M.,    1).    D.    S.,    M.   D. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  DENTISTRY  401 

He  received  the  degree  ot  M.  D.  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  Baltimore.  Two  of  his  sons  have  followed  him  in  the  profession 
of  Dentistry — Charles  C.  Harris,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  and  J.  Edwin  Harris, 
M.  D.,  D.  D.  S. 

Ferdinand  James  Samuel  Gorgas,  A.  M.,  D.  D.  S.,  M.  I).,  Professor 
of  Principles  of  Dental  Science,  Dental  Surgery  and  Dental  Mechanism,  and 
Dean  of  the  Dental  Faculty,  University  of  Maryland,  is  one  of  the  most 
valuable  contributors  to  the  literature  of  his  profession  in  America,  and  also 
enjoys  the  especial  distinction  of  being  one  of  the  oldest  teachers  of  dental 
medicine  and  surgery  in  the  world.  He  has  practiced  dentistry  since  1855, 
and  began  his  career  as  instructor  in  1858;  and  he  has  tilled  every  faculty 
chair,  except  that  of  chemistry,  in  the  old  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Sur- 
gery and  in  the  Dental  Departments  of  the  University  of  Maryland. 

Dr.  Gorgas  is  a  native  of  Virginia,  born  in  Winchester,  son  of  John 
DeLancey  Gorgas  and  Mary  Ann  Smith.  He  was  educated  in  the  Win- 
chester public  and  high  schools  and  prepared  for  college  at  Carlisle,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  the  grammar  school  connected  with  Dickinson  College.  He 
entered  the  college  in  1  849  as  a  student  of  the  academic  course,  and  was 
graduated,  A.  B.,  1853,  taking  his  A.  M.  degree  in  1856.  In  the  fall  of 
1853  he  entered  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  and  was  grad- 
uated, D.  D.  S.,  in  1855. 

Dr.  Gorgas  began  the  general  practice  of  dentistry  in  Baltimore  in 
1855,  and  from  that  year  to  the  present  time  has  been  constantly  engaged 
in  active  professional  work.  In  1858  he  was  appointed  demonstrator  in  his 
alma  mater,  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  and  in  i860  was 
called  to  succeed  Professor  Chapin  A.  Harris  (who  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  first  dental  college  in  the  world)  in  the  chair  of  Dental  Surgery  and 
Therapeutics,  which  he  tilled  in  that  school  until  1882.  He  then  withdrew 
from  that  Faculty  to  establish  the  Dental  Department  of  the  University  of 
Maryland,  with  which  he  is  still  associated,  holding  his  old  professorship, 


4o2  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

and  also  performing  the  responsible  duties  of  the  office  of  dean  in  the  old  col- 
lege for  about  fifteen  years,  and  in  the  university  institution  since  1882. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  career,  both  as  dental  practitioner  and  instructor, 
Dr.  Gorgas  felt  the  need  of  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine,  and  he  therefore  took  a  regular  course  in  the  medical 
department  of  the  University,  graduating  M.  D.  in  1861.  His  work  as 
author  and  collaborator  dates  from  about  the  year  1864,  when  he  first  edi- 
torially revised  Harris'  "Medical  and  Dental  Dictionary;"  and  he  has  sub- 
sequently revised  that  work  through  seven  editions.  In  1872  he  edited 
Harris'  "Dental  Surgery,"  now  Harris'  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Den- 
tistry," which  he  has  revised  through  six  editions.  From  1866  to  1902, 
throughout  the  entire  period  of  its  existence,  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  "American  Journal  of  Dental  Science,"  which  figured  in  professional 
circles  as  the  first  publication  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

As  an  original  author  on  subjects  pertaining  to  the  dental  profession, 
Dr.  Gorgas  has  long  enjoyed  wide  distinction,  and  his  works  have  been  noted 
for  quality  rather  than  number.  Aside  from  his  monograph  articles,  men- 
tion may  here  be  made  of  his  published  "Lectures  on  Dental  Science  and 
Therapeutics,"  1885;  "Dental  Medicine,"  now  in  its  seventh  edition;  and 
"Questions  and  Answers  for  the  Dental  Student,"  1896;  second  edition, 
1901. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY 


V.     DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY/ 

THE  first  suggestion  of  a  College  of  Pharmacy  in  Baltimore 
emanated  from  Dr.  William  R.  Fisher,  a  native  of  Philadel- 
phia, who  settled  here  in  1827,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and 
established  a  pharmacy  about  1834.  He  was  Professor  of  Bot- 
any in  the  School  of  Arts  and  Sciences  of  this  University,  and,  upon  the  with- 
drawal of  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  in  the  Spring  of  1837,  was  made  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  the  reorganized  Trustees  Faculty  of  the  School  of  Medicine. 
He  was  one  of  the  leading  spirits  in  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Science  and 
Literature.  He  delivered  two  courses  upon  chemistry  in  the  University, 
but  in  the  Spring  of  1839  he  was  attacked  with  partial  paralysis,  which  cut 
short  his  activity  for  the  time.  He  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  recovered 
sufficiently  to  occupy  a  professorship  in  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Phar- 
macy. He  died  at  Holmesburg,  near  Philadelphia,  on  the  25th  of  October. 
1842,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-four.  Dr.  Thomas  H.  Buckler,  who  knew 
him  well,  spoke  of  him  as  gifted  and  eloquent,  and  ever  ready  to  take  the 
lead  in  everything  scientific  and  useful.     He  held  the  degree  of  M.  D.* 

Of  Dr.  Fisher's  "plan"  we  know  nothing  further  than  that  he  had 
formed  one,  and  that  it  met  with  favor  among  his  colleagues  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty.  His  sudden  illness  prevented  his  participation  in  its 
execution.  Dr.  Thomas  H.  Buckler  urged  the  importance  of  such  an  institu- 
tion in  October,  1839.  At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical Faculty  held  in  Baltimore,  June  1-3,  1840,  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  plan,  conjointly  with  a  number  of  pharmacists,  an  organization,  and  report 


*  The  author  has  made  free  use  of  the  excellent  sketch  of  the  Maryland  College  of 
Pharmacy  written  by  the  late  Professor  Charles  Schmidt,  and  published  in  the  volume  entitled 
"History  of  Education  in  Maryland,  by  Bernard  C.  Steiner,  Ph.  D.,"  under  the  patronage  of 
the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  1894. 

fMd.  Med.  and  Surg.  JL,  Oct.,  1839. 


406  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

at  the  next  meeting,  t  On  June  8,  1840,  the  committee,  consisting  of  Drs. 
Samuel  G.  Baker,  William  E.  A.  Aikin  and  William  Riley,  met  at  the 
home  of  the  first  named,  who  was  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics in  this  University,  the  following  pharmacists:  Messrs.  John  Hill, 
George  W.  Andrews,  Thomas  G.  Mackenzie,  David  Stewart,  H.  B.  Atkin- 
son, J.  W.  W.  Gordon,  Jonathan  Chapman  and  Robert  H.  Coleman,  repre- 
senting the  Pharmacists  of  Baltimore.  Professor  Samuel  G.  Baker  presided. 
After  a  lengthy  discussion,  the  meeting  decided  "to  appoint  a  committee  of 
five  apothecaries  to  report  the  best  plan  for  a  College  of  Pharmacy  in  the 
city  of  Baltimore."  In  their  report  to  the  meeting  held  June  22,  1840,  this 
committee  recommended  "the  calling  of  a  general  meeting  of  all  regularly 
educated  apothecaries  of  the  city,  in  order  that  all  might  have  an  opportunity 
to  express  their  views  in  reference  to  the  project."  The  report  was  accepted, 
and  the  committee  was  continued  and  instructed  to  issue  an  invitation  to  all 
regularlv-educated  apothecaries  of  the  State  of  Maryland  to  a  general  meet- 
ing to  be  held  July  6,  1840.  This  meeting  was  duly  convened,  when  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  draft  a  constitution  and  bv-laws  for  a  College  of 
Pharmacy.  Finally,  a  meeting  of  organization  was  held  July  20,  1840,  and 
it  was  then  that  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  began  its  career.  Mr. 
Thomas  G.  Mackenzie,  n  leading  apothecary,  presided  on  this  momentous 
and  historical  occasion.  The  minutes  of  the  several  preceding  meetings 
having  been  read,  the  committee  presented  its  report  of  a  constitution  and 
by-laws,  which  were  adopted  with  numerous  amendments.  Provision  was 
made  for  a  President,  two  Vice-Presidents,  a  Secretary,  a  Treasurer  and  a 
Board  of  three  examiners,  the  officers  collectively  to  constitute  the  Board  of 
Trustees.  The  Board  of  Examiners  were  to  examine  orally  all  applicants 
for  membership  not  receiving  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
and  to  investigate  the  quality  of  medicines  such  applicants  were  in  the  habit 
of  dispensing.  All  members  were  required  to  sign  the  constitution,  and 
to  cause  their  apprentices  to  serve  in  such  capacity  at  least  four  years,  and  to 
ildcm.   Oct.,    1840, 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  407 

attend  at  least  one  course  of  lectures  in  the  College.  Meetings  were  to  be 
held  monthly  lor  the  transaction  of  business,  the  reading  of  essays,  and  the 
discussion  of  all  matters  of  interest  to  the  pharmaceutical  profession.  Upon 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution  and  by-laws,  the  meeting  proceeded  to  elect 
the  first  officers  of  the  College,  with  the  following  result:  Thomas  G. 
Mackenzie,  President;  George  W.  Andrews,  Robert  B.  Coleman,  Vice- 
Presidents;  William  H.  Balderston,  Secretary;  Henry  B.  Atkinson,  Treas- 
urer; Benjamin  Rush  Roberts,  David  Stewart  and  Thomas  T.  Phillips, 
Board  of  Examiners.  The  organization  having  been  fully  effected,  the 
meeting  adjourned. 

Up  to  this  period,  the  training  of  pharmacists  in  Maryland  had  been 
entirely  practical.  It  was  altogether  confined  to  an  apprenticeship  in  some 
drug  store,  and  no  attempt  was  made  to  go  into  the  theory  of  the  subject,  or 
to  give  literary  polish  to  the  instruction.  The  Philadelphia  College  of  Phar- 
macy had  been  in  existence  since  1821,  and  the  New  York  College  since 
1829,  and  there  may  have  been  in  Maryland  some,  especially  in  Baltimore, 
who  had  received  the  benefits  of  training  in  these  schools.  Pharmacy  was 
hardly  as  yet  recognized  as  a  distinct  profession,  and  it  was  still  largely  the 
custom  for  physicians  to  compound  in  their  offices  such  medicines  as  they 
required  in  practice,  the  labor  being  frequently  assigned  to  more  or  less  inex- 
perienced students  of  medicine,  pursuing  courses  of  reading  in  the  physi- 
cians' offices.  Apothecaries  were  then  rather  venders  of  crude  drugs,  of 
such  pharmaceutical  preparations  as  were  in  common  use  by  the  laiety, 
of  the  numerous  quack  nostrums  in  vogue,  and  of  a  variety  of  other  articles 
in  no  sense  pharmaceutical,  as  glass,  paints,  dye-stuffs,  etc.  Gradually,  as  the 
number  of  medicines  increased,  and  their  preparation  and  compounding 
required  more  time  and  more  thorough  knowledge  of  their  characteristics 
and  constituents,  and  hence  greater  skill  in  manipulation,  the  physicians,  at 
least  in  the  cities,  laid  aside  their  mortars  and  pestles  and  abandoned  this 
part  of  their  avocation  to  the  apothecaries.  In  consequence,  apothecaries' 
shops,  with  their  system  of  apprentices,  became  more  numerous,  and  soon  the 


4o8  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

desire  arose  to  provide  higher  and  more  systematic  methods  of  instruction 
in  the  sciences  relating  to  pharmacology.* 

The  Board  of  Trustees,  at  a  meeting  held  November  9,  1840,  resolved 
to  proceed  to  incorporation,  and  Messrs.  Benjamin  R.  Roberts  and  Robert 
H.  Coleman  were  appointed  to  present  a  memorial  to  the  Legislature  with 
that  object  in  view.  The  act  of  incorporation  was  passed  January  27, 
1 841,  and  was  signed  by  William  Grayson,  Governor  of  Maryland.  It  was 
as   follows: 

"Act  of  Incorporation  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Phar- 
macy. 

"Whereas,  Tt  is  the  duty  of  every  good  government  to  protect  as  far 
as  in  it  lies,  its  citizens  from  those  ills  and  dangers  to  which  they  become 
exposed  in  the  multiplied  relations  of  society,  by  promoting  and  encouraging 
wholesome  institutions  and  regulations  calculated  to  advance  the  well-being, 
security  and  interests  of  the  community;  and  it  being  represented  to  the  Leg- 
islature that  an  institution  has  been  established  in  the  city  of  Baltimore, 
called  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy,  for  the  purpose  of  cultivating, 
improving,  and  making  known  a  knowledge  of  pharmacy  and  its  collateral 
branches  of  science,  and  of  giving  instruction  in  the  same  by  public  lectures: 
Therefore 

"SECTION  i,  Re  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  That 
Thomas  G.  Mackenzie,  George  W.  Andrews,  Robert  H.  Coleman,  Benja- 
min Rush  Roberts,  David  Stewart,  Henry  B.  Atkinson  and  William  H.  Bal- 
derston,  together  with  such  other  individuals  as  may  hereafter  become  mem- 
bers of  said  college,  be  and  they  are  hereby  incorporated  by  the  name  of  the 
Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy,  and  they  are  hereby  declared  to  be  one 
community,  corporation  and  bodv  politic,  by  which  name  they  shall  be  able 
to  sue  and  be  sued,  plead  and  be  impleaded,  in  all  courts  of  law  and  equity, 
and  in  all  actions  whatsoever,  and  also  to  have  a  common  seal,  and  the  same 


*Mr.  William  S.  Thompson.     Professor  Schmidt's  Sketch. 


PHARMACEUTICAL    AND    DENTAL    LECTURE    ROOM. 


DEPARTMENT  OE  PHARMACY  41 1 

to  change,  break,  alter,  or  renew  at  pleasure;  and  they  shall  have  power  to 
establish  by-laws  and  orders  for  the  regulation  of  their  institution;  pro- 
vided, the  same  be  not  repugnant  to  the  constitution  of  the  State  of  Mary- 
land or  of  the  United  States;  and  they  shall  have  power  to  take,  hold  and 
possess,  any  estate,  real,  personal  or  mixed,  by  subscription,  gift,  grant,  pur- 
chase, devise  or  otherwise,  and  the  same  to  improve,  lease,  exchange,  or  sell 
and  convey  at  pleasure;  provided,  that  the  value  of  real  estate  held  at  any 
time  by  the  said  corporation  shall  not  exceed  one  thousand  dollars  over  and 
above  the  amount  necessary  for  the  requisite  buildings,  chemical,  philosoph- 
ical and  pharmaceutical  apparatus,  library  and  other  appurtenances  to  the 
objects  specifically  contemplated  by  this  act. 

"Sec.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  that  the  officers  of  said  college 
shall  be  a  President,  two  Vice-Presidents,  Secretary,  Treasurer  and  a  Board 
of  three  Examiners,  which  said  officers,  collectively,  shall  constitute  a  Board 
of  Trustees,  of  whom  five  shall  form  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness for  the  time  being,  who  shall  have  the  control  and  direction  of  the 
funds  of  the  corporation,  the  appointment  of  professors  or  lecturers,  and  all 
the  subordinate  officers  of  the  College,  and  shall  issue  certificates  of  member- 
ship, adopt  rules  and  regulations  for  the  examination  of  candidates  and  grant 
diplomas. 

"Sec  ■?.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  an  election  shall  be  held 
semi-annually  by  the  members  present  at  general  meetings,  to  be  held  in 
July  and  January  of  each  and  every  year  (after  July,  eighteen  hundred  and 
forty-one),  for  the  election  of  officers  by  ballot,  viz.:  for  President,  Secre- 
tary, Treasurer,  and  one  of  the  Board  of  Examiners  in  July,  and  for  two 
Vice-Presidents  and  the  other  two  Examiners  in  January,  which  said  officers 
shall -hold  their  respective  offices  for  the  term  of  one  year,  or  until  others 
shall  be  elected  to  succeed  them;  in  case  of  death  or  resignation,  the  Board 
of  Trustees  shall  have  power  to  fill  the  vacancy  or  vacancies  by  the  election 
of  any  member  of  the  College  to  fill  the  vacancy  for  the  unexpired  term  of 
said  officer;  no  individual  shall  be  elected  as  a  Trustee  of  said  College,  unless 
he  is  a  member  of  the  same. 


412  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

"Sec.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Treasurer  shall  give 
bond  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  shall  render 
accounts  of  his  transactions  therein  as  often  as  he  may  be  requested  by  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  in  such  sum,  and  with  such  sureties  as  may  be  acceptable 
to  the  said  Board. 

"Sec.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  nothing  herein  contained 
shall  be  so  construed  as  to  authorize  the  said  corporation  to  issue  anv  note, 
certificate,  device  or  token  to  be  used  as  currency. 

"Sec.  6.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  right  is  hereby  expressly  reserved 
to  the  General  Assembly,  at  its  pleasure,  to  repeal  this  act  of  incorporation. 

"Sec.  7.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  inure  for  thirty  years 
from  the  date  of  its  passage,  if  not  sooner  repealed  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly. 

The  first  course  of  lectures  at  the  College  began  the  first  week  in  Nov- 
ember, 1  84 1,  and  continued  until  the  end  of  February,  1842.  There  were 
six  students  in  attendance,  three  of  whom,  Messrs.  William  S.  Thompson, 
Alpheus  P.  Sharp  and  Frederick  A.  Cochrane,  received  the  degree  of  Ph. 
G.  at  a  public  commencement  held  June  19,  1842,  attendance  upon  but  one 
session  being  sufficient  for  graduation.  The  College  then  occupied  a  single 
small  room  on  Gay  street,  north  of  Baltimore  street.  The  instruction  was 
given  by  seven  members  of  the  College,  who  volunteered  for  the  purpose  and 
received  no  compensation  for  their  services.  Mr.  David  Stewart  lectured  on 
Chemistry,  the  other  six  upon  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy,  the  United 
States  Dispensatory  being  divided  equally  among  them  as  a  guide.  The 
expenses  of  the  College  were  met  from  the  dues  of  members  and  fees  of 
students. 

On  account  of  the  small  number  of  students  available,  on  October  3, 
1842,  the  Board  of  Trustees  adopted  the  following  resolution: 

"WHEREAS,  The  constitution  of  this  College  requires  attendance  upon 
but  one  course  of  lectures  for  graduation,  that  the  course  of  lectures  before 


ALPHEUS  P.  SHARP,   PH.  G. 
A  graduate  of  the  class  of  1841-42.     Mr.  Sharp  is  still  living,  hale  and  hearty,  at  the  age  of  84. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  I'll  .MM. ICY  415 

this  College  be  delivered  hereafter  biennially,  and  that  the  Board  <>l  I  rus- 
tees  be  requested  to  qualify  themselves  to  deliver  the  lectures  of  the  next 
course  during  the  session  ot   [843-44." 

The  lectures  of  this — the  second  course — were  given  upon  the  same 
plan  as  those  of  the  session  of  1841-42,  except  that  the  English  edition  ol 
"Pereira's  Materia  Medica"  was  substituted  for  the  "United  States  Dispen- 
satory." At  the  close  ol  this  course,  there  was  but  one  graduate — Samuel 
Rodders. 

Hut  the  limited  attendance  of  students  anil  the  heavy  expense  were 
telling  upon  the  resources  ol  the  College,  and  in  the  spring  ol  1K44  a  com- 
mittee consisting  of  Messrs.  Reese,  Graham  ami  Stewart  was  appointed  to 
endeavor  to  make  an  arrangement  with  the  Faculty  of  Physic  of  the  Univer- 
sity lor  a  union  of  the  two  institutions.  It  was  proposed  that  a  course  ol  at 
least  sixteen  lectures  should  be  delivered  in  one  ol  the  lecture  rooms  ol  the 
University,  and  that  a  small  room  should  be  allowed  the  College  for  its  meet- 
ings and  for  its  cabinet  of  specimens.  The  charge  lor  the  course  was  to  be 
$5.00  for  each  Medical  student,  and  the  students  ol  Pharmacy  were  to 
have  the  privilege  of  attending  the  lectures  given  by  Professor  Aikin  upon 
Chemistry.  The  proposal  was  accepted,  and  the  arrangement  was  con- 
summated on  April  24th,  "room  20"  being  cleared  ol  lumber  and  turned 
over  to  the  College,  to  be  papered  and  painted  at  its  expense,  the  Faculty 
guaranteeing  its  use  for  four  years  "not  doubting  that  at  the  expiration  ol 
that  time  they  will  be  as  ready  to  renew  as  now  to  make  this  offer.*" 

In  view  of  the  unsatisfactory  method  of  delivery  of  lectures  at  pre- 
vious sessions,  it  was  decided  to  elect  a  Professor  of  Pharmacy,  and  Dr. 
David  Stewart,  an  eminent  chemist  and  pharmacist,  who  had  taken  the 
degree  in  medicine  at  the  University  at  the  recent  commencement,  was  unani- 
mously elected  to  this  professorship,  the  full  title  ol  which  was  "Theory 
and  Practice  of  Pharmacy."      The  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  thus  has 


*MS.  Records,  Faculty  of  Physic. 


4 1 6  UNIVERSITY  OF  MAR YLAND 

the  honor  of  being  the  first  institution  in  the  country  to  establish  an  inde- 
pendent chair  of  pharmacy.*  Mr.  W.  S.  Reese  was  made  Lecturer  on 
Materia  Materia,  and  these  two,  with  Professor  Aikin,  on  Chemistry,  con- 
stituted the  Faculty  of  the  College. 

Twenty  lectures  were  delivered,  two  each  week.  At  first  they  were  held 
at  night,  later  in  the  afternoon.  The  emoluments  for  the  labor  were  to  be 
derived  from  the  sale  of  tickets  to  the  course,  the  members  of  the  College 
guaranteeing  a  sum  equal  to  twenty  tickets.  The  biennial  course  of  lectures 
was  abandoned. 

The  results  of  this  arrangement  were  disappointing;  no  medical  stu- 
dents attended,  and  the  number  of  druggists  did  not  exceed  12  or  15.I' 
There  were  no  graduates  in  1845  or  1846.  Professor  Stewart  resigned  on 
April  28th  in  the  latter  year.  The  last  course  of  lectures  was  delivered 
during  the  winter  of  1846-47,  and  three  graduates  were  announced  at  the 
close  of  this  course,  viz.:  Messrs.  T.  Paris  Moore,  Chr.  Steinhofer  and  John 
W.  Read. 

Meanwhile  many  changes  had  taken  place  in  the  seventeen  original 
members  of  the  College,  and  their  successors  manifested  no  zeal  in  its  behalf. 
The  last  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  was  held  March  23,  1848',  Mr. 
George  W.  Andrews  being  the  President  at  that  time.  For  eight  years  the 
College  remained  entirely  inactive,  and  it  was  not  until  1856  that  interest 
in  it  revived. 

On  February  7,  of  that  year,  several  apothecaries  of  Baltimore  met  for 
the  purpose  of  agreeing  upon  some  general  principles  by  which  pharma- 
ceutists should  be  guided  in  their  relations  with  each  other.  Ten  persons 
attended  this  meeting,  over  which  Mr.  Israel  J.  Grahame  presided,  with 
Mr.  J.  Brown  Baxley  as  Secretary.  The  chairman  expressed  the  opinion 
that  the  purposes  of  the  meeting  would  best  be  attained  by  a  reorganization 
of  the  College,  and  by  a  united  effort  for  its  support  by  apothecaries,  who 


*It  was  also  the  first  to  make  analytical  chemistry  obligatory  {Prof.  Caspari). 
fProfessor  Stewart's  communication  to  Faculty  of  Physic. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  417 

were  all  eligible  to  membership  in  it  if  in  good  standing.  Accordingly,  the 
President  of  the  College  was  requested  to  call  a  meeting  of  it,  and  of  phar- 
macists generally,  to  further  consider  the  matter.  The  meeting  was  held  at. 
a  hall,  corner  of  Lexington  and  Eutaw  streets,  on  February  20,  1856,  and 
was  attended  by  thirty-one  apothecaries.  The  new  applicants  for  member- 
ship (thirty-one  in  number)  were  elected  at  a  meeting  of  the  surviving  mem- 
bers of  the  Board  of  Trustees  held  February  25,  and  at  a  meeting  of  the 
College  held  two  days  later  the  old  officers  resigned  and  their  successors 
were  elected,  as  follows :  President,  George  W.  Andrews ;  Vice-Presidents, 
Israel  J.  Grahame,  J.  W.  Barry;  Secretary,  William  S.  Thompson;  Treas- 
urer, J.  Brown  Baxley;  Board  of  Examiners,  Alpheus  P.  Sharp,  J.  Faris 
Moore,  Joseph   Roberts. 

At  subsequent  meetings  the  constitution  and  by-laws  were  revised  and 
a  code  of  ethics  was  adopted.*  The  arrangement  of  a  course  of  lectures 
for  the  ensuing  session  was  referred  to  a  committee  consisting  of  Messrs. 
Grahame,  Thompson  and  Moore.  These  gentlemen  recommended  to 
the  Board  the  creation  of  three  professorships,  viz.:  of  Chemistry, 
Materia  Medica  and  Practical  Pharmacy,  in  each  of  which  twelve  lectures 
should  be  delivered  during  the  session.  The  report  was  adopted  by  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  and  the  following  were  elected  Professors:  Lewis  H. 
Steiner,  A.  M.,  M.  I).,  Professor  of  Chemistry;  Charles  Frick,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica;  Israel  J.  Grahame,  Esq.,  Professor  of  Prac- 
tical Pharmacy.  The  lecturers  were  to  be  chosen  annually  by  the  Board 
of  Trustees. 

A  canvas  of  the  city  was  made,  and  it  was  ascertained  that  twenty 
students  expected  to  attend  the  lectures  in  the  fall  of  1856.  The  College 
rented  a  room  at  the  corner  of  Calvert  and  Water  streets,  fitted  it  with  requi- 
site furniture  and  apparatus,  and  made  all  arrangements  for  a  resumption 


•At  the  annual  session  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  held  June  I, 
1856,  the  following  motion,  offered  by  Dr.  F.  E.  B.  Hintze,  was  adopted  :  "That  this  Faculty 
highly  approve  of  the  reorganization  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy,  and  bespeak  for 
its  judicious  code  of  ethics  the  cordial  support  of  the  legitimate  members  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession."     Trans.  M.  and  C.  F.,  1856. 


4 1 8  UNIVERSITY  OF  MAR YLAND 

of  an  active  society  and  college  career,  to  which  there  has  been  no  interrup- 
tion up  to  the  present  time.  The  opening  exercises  were  held  early  in  Novem- 
ber, 1856,  in  the  large  room  of  Masonic  Hall,  St.  Paul,  near  Lexington 
street,  and  consisted  of  an  address  by  Dr.  Lewis  H.  Steiner,  music,  announce- 
ments, etc.  Attendance  upon  but  one  course  of  lectures  being  then  required 
for  graduation,  the  following  students  of  that  session  received  their  diplomas 
on  March  6,  1857:  Messrs.  Louis  Dohme,  J.  C.  O'Brien,  E.  Walton  Rus- 
sell and  J.  E.  Weatherby.  During  the  first  three  sessions  there  were  thirty- 
four  matriculants  and  nine  graduates — a  total  of  graduates  since  1842  of 
sixteen. 

In  May,  1858,  the  College  decided  to  issue  a  quarterly  Journal  and 
Transactions.  It  was  edited  by  Mr.  William  S.  Thompson,  under  the 
supervision  of  a  committee  of  members.  The  first  number  was  issued  in 
June,  and  consisted  of  twenty-four  pages,  made  up  of  original  articles,  min- 
utes, editorial  and  miscellaneous  matter,  notice  of  lectures,  etc.  It  was 
at  first  intended  for  gratuitous  distribution  among  members  and  physicians. 
But,  after  the  publication  of  three  numbers,  the  expense  was  found  to  be 
greater  than  the  income  of  the  College,  and  it  was  determined  to  continue 
the  publication  as  a  subscription  journal,  forty-eight  pages  to  the  number, 
at  one  dollar  a  year.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  solicit  subscribers  with 
very  gratifying  results.  For  a  time  the  receipts  from  subscriptions  and 
advertisements  very  nearly  met  the  expense  of  publication,  but  with  the 
onset  of  the  Civil  War  the  receipts  fell  off,  and  the  publication  was  sus- 
pended with  the  number  for  April,  1862,  fifteen  numbers  in  all  having 
appeared. 

In  1858,  Professor  Charles  Frick  received  a  call  to  a  chair  in  the  Uni- 
versity School  of  Medicine,  and  resigned  his  position  in  the  College,  which 
was  tilled  by  the  election  of  Dr.  Francis  Donaldson. 

Great  stress  is  laid  in  the  announcements  of  this  time  upon  the  advan- 
tage of  a  combination  in  the  instruction  of  lectures  and  recitations.  Attend- 
ance upon  two  courses  of  lectures,  an  apprenticeship  for  four  years  in  the 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  419 

drug  business,  the  presentation  of  an  original  thesis,  and  the  passing  of  an 
examination  before  the  Faculty  and  a  committee  of  the  Trustees,  were 
requisite  for  graduation.  The  result  of  the  examinations  was  determined 
by  the  votes  of  the  committee  alone.  The  course  lasted  about  four  and  a 
half  months.  Two  lectures  were  delivered  on  each  subject  weekly,  all 
lectures  being  given  in  the  evenings  or  at  night.  The  fees  were  extremely 
low:  $8  for  each  Professor's  ticket;  $2  for  matriculation  (required  but 
once),  and  $5  for  graduating  fee. 

In  1858,  the  College  decided  to  remove  from  its  ineligible  position,' and 
succeeded  in  renting  from  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  apartments 
on  the  second  floor  of  its  building,  No.  47  North  Calvert  street,  second  door 
south  of  Saratoga.  In  addition  to  the  advantages  of  comfortable  meeting 
and  lecture  rooms  away  from  the  noise  and  confusion  of  the  business  part  of 
the  city,  the  College  here  became  a  neighbor  of  several  Medical  Societies. 
The  annual  rental  was  $125. 

In  the  minutes  of  January  6,  1859,  we  note  the  first  mention  of  a 
"Hall,"  a  committee  being  appointed  to  consider  the  expediency  and  practi- 
cability of  building  one  for  the  use  of  the  College.  The  class  of  students 
of  the  session  1858-59  was  the  largest  up  to  that  time,  and  the  prospects  of 
the  College  were  most  gratifying.  June  2,  1859,  a  committee  appointed  to 
obtain  subscriptions  for  a  cabinet  for  specimens  reported  that  $188  had  been 
collected  from  members  and  the  wholesale  druggists,  a  sum  sufficient  to 
enable  the  Trustees  to  purchase  very  handsome  and  substantial  cases  for 
specimens,  and  also  to  leave  a  surplus  for  the  purchase  of  chemical  appa- 
ratus. By  November  following,  three  of  the  cases  had  been  nearly  filled, 
containing  276  specimens  in  bottles  ranging  from  four  ounces  to  two  gallons. 
At  the  same  time  a  herbarium  was  presented  to  the  College,  representing 
all  the  natural  orders  of  plants  in  Great  Britain.  At  the  same  meeting  a 
Library  Committee  was  appointed. 

In  i860  Professor  Grahame,  being  about  to  retire  from  the  active  pur- 
suits of  Pharmacy  to  enter  upon  other  duties,  resigned,  and  was  succeeded 


42o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

in  the  chair  of  Pharmacy  by  Mr.  L.  Phillips.  In  the  session  of  1859-60  the 
number  of  students  had  increased  to  29,  with  six  graduates.  Mr.  Grahame 
was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  was  much  esteemed  for  his 
integrity  and  his  solid  acquirements.  The  commencements  were  held  at  this 
period  at  Carroll  Hall,  corner  of  Baltimore  and  Calvert  streets. 

In  March,  1861,  the  sum  of  $199  was  collected  for  the  purchase  of 
additional  cases  for  the  cabinet  and  chemical  apparatus.  Professor  L. 
Phillips  resigned  on  account  of  ill  health,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  J.  Faris 
Moore.  In  the  summer  of  1861,  Professor  Lewis  H.  Steiner  resigned  the 
chair  of  Chemistry,  and  Mr.  Alfred  M.  Mayer  was  appointed  to  fill  the 
position. 

Dr.  Lewis  H.  Steiner,  the  late  Librarian  of  the  Enoch  Pratt  Library  of 
Baltimore,  was  born  in  Frederick  City,  Maryland,  May  4,  1827.  He  was 
descended  from  German  ancestors  who  settled  in  the  western  part  of  Mary- 
land early  in  the  eighteenth  centry. 

He  attended  Marshall  College  at  Mercersburg,  Pennsylvania,  and 
graduated  therefrom  as  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1  846.  The  degree  of  A.  M.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  his  Alma  Mater  three  years  later,  and  by  St.  James 
College  in  1854  and  Yale  College  in  1869.  He  received  the  medical  degree 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1849.  He  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  his  profession  the  same  year,  but  in  1852  removed  to  Baltimore,  where 
he  held  the  chairs  of  Chemistry  in  the  Maryland  Medical  Institute,  the 
Maryland  Institute  and  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy;  in  the  last 
named  from  its  reorganization  in  1856  to  1861,  and  again  from  1864 
to  1865.  He  also  held  the  same  chair  later  in  Columbian  College  and  the 
National  Medical  College,  at  Washington,  D.  C,  and  lectured  at  times  upon 
natural  history,  physics  and  pharmacy. 

In  1 861  he  returned  to  Frederick  City.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
chief  inspector  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  in  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  at  its  close  he  re-organized  the  public  school  system  of  his 
native  county,  serving  for  nearly  three  years  as  president  of  its  school  board. 


PROFESSOR    LEWIS    II.   STEIN ER,   A.    M.,    M.   D. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  423 

After  1868  his  time  was  given  up  mostly  to  literary  and  scientific  pursuits. 
In  1871  he  was  elected  a  memberof  the  state  senate,  and  in  1875  and  1879 
was  re-elected,  serving  until  1883.  In  this  position  he  wielded  great  influence 
and  was  respected  by  all  for  his  manhood,  his  sterling  integrity  and  his  devo- 
tion to  the  public  interests.  In  1876  he  was  a  member  of  the  Republican 
National  Convention  which  nominated  Rutherford  B.  Hayes.  When  the  Enoch 
Pratt  Free  Public  Library  was  founded  in  1886,  he  was  placed  at  its  head, 
and  in  this  position  found  a  wide  and  congenial  field  for.  his  talents.  This 
library  (now  under  charge  of  his  son  and  successor,  Bernard  C.  Steiner,  Ph. 
D.,  LL.  B.)  has  seven  branches  and  five  stations  and  numbers  242,098 
volumes. 

Dr.  Steiner's  death  took  place  suddenly  in  his  library  at  his  home  in 
Baltimore,  of  apoplexy,  on  the  evening  of  Februray  18,  1892.  Dr.  Steiner 
was  a  member  of  the  Reformed  Church,  and  always  took  an  active  interest 
in  its  affairs.  He  left  a  widow,  three  daughters  and  two  sons.  He  was  a 
close  student,  an  eloquent  speaker  and  a  ready  writer.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
four  he  published  his  first  work,  entitled  "Physical  Science."  He  subse- 
quentlv  translated  "Will's  Chemical  Analysis,"  and  published  numerous 
addresses,  etc.  He  was  assistant  editor  of  the  "American  Medical 
Monthly,"  a  New  York  journal,  in  1861.-  He  delivered  the  annual  oration 
before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1856  and  1874. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  of  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Sciences, 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  of  the 
Maryland  and  New  Haven  Colony  Historical  Societies,  and  a  corres- 
ponding member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  American  Public  Health  Association,  and  its  vice- 
president  for  one  year,  of  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine  and  its 
president  in  1879,  and  he  was  a  trustee  of  several  collegiate  and  literary  in- 
stitutions. "No  brighter  example,"  says  Professor  Raddatz,  his  biographer, 
"of  high  and  earnest  ardor  in  his  country's  cause,  of  manhood,  integrity  and 


424  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

energy  shines  in  the  galaxy  of  sterling  citizens  which  the  sturdy  race  from 
which  he  sprang  has  given  to  our  state." 

With  the  suspension  of  the  Journal,  the  information  ahout  the  affairs 
of  the  College  is  much  reduced.  The  work  of  editing  it,  making  translations, 
etc.,  was  done  gratuitously,  and  at  the  same  time  creditably,  and  it  excites 
regret  that  the  hope  expressed  by  the  editor,  Mr.  William  S.  Thompson, 
that  there  was  enterprise  and  esprit  de  corps  enough  among  the  phar- 
maceutists of  Baltimore  "to  resume  and  sustain  a  small  publication  devoted 
to  the  interests  of  the  profession"  was  destined  to  be  disappointed.  Pro- 
fessor Donaldson  resigned  in  1863,  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  John  R.  Wins- 
low,  on  whose  death,  in  1866,  Dr.  Claude  Baxley  was  chosen  to  till  the 
vacancy. 

Professor  Mayer  resigned  in  1864,  and  a  special  course  of  lectures 
was  delivered  on  Chemistry  the  next  session  by  Professor  L.  H.  Steiner. 
The  chair  was  held  for  the  year  1  865-66  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Carter,  from  1 866  to 
1868  by  Dr.  Thomas  Helsby,  and  from  1868  to  1873  hY  Dr-  M-  J-  DeRos- 
set. 

The  College  continued  to  occupy  the  Hall  of  the  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical  Faculty  until  the  close  of  1867,  when  the  sale  by  the  Medical  and  Chir- 
urgical  Faculty  of  its  Calvert  street  property  necessitated  a  removal,  when 
halls  were  occupied  in  the  building  No.  12  West  Baltimore  street,  a  few 
doors  west  of  the  bridge,  on  the  north  side. 

Early  in  1868  the  College  petitioned  the  Legislature  to  enact  a  law 
for  the  regulation  of  the  practice  of  pharmacy  and  the  sale  of  medicines  in 
Baltimore.  A  bill  was  drafted  by  a  committee  of  the  College,  but  failed 
to  pass.  A  second  effort  in  the  same  direction  in  1  870  was  successful,  all  per- 
sons engaging  in  the  practice  of  pharmacy  and  not  holding  diplomas  from 
respectable  Colleges  of  Pharmacy  being  required  to  pass  an  examination 
before  a  regularly  constituted  Board  of  Examiners  in  Pharmacy,  Chemistry 
and  Materia  Medica.  In  1872  the  College  secured  the  repeal  of  this  law, 
and  its  reenactment  with  amendments,  which  were  further  added  to  in  1876. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  425 

In  1870,  the  charter  being  about  to  expire  by  limitation,  the  College 
petitioned  the  Legislature  for  a  new  one;  this  was  granted,  and  the  old 
charter  was  repealed  March  23,  1  870.  The  new  charter  is  perpetual,  but  is 
subject  to  repeal  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Legislature.  Under  this  charter  the 
College  was  reorganized  July  14,  1870,  Mr.  Cieorge  W.  Andrews  contin- 
uing as  President. 

In  April  of  the  same  year,  the  College  issued  a  call  for  a  convention  of 
the  Colleges  of  Pharmacy  in  the  L'nited  States,  to  be  held  in  Baltimore  on 
September  13,  following,  during  the  session  of  the  American  Pharmaceutical 
Association,  with  the  object  of  establishing  greater  uniformity  in  the  instruc- 
tion and  requirements  for  graduation.  The  convention  was  held  in  the  hall 
of  the  college,  and  similar  conventions  were  held  annually  for  some  years. 
At  that  held  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  in  1873,  this  College  stood  alone  in 
favor  of  requiring  a  preliminary  examination  for  matriculates. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1870,  the  College  resolved  to  confer  the  degree 
of  Graduate  in  Pharmacy  upon  graduates,  instead  of  Licentiate  of  Phar- 
macy. The  degree  of  Master  of  Pharmacy  was  to  be  conferred  on  such 
graduates  as  should  continue  in  the  practice  of  pharmacy  at  least  five  years 
after  graduation  (reduced  to  three  years  in  1871)  and  who  should  give 
such  evidences  of  advancement  in  the  science  of  their  profession  as  the  Board 
of  Trustees  might  require.  The  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Pharmacy  was  to  be 
conferred  upon  such  graduates  as  should  continue  in  the  practice  ot  pharmacy 
at  least  ten  years  after  graduation  and,  by  superior  scientific  attainments  anil 
services  rendered  their  profession,  should  gain  an  honorable  reputation 
among  their  fellow-pharmacists,  the  medical  profession  and  the  public  at 
large. 

On  March  20,  1872,  a  course  in  Analytical  Chemistry  was  added  to 
the  curriculum,  and  attendance  upon  it  was  made  obligatory,  this  institution 
being  the  first  College  of  Pharmacy  in  the  L'nited  States  to  add  this  obliga- 
tion to  its  requirements  for  graduation.  William  Simon,  Ph.  D.,  was  elected 
Director  of  the  Chemical  Laboratory.     Professor  DeRosset  resigned  in  the 


426  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

Spring  of  1873,  and  Dr.  Simon  was  chosen  to  fill  his  chair,  thus  having 
charge  of  the  instruction  in  both  Theoretical  and  Practical  Chemistry. 

On  April  1,  1873,  it  was  decided  to  institute  a  course  of  lectures  on 
botany,  and  to  combine  it  with  the  course  on  Materia  Medica  under  direction 
of  Professor  Baxley. 

At  the  close  of  the  session  of  1874-75  the  College  bestowed  the  first 
prizes  on  members  of  the  graduating  class,  and  in  1876  the  first  upon  a 
junior  student. 

Meanwhile  a  large  increase  had  taken  place  in  the  number  of  students, 
and  there  had  also  been  improvements  and  increase  in  the  course  of  instruc- 
tion, all  of  which  necessitated  the  providing  of  larger  accommodations.  In 
accordance  with  these  needs  in  1876  the  College  purchased  from  the  city  a 
building  on  Aisquith  street,  near  Fayette  street,  used  as  a  public  grammar 
school.  After  remodeling  the  interior,  it  was  dedicated  October  12,  1876. 
Dr.  Lewis  H.  Steiner  being  the  orator  of  the  occasion. 

In  1878  this  College,  along  with  the  other  leading  Colleges  of  Phar- 
macv,  adopted  the  graded  two-year  course,  the  first  year  being  devoted  to 
the  elementary  branches,  and  the  second  to  advanced  subjects.  Prior  to 
this  all  students  went  annually  over  the  same  ground  together. 

In  March,  1879,  Professor  Baxley  resigned,  having  previously  removed 
from  the  city,  and  Professor  J.  Paris  Moore  was  transferred  from  the  chair 
of  Pharmacy  to  fill  the  vacancy.  Mr.  Charles  Caspari,  Jr.,  a  graduate  of 
the  class  of  1869,  was  elected  Professor  of  Pharmacy,  in  which  position  he 
still  remains  to  this  time,  with  great  credit  and  advantage  to  the  institution. 
Through  his  efforts  in  1883  a  course  of  laboratory  instruction  in  phar- 
maceutical manipulations  was  established  in  the  College. 

Prior  to  1885,  it  had  been  the  practice  to  devote  a  part  of  each  lecture 
hour  to  an  examination  of  students  upon  previous  lectures.  This  was  found 
to  consume  much  valuable  time.  To  obviate  this  loss,  in  the  above  year  a 
separate  "quiz"  was  inaugurated  for  the  Senior  Class,  and  placed  in  charge 
of  Dr.  D.  M.  R.  Culbreth.     The  experiment  proved  so  satisfactory  that  it 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  427 

led  to  the  inauguration,  two  years  later,  of  a  similar  "qui/"  under  the  same 
instructor  for  the  Juniors. 

In  May,  1886,  a  chair  of  Microscopy  and  Practical  Botany  was 
founded,  with  Dr.  Culhreth  as  Incumbent.  It  inaugurated  practical  instruc- 
tion in  the  use  of  the  microscope,  with  special  attention  to  its  adaptation  to 
the  uses  of  the  pharmacist,  and  weekly  excursions  to  the  suburbs,  under  the 
guidance  of  the  instructor,  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  and  studying  botan- 
ical specimens. 

In  the  Spring  of  1886,  further  increase  of  accommodations  was  called 
for,  and  it  was  decided  to  erect  a  new  building  upon  the  site  of  the  one  then 
occupied.  An  architect  was  consulted,  and  a  handsome  structure  was  erected 
at  a  cost  of  $35,000  and  occupied  during  the  latter  part  of  the  session  of 
1886-87.  It  had  a  frontage,  including  the  janitor's  dwelling,  of  sixty-seven 
feet,  and  a  depth  of  eighty-five  feet,  and  was  three  stories  high.  ( )n  the 
first  floor  there  was  a  large  lecture  hall  45x63  feet,  with  a  seating  capacity 
of  412  students;  the  Library  and  Museum  and  the  Trustees'  room  were  also 
on  this  floor.  On  the  second  floor  was  the  Pharmaceutical  Lecture  Hall, 
34x43  feet,  with  seats  for  about  two  hundred  students.  Adjoining  this  was 
the  spacious  and  well-equipped  pharmaceutical  laboratory,  43x48  feet,  with 
excellently  arranged  working  tables  provided  with  lockers  and  affording  con- 
venient accommodations  for  nearly  one  hundred  students.  Adjoining  the 
laboratory  were  a  supply  and  a  wash  and  cloak  room.  The  third  floor  was 
similarly  arranged  for  the  lectures  and  laboratory  work  in  Chemistry,  having 
also  the  weighing  room  and  private  laboratory  of  the  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry, the  Microscopical  Laboratory,  and  a  room  in  which  was  stored  the 
herbarium.  The  heating,  plumbing  and  ventilating  arrangements  of  the 
building  were  of  the  most  approved  style.  Special  closets  were  provided 
for  the  generation  of  corrosive  or  irritating  gasses,  with  terra  cotta  flues 
having  outlets  above  the  roof  of  the  building.  Two  fire  escapes  on  the  south 
side  of  the  building,  readily  accessible  from  all  laboratories  and  lecture 
rooms,  completed  the  equipment  of  this  modern  pharmacy  college  building. 


428  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

In  i  888,  upon  the  death  of  Professor  Moore,  Professor  Culbreth  was 
elected  to  the  vacancy. 

J.  Paris  Moore,  Ph.  G.,  M.  D.,  was  born  at  Port  Penn,  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware,  on  Pebruary  20th,  1826,  and  died  at  his  residence  in  Balti- 
more, of  congestion  of  the  brain,  on  the  afternoon  of  February  3d,  1888, 
having  almost  completed  the  sixty-second  year  of  his  age.  His  boyhood 
was  spent  in  Elkton,  Cecil  county,  Maryland,  where  he  was  educated.  He 
removed  to  Baltimore  in  1842,  and  entered  the  pharmaceutical  establishment 
of  Mr.  George  W.  Andrews.  He  remained  with  Mr.  Andrews  six  years, 
making  himself  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  business,  and  graduated  from 
the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  in  1  847.  He  then  went  to  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  where  he  established  himself  in  the  drug  business,  and  remained 
for  about  three  years.  While  at  Wilmington  he  also  studied  medicine,  and 
graduated  with  honor  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  in  1849. 
He  then  returned  to  Baltimore  and  opened  a  drug  store  at  the  corner  of 
Howard  and  Madison  streets,  in  connection  with  Mr.  J.  K.  B.  Emory.  Phis 
partnership  was  dissolved  in  18^8. 

Dr.  Moore  was  one  of  those  who  took  part  in  the  reorganization  of 
the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  in  18^6,  and  served  as  its  first  Secre- 
tary. On  March  12th,  1861,  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Pharmacy  in 
it,  and  subsequently  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica. 

On  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Andrews  as  President  of  the  College,  Janu- 
ary 1 1,  1872,  Dr.  Moore  was  chosen  to  till  the  position  and  held  it  for  three 
years.  He  served  twice  on  the  committee  for  the  revision  of  the  National 
Pharmacopoeia.  He  was  an  honorary  member  of  many  of  the  Colleges  of 
Pharmacy  and  State  Associations. 

In  1870  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  conferred  upon  him  the 
Degree  of  Doctor  of  Pharmacy,  for  his  meritorious  original  work  and  high 
attainments  in  his  profession. 

He  was  married  to  Miss  Marv  P.  Kiel,  in  1853,  who  died  in  1866. 
They  had  three  children,  only  one  of  whom,  Mr.  Clarence  F.  Moore  (Ph. 


PROFESSOR  J.   PARIS  MOORE,   M  .  !>.,  I'll  VR.  D. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  431 

G.  1 881 )  lived  to  adult  life,  and  succeeded  his  father  in  business.  Dr. 
Moore  joined  the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association  in  1856,  and  held 
the  Presidency  of  it  in  1863-64. 

On  July  20,  1890,  the  College  completed  the  first  half  century  of  its 
existence,  but,  the  institution  not  being  then  in  session,  the  celebration  of  the 
event  was  postponed  until  April  17,  1891.  The  Annual  Commencement 
was  held  at  noon  on  that  day  in  the  Academy  of  Music.  Prayer  was  offered 
by  Rev.  Peregrine  Wroth,  and  the  address  to  the  graduates  was  delivered 
by  Rev.  Dr.  Frank  M.  Ellis,  of  Eutaw  Place  Baptist  Church.  A  number 
of  distinguished  visiting  pharmaceutists  occupied  seats  on  the  stage  with  the 
Faculty,  Board  of  Trustees  and  Students.  Degrees  were  conferred  by  the 
President,  Mr.  Louis  Dohme,  on  twenty-nine  graduates.  The  prizes  were 
conferred  by  Professor  Simon.  A  reception  was  held  in  the  afternoon  from 
4.00  to  6.00  o'clock  at  the  College,  which  was  attended  by  several  hundred 
persons.  The  main  hall  was  handsomely  decorated  with  flags,  bunting,  and 
potted  plants,  and  music  was  furnished  by  an  orchestra.  Refreshments  were 
served.  The  banquet  was  held  at  the  Eutaw  House  in  the  evening,  and 
to  it  were  invited  the  Faculties  of  the  Medical  Colleges  of  Baltimore,  promi- 
nent State  and  City  officials,  pharmaceutical  journalists,  the  press,  and  promi- 
nent pharmaceutists  of  the  country.  The  occasion  was  memorable  by  its  bril- 
liancy, the  large  attendance,  and  the  cordial  and  lavish  hospitality  shown. 
Not  the  least  interesting  feature  of  it  was  the  presentation  by  the  alumni  to 
their  Alma  Mater  of  handsome  library  cases  and  many  volumes. 

On  January  1,  1892,  appeared  the  first  number  of  a  monthly  journal, 
bearing  the  title  The  Pharmaceutical  Review.  It  was  published  under  the 
auspices  of  the  College,  and  was  edited  and  managed  by  Professor  Caspari. 
It  was  a  quarto  of  twenty  pages,  and  the  subscription  price  was  two  dollars 
per  annum,  or  twenty  cents  a  copy.  It  ran  to  Vol.  II.,  No.  3,  March,  1893. 
No  reasons  are  assigned  for  its  suspension.  It  was  established  as  a  memorial 
of  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  College,  and  to  perpetuate 
the  associations  formed  in  student  life.     It  was  well  edited,  and  full  of  inter- 


432  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

esting  material,  and  deserved  a  more  permanent  career.  We  note  in  it  the 
activity  of  the  Alumni  Association,  which  held  a  combined  social  and  literary 
meeting  every  two  months.  It  also  showed  its  interest  in  the  work  of  the 
College  by  conferring  an  alumni  gold  medal  at  commencement.  We  Hnd 
also  in  the  issue  of  April,  i  892,  the  text  of  the  law  regulating  the  practice  of 
Pharmacy,  which  applied  only  to  Baltimore  City,  and  it  will  be  noted  that 
this  law  is  contemporaneous  with  that  passed  by  the  Legislature  for  the 
regulation  of  medical  practice. 

In  1892,  a  change  in  the  time  of  delivery  of  lectures  was  effected, 
from  evening  to  morning,  the  authorities  realizing  that  after  a  day  of 
busy  store  duties  the  student's  mind  was  in  no  tit  condition  for  active 
thought.  This  change  proved  most  satisfactory  and  beneficial.  Up  to  the 
Summer  of  1894,  diplomas  had  been  granted  to  550,  the  degree  of  Master 
dI  Pharmacy  had  been  conferred  upon  six  graduates,  and  that  ot  Doctor 
of  Pharmacy  upon  fifteen  persons. 

In  1895  far-reaching  and  important  changes  were  made.  The  session, 
which  had  been  of  six  months'  length  since  1889,  was  lengthened  to  seven 
months.  The  course  in  microscopy,  previously  voluntary,  became  obligatory 
for  both  Junior  and  Senior  students.  The  Chemical  Laboratory  previously 
open  chiefly  for  class  instruction,  was  so  arranged  as  to  give  students  an 
opportunity  for  individual  work  at  any  hour  of  the  day,  under  the  guidance 
of  Professor  Daniel  Base,  a  Ph.  D.  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  who 
devoted  his  whole  time  to  laboratory  instruction  in  Microscopy  and  Chemis- 
try. Messrs.  Charles  Schmidt  and  John  P.  Piquett,  both  graduates  of  the 
school,  were  appointed  as  additional  instructors,  the  former  in  Pharmacy, 
the  latter  in  Botany  and  Pharmacognosy.  Finally,  the  Trustees  decided  to 
establish,  with  the  session  of  1896-97,  a  Post-Graduate  Course  designed 
for  graduates  in  Pharmacy,  and  consisting  of  advanced  work  in  the  various 
laboratories,  together  with  appropriate  lectures.  The  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Pharmacy  was  to  be  given  to  such  of  these  students  as  should  pass  a  success- 
ful examination  and  submit  an  acceptable  original  thesis.      In  order  to  con- 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  433 

duct  these  additional  courses,  a  considerable  outlay  ol  money  became  neces- 
sary for  microscopes,  costly  apparatus,  specimens  and  materials  ol  various 
kinds.  The  liberality  of  kind  friends  came  now  to  the  assistance  ol  the  Col- 
lege, and  provided  several  thousand  dollars  for  an  expense  fund.  With  these 
added  advantages,  the  College  seemed  to  have  reached  the  Hoodtide  of  its 
influence  and  usefulness,  and  stood  the  I  idlest  comparison  with  the  highest 
institutions  to  be  found  anywhere.  The  number  of  students  attending  this 
session  was  139,  and  there  were  49  graduates.  The  course  lasted  seven  and 
a  half  months.* 

In  1896  the  rule  requiring  of  graduates  four  years'  service  in  a  drug 
store  was  abolished.  Not  that  shop  training  was  not  esteemed  of  value,  both 
from  a  commercial  and  professional  standpoint,  but  there  were  difficulties  in 
gauging  the  experience  of  students  in  this  respect,  which  made  it  of  doubtful 
utility.  Still,  the  College  did  not  question  the  advantage  in  many  cases  ol  a 
year  or  two  spent  in  a  good  drug  store.  Although  some  Colleges  had  adopted 
a  three-years  course,  this  College  still  adhered  to  the  two-year  course,  both 
for  educational  and  financial  reasons.  But  the  sessions  were  lengthened  to 
thirty-two  weeks  each.  The  Alumni  Association  had  a  stirring  up  at  this 
time  and  various  committees  were  appointed  to  render  its  work  more  effec- 
tive. 

In  1897  three  sets  of  drugs  were  in  possession  of  the  College:  1,  "Stu- 
dents' Collection,"  in  cases  with  glass  fronts,  securely  fastened  to  the  lecture- 
room  walls  and  accessible  at  all  hours;  2,  "College  Collection,"  for  the  most 
part  rare,  and  used  simply  to  supplement  the  lectures;  3,  Reserved  Collec- 
tion of  drugs  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia,  made  from  time  to  time 
for  pharmacognostic  work. 

In  1898,  with  a  view  of  preparing  its  graduates  more  completely  for 
actual  business  life,  the  Trustees  arranged  for  a  course  of  "talks"  by  a 
number  of  active  and  successful  pharmacists.  Such  subjects  as  store  arrange- 
ment and  management,  stock  keeping,  dispensing,  treatment  of  customers  and 


♦The  largest  number  of  graduates  any  year,  the  Dean  tells  me,  was  54. 


434  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

physicians,  ethics,  etc.,  were  embraced  in  these  "talks,"  which  were  followed 
each  by  a  discussion.  A  pleasant  feature  of  the  opening  of  the  session  was  a 
reception  to  students,  tendered  by  the  Faculty  and  officers  of  the  College,  for 
the  purpose  of  bringing  the  students  into  closer  acquaintance  with  each  other 
and  with  their  instructors. 

In  [900  I  lenry  P.  Hynson,  Ph.  Ci.,  was  made  Professor  of  Dispensing 
and  Commercial  Pharmacy,  and  Messrs.  Schmidt  and  Piquett  were  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  Associate  Professors  of  their  respective  branches.  With  the 
session  of  1900-01  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Pharmacy  ( Phar.  D.)  was 
adopted  as  that  to  be  conferred  upon  graduates  of  the  College,  and  the  only 
one  granted.  In  taking  this  step,  the  College  is  believed  to  have  exhibited 
its  usual  practical  wisdom  and  foresight.  It  is  mere  justice  to  students  of 
Pharmacy,  who  have  spent  time  and  money  in  mastering  the  details  of  a  sci- 
entific profession,  that  they  should  have  full  credit  for  their  sacrifices  and 
achievements,  and  that  their  degree  should  be  equal  to  that  granted  in  the 
other  corresponding  professions.  The  example  does  not  seem,  however,  to 
have  commended  itself  as  yet,  and  recently  (1906)  Professor  Hynson  has 
urged  its  general  adoption  by  the  Colleges  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Ameri- 
can Pharmaceutical  Association. 

After  the  adoption  of  the  regulation  referred  to,  it  was  found  that 
many  of  the  students  were  not  able  to  reach  the  high  standard  which  it  was 
thought  should  correspond  with  this  degree,  and  we  find  in  1902  a  number 
graduating  with  the  former  degree  of  Ph.  G.,  representing  that  amount  of 
preparation  deemed  necessary  to  tit  one  for  the  needs  of  practice  and  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  State  Boards. 

The  subjects  embraced  in  the  curriculum  in  the  session  of  1902-03  were 
Chemistry,  Physics,  Botany,  Vegetable  Histology,  Pharmacy,  Theoretical 
and  Practical,  Materia  Medica,  Organic  and  Inorganic,  Therapeutics,  Posol- 
ogy  and  Toxicology. 

For  the  session  of  1902-03,  H.  A.  B.  Dunning,  Ph.  G.,  was  added  to 
the  Faculty  as  Associate  Professor  of  Chemistry.     Professor  Simon  with- 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  435 

drew,  and  Professor  Base  succeeded  to  the  chair  of  Chemistry,  the  word 
"Analytical"  no  longer  appearing  in  the  titles  of  any  of  the  chairs.  Messrs. 
Henry  L.  Troxell,  Ph.  (i.,  Claude  D.  Hickman,  Ph.  G.,  and  Frantz  Naylor, 
Ph.  G.,  are  made  "Laboratory  Assistants"  in  Chemistry,  Pharmacy  and  Dis- 
pensing, respectively. 

Professor  William  Simon,  Ph.  D.,  was  born  at  Eberstadt,  Hessen,  Ger- 
many, on  February  20th,  1844.  His  ancestors  on  both  sides  were  Lutheran 
ministers,  and  some  of  them  occupied  prominent  positions  as  Professors  of 
Theology  and  leaders  in  the  church.  His  parents  were  William  Simon, 
(  1  8  12-52  )  a  native  of  Oberbreidenbach,  Hessen,  and  Agnes  Briegleb  Simon, 
(  1817-94),  a  native  of  Schotten,  Hessen.  He  received  his  school  and  col- 
lege education  at  Giesen,  and  also  served  an  apprenticeship  in  a  drug  store. 
In  1866  he  matriculated  as  a  student  of  Pharmacy  and  Chemistry  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Giesen,  graduating  in  the  former  in  1868  anil  as  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  in  1869.  He  served  for  some  months  as  assistant  to  Professor 
Will,  head  of  the  Chemical  Department  ol  the  University  but,  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Franco-German  war,  entered  the  sanitary  department  of  the 
German  army,  being  stationed  chiefly  in  the  field  hospitals  near  Metz.  He 
later  received  a  medal  of  honor  from  the  German  Government  for  these 
services.  Before  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  had  accepted  a  position  with 
the  Baltimore  Chrome  Works;  this  engagement  led  him  to  resign  from  the 
army  in  the  fall  of  1870,  and  to  depart  for  that  city,  where  he  arrived 
November  1st,  1870.  He  entered  at  once  upon  his  duties  as  chemist  to 
the  Chrome  Works. 

At  this  time  there  were  but  few  in  Maryland  who  had  any  knowledge 
of  the  complete  revolution  which  had  taken  place  in  the  field  of  chemistry 
during  the  previous  twenty-five  years.  There  was  not  one  chemical  labora- 
tory in  which  practical  instruction  in  chemical  analysis  or  chemical  operations 
was  given.  It  was  in  consequence  of  this  state  of  affairs  that  a  few  medical 
students  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  who  knew  from  their  text-books 
that  urine    and  other  secretions  and  excretions  could  and  should  be  exam- 


436  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

ined  chemically,  called  on  him  in  January,  1871,  with  a  request  to  give 
instruction  in  these  operations.  Being  extremely  fond  of  teaching,  having 
had  some  experience  in  it  during  his  last  year  at  the  University,  he  consented 
on  condition  that  they  would  furnish  a  room  for  the  purpose.  Accordingly 
a  small  section  of  the  lecture  room  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy 
(then  located  in  the  third  story  of  a  house  on  the  north  side  of  Baltimore 
street,  a  few  doors  west  of  the  bridge)  was  procured  for  the  purpose.  Here, 
at  his  own  expense,  he  provided  desks,  shelves,  apparatus,  reagents,  etc.,  for 
ten  students.  This  was  the  first  place  in  Maryland  devoted  to  practical 
laboratory  instruction  in  chemistry,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  labora- 
tories of  the  University  of  Virginia  and  of  Tulane  University  at  New 
Orleans,  the  first  south  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line.  The  course  was  given 
in  the  evenings  from  8.00  to  10.00  o'clock,  and  notwithstanding  the  great 
difficulties  connected  with  the  use  of  the  English  language,  was  a  complete 
success.  Indeed,  several  of  the  most  prominent  physicians  and  pharmacists 
of  the  city  joined  the  class. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  took  a  deep  inter- 
est in  this  private  course,  the  practical  method  of  teaching  chemistry  being 
a  revelation  to  them,  and  offered  him  the  chair  of  analytical  chemistry  in 
that  institution,  which  was  then  created  for  the  purpose.  The  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation of  the  College,  formed  in  the  summer  of  1  87  1, collected  the  money 
required  to  furnish  with  desks  and  apparatus  the  laboratory,  which  was  quar- 
tered in  the  second  story  of  the  college  building.  While  one  or  two  of  the 
Eastern  Pharmaceutical  Colleges  had  at  this  time  provided  facilities  for  prac- 
tical laboratory  instruction,  it  was  not  obligatory,  and  only  a  few 
students  availed  themselves  of  the  course.  The  Maryland  College  of  Phar- 
macy at  once  made  the  course  a  requirement  for  graduation,  and  was  thus 
the  first  pharmaceutical  school  in  the  country  to  recognize  the  incalculable 
value    of  such  instruction. 

When,  in  1872,  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Baltimore 
was  organized,  Dr.  Simon  was  offered  and  accepted  the  chair  of  chemistry 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  437 

in  it,  and  delivered  lectures  upon  that  subject  during  the  first  session, 
1872-73. 

The  lectures  on  chemistry  at  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  were 
delivered  at  that  time  by  Professor  M.  J.  DeRosset,  a  highly  polished  lec- 
turer, but  possessing  very  little  knowledge  of  practical  chemistry  or  of  the 
needs  of  a  pharmaceutical  student.  He  rarely  attempted  to  illustrate  his 
lectures  by  experiments,  and  when  he  did  so  failed  completely.  It  was  for 
this  reason  that  the  Trustees  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy  were 
glad  to  find  in  Professor  Simon  a  man  who  had  the  practical  training  both 
of  a  pharmacist  and  chemist,  and  in  1873  elected  him  Professor  of  Chemistry 
over  De  Rosset,  who  had  been  politely  requested  to  resign.  But  his  time  not 
permitting  him  to  lecture  in  two  schools,  he  resigned  the  chair  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  devoting  his  energies  to  building  up  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Institution,  where  the  classes  grew  from  twenty-five  to  twenty-eight  in 
1872  to  over  one  hundred  and  twenty  in  1S92.  In  1880  he  again  accepted 
the  chair  of  Chemistry  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in 
1888  the  same  chair  in  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  both  of 
which  he  still  holds. 

Overwork  compelled  him  reluctantly  to  resign  from  the  active  duties 
in  the  College  of  Pharmacy  in  the  spring  of  1902,  after  a  service  of  thirty 
vears.  The  occasion  of  his  retiring  was  signalized  by  touching  offerings  of 
tokens  of  friendship  by  the  faculty,  trustees  and  members  of  the  college. 

Professor  Simon  has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  chemical  and  phar- 
maceutical journals.  His  investigation  of  the  compounds  of  chromium  led 
to  discoveries  which  were  made  the  basis  of  valuable  patents  for  the  manu- 
facture of  bichromates.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "manual  of  chemistry" 
(first  edition  1884,  the  present  edition,  the  eighth),  about  fifty  thousand 
copies  of  which  have  been  sold  in  this  country  and  abroad.  His  life  work 
has  been  as  a  teacher.  Over  ten  thousand  of  his  former  students  are 
scattered  over  the  globe,   many  of  them  holding    prominent    positions   in 


438  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  scientific  world.  He  has  accepted  frequent  invitations  to  deliver  scien- 
tific, popular  and  semi-popular  lectures  in  other  States. 

He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  a  member  of  the  Deutsche  Chemische  Gesellschaft,  Member  and  ex- 
President  of  the  Maryland  Pharmaceutical  Society,  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Pharmaceutical  Association,  and  at  one  time  chairman  of  its  Section  on 
Education  and  Legislation,  and  member  or  honorary  member  of  a  number 
of  Medical  and  Pharmaceutical  Societies. 

He  married,  in  1873,  Miss  Paula  Driver,  daughter  of  Fritz  Driver, 
Oberschulrath  of  the  Public  Schools  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Oldenburg.  He 
has  no  children,  his  only  child,  a  son,  having  died  in  childhood.  He  is  con- 
nected with  the  Lutheran  Church,  and  in  politics  has  always  been  an  inde- 
pendent. 

Professor  Simon  has  been  a  most  popular  and  successful  teacher.  He 
has  a  very  pleasing  address,  lecturing  in  a  slow,  distinct  style.  His  "Manual 
of  Chemistry"  is  highly  popular  in  medical  as  well  as  pharmaceutical  col- 
leges. He  has  taken  great  interest  in  photography,  and  has  done  most 
excellent  work  in  that  line.  He  is  also  quite  an  expert  artist  with  the  brush, 
having  painted  numerous  landscape  scenes.  His  popular  lectures  are  much 
admired,  especially  those  on  "Wireless  Telegraphy,"  "Liquid  Air"  and 
"The  Beauties  of  the  Yellowstone  Park."  The  fact  that  he  has  been  chemist 
and  manager  of  the  Baltimore  Chrome  Works  for  over  thirty-six  years 
stamps  him  as  thoroughly  competent  in  that  line.  He  has  devised  important 
improvements  in  methods  and  greatly  advanced  the  interests  of  his  patrons. 
He  is  one  of  the  best-hearted  men  living  towards  those  of  his  fellow-men 
who  are  worthy  and  in  need,  being  exceedingly  liberal  and  charitable.  His 
domestic  relations  have  been  very  pleasant. 

About  1898*  the  subject  of  a  union  of  the  College  with  the  University 


*The  first  formal  mention  of  union  was  made  by  the  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  at 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  Medical  Alumni  Association  in  this  year.  He  spoke  of  "proposed 
new  Schools  or  Faculties",  especialh*  of  the  purpose  of  the  authorities  of  the  University  to 
seek  affiliation  with  St.  John's  College  and  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  439 

of  Maryland  became  first  bruited  about  as  a  possibility.  The  Faculty  ol 
Physic  made  the  first  overtures,  which  were  favorably  received  by  the  author- 
ities of  the  College,  and  the  union  was  effected  in  the  Spring  of  1904-  '  he 
addition  to  the  charter  of  the  University  permitting  this  union  has  been 
given  in  the  first  section  of  this  work.  By  this  arrangement,  the  College 
assumed  the  same  relations  to  the  University  as  the  Department  of  Den- 
tistry. "Besides  the  greatly  improved  location,"  says  the  catalogue,  "and  the 
very  desirable  and  stimulating  influences  of  University  life,  including  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  branch,  the  Athletic  Association,  and  the 
use  of  the  extensive  library  and  reading  room,  all  of  which  will  be  open  to 
students  of  the  Department  of  Pharmacy,  arrangements  have  been  made 
with  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  by  which  students  will  be 
enabled  to  enjoy,  at  very  reasonable  rates,  the  advantages  of  lectures  and 
laboratory  instruction  in  those  branches  of  instruction  that  are  clearly  con- 
nected with  Pharmacy,  namely  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Physiological 
Chemistry."  No  change  was  made  in  the  corps  of  instructors  or  in  the  course 
of  instruction.  Accommodations  were  afforded  in  the  new  Dental  Building 
on  Greene  street,  erected  in  1903-04,  and  the  Chemical  and  Microscopical 
Laboratories  of  the  School  of  Medicine  were  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
students. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  give  the  following  table  of  lees  from  the  cata- 
logue of  1904-05:  Matriculation,  paid  but  once,  $5.00.  General  Lecture 
and. Laboratory  Ticket  (annual),  $100.00.     Graduation  Ticket,  $15.00. 

The  other  expenses  of  a  student  were  estimated  as  follows:  Hoard  and 
Lodging,  $112.00  to  $148.00.  Laundry,  $12.00  to  $18. OO.  Laboratory 
Incidentals,  $5.00  to  $6.00.  Sundry  Expinses,  $11.00  to  $18.00.  Total, 
$140.00  to  $190.00. 

The  old  building  on  Aisquith  street,  which  had  been  the  home  ol 
the  College  for  so  many  years,  and  the  scene  of  its  greatest  success  and 
triumphs,  was  sold*.      The  number  of  students  in   attendance   at   the  last 


*It  is  now  occupied  by  the  Hebrew  Friendly   Inn. 


44Q  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

session  held  there,  that  of  1903-04,  was  68;  the  number  of  graduates  was 
29.  For  some  reason  there  had  been  a  falling  off  from  the  preceding  session 
of  18.  In  the  first  session  under  University  auspices,  that  of  1904-05,  the 
number  rose  to  71. 

The  change  from  an  isolated  School  to  a  Department  of  a  University 
has  proven  most  satisfactory  and  advantageous.  The  associations  are  con- 
genial and  stimulating,  and  both  Faculty  and  students  have  been  admitted  to 
a  full  participation  in  College  spirit  and  privileges.  While  this  is  the  feeling 
on  the  part  of  our  new  associates,  the  University  authorities  feel  that  they 
have  gained  in  this  College,  with  its  fine  traditions  and  its  long  and  suc- 
cessful career,  a  valuable  ally  and  associate.  The  pharmacist,  with  his  sys- 
tematic habits  and  business  methods,  and,  above  all  his  common  sense  ideas 
— which  are  not  perhaps  so  common  or  conspicuous  in  our  less  practical  pro- 
fessions— may  well  be  expected  to  bring  to  bear  upon  our  staid  circles  an 
influence  and  an  example  that  will  contribute  powerfully  for  our  betterment. 

Having  now  reached  practically  the  date  at  which  we  are  writing,  it 
only  remains  to  add  a  few  items  to  this  sketch. 

The  session  has  been  made  to  accord  with  that  of  the  Schools  of  Law 
and  Medicine,  and  Commencements  are  now  held  in  common  with  these. 

In  1905  the  Dean  of  the  College,  Professor  Caspari,  was  given  the  hon- 
orary degree  of  Doctor  of  Pharmacy,  in  testimony  of  his  long  and  distin- 
guished career  and  contributions  to  his  profession. 

The  College  admits — and  has  admitted  for  many  years — women  as 
well  as  men,  and  some  of  the  most  brilliant  students  have  been  members  of 
the  female  sex. 

Beginning  with  the  session  of  1904-05,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Phar- 
macy has  been  alone  conferred,  and  will  hereafter  be  the  only  degree  given 
to  graduates,  as  being  more  consonant  with  justice  and  more  in  accordance 
with  University  usage. 

The  organization  of  the  College  will  be  kept  up  and  its  meetings  be 
held  regularlv,  as  before  the  union.     At  the  same  time,  it  cannot  be  denied 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  441 

that  it  has  adopted  another  form  of  Government  which  will  alter  very  mark- 
edly its  character;  it  is  hoped,  however,  that  it  is  one  which  will  greatly 
widen  and  develop  its  usefulness  and  ensure  for  it  a  more  glorious  destiny. 

It  may  be  noted  with  some  pride  that  many  of  the  text-books  used  in 
this  College  are  the  works  of  members  of  its  Faculty.  Professor  Simon's 
"Chemistry,"  Professor  Caspari's  "Pharmacy,"  and  Professor  Culbreth's 
"Materia  Medica"  are  among  our  most  popular  manuals.  Professor  Cul- 
breth  has  also  written  a  "Pharmaceutic  Botany,"  and  Professor  Base  "The 
Elements  of  Vegetable  Histology,"  and  Professor  Caspari  is  the  Pharmacy 
Editor  of  "The  National  Standard  Dispensatory."  Some  of  these  works 
are  among  our  standard  text  books  On  the  subjects  of  which  they  treat,  and 
have  been  through  many  editions. 

The  number  of  students  in  attendance  last  session  was  84,  and  there 
were  24  graduates. 

A  gold  medal  is  awarded  to  the  candidate  for  graduation  standing 
highest  in  final  examinations,  and  certificates  of  honor  are  granted  to  the 
three  students  standing  next   highest. 

A  most  important  advance  was  made  in  1905  in  connection  with  pre- 
liminary or  entrance  requirements.  The  applicant  must  now  present:  1, 
A  Diploma  of  an  Academy,  College  or  High  School,  based  upon  not  less 
than  four  years  instruction;  or  (2),  a  certificate  of  a  State  Department  of 
Education,  or  legally  authorized  State  Examining  Board,  covering  certain 
specified  subjects;  or  (3)  a  certificate  of  one  year's  successful  work  in  an 
approved  High  School,  or  its  equivalent.  The  word  "equivalent"  includes 
a  definite  amount  of  instruction  in  at  least  one  language,  arithmetic,  algebra, 
and  various  other  subjects,  the  candidate's  acquirements  being  gauged  by 
"points,"  a  point  signifying  a  weekly  period  of  not  less  than  forty-five  min- 
utes during  a  scholastic  year  of  36  weeks,  or  two  weekly  periods  of  eighteen 
weeks.  In  the  absence  of  the  certificate,  the  applicant  must  stand  an  examina- 
tion and  secure  at  least  twenty  points.  The  valuation  of  credentials,  other 
than  diplomas  and  certificates,  and  the  examination  of  applicants,  have  been 


442  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

placed  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  Edward  Deichmann,  Principal  of  the  Gymnasium 
School,  who  has  also  charge  of  the  examination  of  our  medical  candidates. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  in  a  few  years  it  may  be  possible  to  extend  the  require- 
ments to  an  academic  degree. 

The  recent  deaths  of  two  of  the  corps  of  instructors  demands  notice. 
Associate  Professor  of  Pharmacy  Charles  Schmidt,  Ph.  G.,  died  in  Balti- 
more, August  14,  1905,  of  typhoid  fever,  after  a  short  illness,  aged  forty- 
five.  He  was  an  accomplished  pharmacist,  and  held  the  position  of  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Pharmaceutical  laboratories  of  Messrs.  Sharp  and  Dohme, 
one  involving  great  responsibility  and  trust.  He  graduated  from  the  College 
in  the  class  of  1880,  and  had  been  a  member  of  its  Adjunct  Faculty  for  ten 
years.  Prior  to  that  he  had  been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Examiners.  He  had  been  President  of  the 
Alumni  Association,  and  had  held  many  important  positions  in  connection 
with  the  Maryland  Pharmaceutical  Association,  to  the  Proceedings  of  which 
he  had  contributed  many  valuable  papers.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  the  latter  Association  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
President  of  the  Northwestern  Improvement  Association,  and  an  active 
member  of  the  Franklin  Square  Presbyterian  Church.  Professor  Schmidt's 
success  and  prominence  were  won  entirely  by  his  personal  efforts — he  was  a 
self-made  man.  By  his  strict  integrity,  sound  judgment  and  kind  and  gentle 
manners,  he  had  won  the  admiration  and  friendship  of  all  with  whom  he  had 
come  in  contact. 

John  P.  Piquett,  Ph.  G.,  Associate  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Botany,  died  suddenly  on  December  28,  1905.  His  decease  was  unex- 
pected, although  for  some  years  he  had  been  known  to  be  suffering  from 
Bright's  disease  and  heart  disturbance.  He  was  found  dead  in  his  chair,  and 
death  was  evidently  instantaneous.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Loyola  College, 
Baltimore,  and  had  been  in  the  retail  drug  business  for  twenty-one  years.  He 
was  a  native  of  Baltimore,  and  was  fifty-six  years  old.  Professor  Piquett 
was  a  great  lover  of  Bowers,  and  was  also  very  fond  of  the  study  of  birds 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  443 

and  minerals,  and  he  had  accumulated  a  large  collection  of  specimens  relating 
to  these  branches  ot"  natural  science.  He  was  much  beloved  and  esteemed 
for  his  fine  character  and  scholarly  acquirements,  and  will  be  deeply  missed 
by  his  colleagues  and  the  many  students,  scattered  far  and  wide,  who 
enjoyed  the  advantage  of  his  instruction. 

The  places  made  vacant  by  the  deaths  of  these  gentlemen  have  been 
filled,  as  follows,  Professor  Piquett's  chair  being  divided:  E.  Frank  Kelly, 
Phar.  D.,  Associate  Professor  ol  Pharmacy;  James  W.  Westcott,  Ph.  G., 
Associate  Professor  of  Materia  Medica;  and  Charles  H.  Ware,  Ph.  G., 
Associate  Professor  of  Botany.  The  total  number  of  instructors  is  now 
eleven. 

The  following  is  the  list  of  Presidents  of  the  College:  Thomas  G. 
Mackenzie,  1840-42;  Benjamin  Rush  Roberts,  1842-44;  George  W. 
Andrews,  1844-71;  J.  Brown  Boxley,  1871-72;  J.  Paris  Moore,  1872-73; 
John  F.  Hancock,  1873-75;  Joseph  Roberts,  1875-88;  Edwin  Eareckson, 
1888-90;  William  Silver  Thompson,  1890-91;  Louis  Dohme,  1891-96; 
Charles  E.  Dohme,  1896-1906;  Henry  A.  Elliott,  1906.*  Of  these,  Messrs. 
Moore,  Hancock,  Thompson  and  the  Messrs.  Dohme  are  graduates  of  the 
College.  An  extract  from  the  catalogue  will  give  an  idea  of  the  thorough- 
ness of  the  instruction  given  in  this  institution.  The  following  is  the  pros- 
pectus of  the  course  in  "Vegetable  Histology"  under  Professor  Base,  which 
is  obligatory  on  all  students: 

"Junior  Course.  This  embraces  a  study  of  the  mechanism  of  the  micro- 
scope and  its  theory  of  action;  practical  manipulation  of  the  instrument;  the 
art  of  cutting  'sections,'  staining  and  making  permanent  mounts  of  them; 
the  study  of  the  lower  plant  organisms,  as  yeast,  bacteria,  fungi  and  algae; 
the  study  of  the  primary  vegetable  cell  and  its  numerous  subsequent  modifi- 
cations, which  form  the  various  'tissues'  as  found  in  the  higher  plants,  and 
the  relative  arrangement  of  these  which  give  rise  to  the  various  kinds  of 

stems,  roots  and  leaves. 

*Mr.  John  F.   Hancock,   Pliar.   M.,  lias  just  (igoyVbeen  elected  a  second  time  to  fill  1 1  le 
position. 


444  VNlt'ERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

"Senior  Course.  This  work  will  consist  of  examinations  of  official  drugs, 
to  illustrate  the  method  of  study  and  the  detection  of  spurious  drugs,  the 
study  of  powdered  drugs,  both  pure  and  adulterated,  which  at  present  is  a 
very  important  subject;  a  thorough  study  of  urinary  sediments,  for  normal 
and  abnormal  constituents,  for  which  the  hospital  of  the  University  is  a  con- 
venient and  sufficient  source  of  supply." 

In  conclusion:  Reference  to  its  records  shows  that  this  College  was 
among  the  first  to  adopt  advanced  methods,  and  its  standards  have  been 
equal  to  the  best.  It  was  the  first  School  of  Pharmacy  to  employ  separate 
Professors  for  all  branches  taught;  it  was  the  pioneer  to  establish  laboratories 
for  practical  teaching  and  exercise;  it  took  the  initiative  in  providing  ade- 
quate buildings  for  advanced  teaching;  it  was  among  those  which  early  added 
Microscopy,  Pharmacognosy,  Volumetric  Analysis,  etc.,  as  distinct  branches. 
In  the  face  of  much  adverse  criticism  of  the  non-progressive  type,  it  practi- 
cally announced  its  belief  that  well-prepared  students  could  not  be  generally 
secured  so  long  as  the  effete  apprenticeship  system  prevailed,  and  it  maintains 
the  claim  that  Pharmacy  is  entitled  to  recognition  as  a  profession  by  confer- 
ring a  professional  degree — Doctor  of  Pharmacy.  It  has  also  provided  a 
complete  Department  of  Practice,  where  students  are  given  better  and  fuller 
experimental  knowledge  than  can  be  claimed  in  the  average  drug  store.  It 
is  with  pride  also  that  the  authorities  can  point  to  their  repeated  efforts — so 
far  vain — for  the  establishment  of  a  botannical  garden  in  Baltimore. 

Charles  Caspari,  Jr.,  Ph.  G.,  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Phar- 
macy, and  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy,  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  is  a  native  of  the  city  of  Baltimore,  born  May  31, 
1850,  son  of  Charles  Caspari  and  Louise  S.  Kleyenstaeuber,  both  born  in 
Germany,  the  former  in  Hanover  and  the  latter  in  Bremen.  Charles  Cas- 
pari was  graduated  in  pharmacy  in  Germany,  and  came  to  America  in  1841, 
settling  in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  where  he  afterward  was  an  apothecary  in 
active  business  until  his  death,  in  1870.  He  was  at  one  time  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Examiners,  and  also  a  trustee  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Phar- 
macy. 


PROFESSOR  CHARLES  CASPARI,  JR..PHAR.  D. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  447 

Charles  Caspari,  Junior,  was  educated  in  private  schools  in  Baltimore, 
and  also  was  a  student  in  the  academic  department  of  the  University  ol 
Maryland,  hut  was  not  graduated.  Afterward,  for  more  than  six  years,  he 
was  a  clerk  in  the  drug  store  ot  Sharp  &  Dohme,  and  while  there  took  a 
course  of  study  in  the  Maryland  College  ot  Pharmacy,  graduating  in  1869. 
In  1  871  he  became  proprietor  ol  a  drug  business  in  Baltimore,  ami  so  contin- 
ued until  1 89 1.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Maryland  Col- 
lege of  Pharmacy  in  1879,  incumbent  ol  the  chair  ot  Theory  ami  Practice 
of  Pharmacy,  which  he  still  holds,  and  in  which  capacity  his  national  reputa- 
tion as  instructor  and  authority  on  all  the  subjects  pertaining  to  his  chair 
has  been  chiefly  acquired.  Since  1894  he  has  served  continuously  as  general 
secretary  of  the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association,  and  as  such  is  editor 
ot  the  pricipal  publication  ot  that  body,  the  "Proceedings  of  the  American 
Pharmaceutical  Association."  Since  1893  ne  has  been  pharmaceutical  editor 
of  "The  National  Dispensatory;"  but  his  best  work,  which  has  passed 
through  three  editions,  and  has  gained  for  him  wide  renown,  is  his  "Treatise 
on  Pharmacy,"  a  recognized  authority  on  the  subjects  of  which  it  treats,  in 
use  as  a  text  book  in  many  of  the  leading  colleges  in  which  pharmacy  is 
taught,  and  with  the  profession  in  general  throughout  America. 

Dr.  Caspari  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  effecting  a  union  of  the  Mary- 
land College  of  Pharmacy  with  the  University  of  Maryland,  in  1904,  and 
since  1S98,  in  addition  to  the  regular  duties  of  the  chair,  has  held  the  office 
of  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Pharmacy. 

Dr.  Charles  Caspari  married,  June  4,  1874,  Leslie  V.  Heinichen,  a 
native  of  Fredericksburg,  Virginia,  and  whose  parents  were  of  German  birth. 
Six  children  have  been  born  of  this  marriage,  all  of  whom  are  living.  Charles 
Edward  Caspari,  the  eldest,  is  a  graduate  of  Baltimore  City  College,  and  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  A.  B.,  1896,  and  Ph.  D.,  1900.  He  is  now 
Professor  of  General  and  Analytical  Chemistry  in  St.  Louis  College  of  Phar- 
macy, St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

David  M.  R.  Culbreth,  M.  D.,  of  Baltimore,  Maryland,  was  born  at 


448  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  Reynolds  homestead,  Golden  Ridge,  near  Willow  Grove,  Kent  County, 
Delaware,  on  December  4,  1856,  the  son  of  Robert  Baynard  Culbreth  and 
Sarah  Gilder  Reynolds.     His  ancestors  are  English  and  Scotch. 

His  early  education  was  obtained  at  the  neighborhood  public  school 
and  at  Felton  Seminary  (Delaware).  He  entered  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia in  1872,  graduating  therefrom  in  1877.  In  1879  he  graduated  from 
the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy,  being  the  president  of  the  class  and  the 
recipient  of  three  prizes.  The  same  year  he  took  charge  of  the  Chemical 
Laboratory  while  the  Professor  was  absent  in  Europe  and  has  ever  since  been 
in  the  continuous  service  of  the  College  in  one  capacity  or  another.  In  1886, 
after  serving  for  several  years  as  quizmaster  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Microscopy  and  Practical  Botany.  In  1887  the  title  was  changed  to 
Botany,  Materia  Medica  and  Microscopy.  His  present  title  remains  the 
same,  except  that  Pharmacognosy  is  substituted  for  Microscopy.  In  1897 
the  University  of  Maryland  requested  him  to  accept,  in  addition  to  his  other 
work,  the  professorship  of  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacognosy  in  its 
Medical  and  Dental  Departments.  This  he  did,  and  remained  in  that  capac- 
ity for  nine  years,  only  resigning  very  recently.  In  1883  he  graduated  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Baltimore.  In  1893  and  1905  he 
published  "Pharmaceutic  Botany;"  in  1 896-1900-1903-1906,  "Materia 
Medica  and  Pharmacology;"  and  is  also  author  of  "Materia  Medica  Com- 
pend"  ( 1905)  and  of  numerous  papers  and  essays  in  technical  journals.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Zeta  Psi  and  Nu  Sigma  Nu  Fraternities,  and  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Science,  etc.,  etc.  In 
politics  he  is  a  Democrat. 

Professor  Culbreth  is  an  accomplished  scholar  and  a  successful  teacher. 
As  a  writer  he  is  accurate  and  reliable,  and  his  work  on  "Materia  Medica  and 
Pharmacology"  possesses  considerable  merit,  being  the  text  book  on  that  sub- 
ject in  many  of  the  schools,  and  very  popular  with  students.  He  is  very 
sociable  and  genial  in  disposition,  a  model  in  his  domestic  relations,  in  all 
respects  a  good  man  and  citizen. 


l'KOI T.SSOR    DAVIM    M.    R.     CULHRETH,    I'll.   ('...    M.   I). 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  451 

On  April  26,  1894,  he  married  Miss  Lizzie  Gardner.  His  present 
address  is  1307  North  Calvert  street,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

Daniel  Base,  lJh.  1).,  was  horn  September  6,  1869,  at  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land. He  attended  Grammar  School  until  fourteen  years  old,  entered  the 
Baltimore  City  College  in  1883,  ami  graduated  iSSS.  In  the  Fall  of  the 
same  year  entered  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  taking  up  the  Chemical- 
Biological  Course,  and  received  the  degree  of  A^  B.  in  1891.  He  continued 
in  the  post-graduate  course,  with  Chemistry  as  principal  subject,  Physics  and 
Mathematics  as  subordinates,  graduating  in  [895  with  the  degree  of  Ph. 
1).  In  the  Fall  of  1895  ne  entered  the  Faculty  of  the  Maryland  College  of 
Pharmacy  as  Associate  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Professor  of  Plant  His- 
tology. In  1902,  upon  the  withdrawal  of  Professor  Simon,  he  succeeded 
him  in  the  chair  of  Chemistry.  From  1  899  to  1904  he  lectured  on  Inorganic 
Chemistry  in  the  College  o!  Physicians  and  Surgeons  ot  Baltimore,  111  addi- 
tion to  the  work  in  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy.  He  resigned  this 
lectureship  in  1904,  when  the  College  ot  Pharmacy  was  assimilated  to  the 
Uniyersity  of  Maryland,  and  took  charge  ol  the  Chemical  Laboratory  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  latter  institution.  At  the  present  time  therefore, 
he  holds  the  Professorships  of  Chemistry  and  Plant  Histology  in  the  Mary- 
land College  of  Pharmacy  (  Department  of  Pharmacy  of  the  Uniyersity  o! 
Maryland),  and  of  analytical  chemistry  in  the  Uniyersity  of  Maryland, 
Medical  Department.  He  assisted  in  three  revisions  of  Simon's  "Manual  ot 
Chemistry,"  published  an  elementary  treatise  on  Plant  1  Iistology,  and  pie- 
pared  the  articles  on  Inorganic  Chemistry  in  the  National  Standard  Dispen- 
satory (the  sixth  edition  of  the  former  National  Dispensatory),  published 
in  1905. 

Professor  Base  is  a  very  conscientious  and  earnest  student  and  is  very 
popular  with  his  students.  He  is  an  incessant  reader  ami  is  indefatigable  in 
the  acquisition  of  scientific  knowledge.  His  tastes  are  confined  to  science. 
He  has  a  fine  mathematical  and  analytical  mind  and  takes  great  delight  in 
cudgeling  out  mathematical  problems;  he  has  been  known  to  spend  a  night 


452  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

in  such  tasks,  neglecting  all  other  work  until  he  had  succeeded  in  the  solu- 
tion. In  private  life  his  character  is  irreproachable.  His  book  on  "Plant 
Histology"  has  been  very  favorably  received.  He  is  the  only  child  of  his 
parents,   and  is  unmarried. 

Henry  Parr  Hynson  is  numbered  among  Maryland's  most  prominent 
pharmacists.  His  inclination  for  a  pharmaceutical  career  comes  to  him  by 
right  of  heredity,  his  father,  N.  T.  Hynson,  having  been  the  owner  of  a 
drug  store  in   Sudlersville,    Maryland. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Still  Pond,  Kent  County,  Maryland,  on 
May  27th,  1855,  and  attended  the  public  schools  of  the  neighborhood.  He 
was  a  student  for  two  years  at  the  Academy  at  Middletown,  Delaware,  and 
entered  the  drug  business  when  in  his  fifteenth  year. 

Coming  to  Baltimore  in  1875,  Mr.  Hynson  entered  the  Maryland  Col- 
lege of  Pharmacy,  from  which  he  graduated  with  distinction  in  1877.  He 
won  the  first  college  prize,  and  was  also  awarded  the  alumni  prize  for  pro- 
ficiency in  Analytical  Chemistry.  After  conducting  two  retail  drug  stores  in 
Baltimore  for  some  years,  he  became  in  1889  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Hynson,  Westcott  &  Co.  The  executive  ability  and  scientific  attainments 
of  Mr.  Hynson  have  been  recognized  in  various  ways.  He  has  been  Presi- 
dent of  the  Baltimore  and  Maryland  State  Pharmaceutical  Associations,  of 
the  Alumni  Association  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy,  and  of  the 
Druggists'  Protective  League;  Secretary  of  the  Maryland  State  Board  of 
Pharmacy  and  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy;  Lecturer  on  Phar- 
macy in  two  of  Baltimore's  leading  medical  colleges — the  Woman's  College 
and  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  Brigade  Hospital  Steward  of 
the  Maryland  National  Guard;  one  of  the  chief  organizers  and  the  first  Pres- 
ident of  the  National  Association  of  Retail  Druggists,  and  the  creator  of  the 
new  and  important  section  on  Practical  Pharmacy  and  Dispensing  of  the 
American  Pharmaceutical  Association.  For  many  years  he  has  wielded  an 
important  influence  for  the  betterment  of  Pharmacy.  Especially  in  the  wide 
field  afforded  by  the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association  have  his  activities 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PHARMACY  453 

found  full  swing.  He  has  been  chairman  of  several  of  its  most  important 
committees  and  of  its  Section  on  Commercial  Interests.  Since  1901  he  has 
occupied  in  the  College  of  Pharmacy  the  chair  of  Practical  Pharmacy  and 
Dispensing,  especially  created  for  him. 

Professor  Hynson  is  a  ready  and  witty  speaker,  a  forcible  writer,  a 
diplomatic  presiding  officer,  a  man  of  resource,  sagacity,  persistency  and 
strong  common  sense.  He  is  admirably  constructed  for  associational  activ- 
ities, while  his  ability  and  equipment  as  a  practicing  pharmacist  need  no  better 
and  more  convincing  proof  than  the  admirable  establishment  which  has  been 
created  by  him  in  Baltimore,  where  the  highest  standard  of  pharmaceutical 
ethics  prevails. 

Henry  A.  Elliott,  President  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy, 
now  the  Department  of  Pharmacy  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  was  born 
in  Baltimore,  May  1,  1  83  1 ,  and  received  his  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  that  city.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  entered  the  drug  store  of  E.  Y. 
Forney  as  an  apprentice,  and  continued  in  that  capacity  until  1850.  He  then 
became  prescription  clerk  in  the  drug  store  of  John  W.  Barry,  at  that  time 
the  leading  pharmacist  in  West    Baltimore. 

In  January,  18^3,  he  determined  to  start  in  business  on  his  own  account, 
and  opened  a  store  on  the  corner  of  Lexington  and  Pine  streets.  He  carried 
this  on  successfully  for  fifty  years,  when  he  retired.  When  the  Maryland 
College  of  Pharmacy  was  reorganized  in  1856,  he  became  a  member,  serving 
on  the  finance  and  other  committees.  He  was  also  first  Vice-President  for 
years,  and  in  1906  was  elected  President. 

Charles  H.  Ware,  Ph.  G.,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  January  10,  1855. 
At  the  age  of  two  months  his  parents  moved  to  Massachusetts.  Graduating 
at  the  high  school  in  Newton,  Massachusetts,  in  1S74,  Mr.  Ware  at  once 
secured  a  situation  in  the  retail  drug  business  in  Boston.  He  returned  to 
Baltimore  in  1883,  having  accepted  a  situation  with  Messrs.  Lilly,  Rogers 
&  Co.  He  finally  purchased  the  branch  store  of  Messrs.  Coleman  &  Rogers, 
on  Madison  Avenue,  where  he  has  been  actively  engaged  in  the  drug  busi- 


454  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

ness  for  the  last  twenty  years.  He  graduated  at  the  Maryland  College  of 
[Pharmacy  in  1886;  became  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Examiners  in  1898, 
and  resigned  this  position  in  1900  to  become  the  Secretary  of  the  College. 
At  the  death  of  Professor  John  P.  Piquett,  he  succeeded  to  the  Chair  of 
Associate  Professor  of  Botany  of  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy,  De- 
partment of  Pharmacy,  University  of  Maryland.  He  has  been  devoting 
much  attention  to  the  subject  of  botany  in  recent  years,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Johns  Hopkins  Botany  Club.  He  was  a  thoughtful  and  painstaking 
student,  and  has  illustrated  in  his  career  as  a  pharmacist  a  high  type  of  his 
profession. 


VI. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 


SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES 


VI.  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES. 

THE  first  attempt  at  instruction  in  this  department  seems  to  have 
been  in  the  fall  of  1821.  On  the  28th  of  September  of  that 
year,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  Professor  David 
Hoffman,  of  the  Faculty  of  Law,  complained  that  the  Faculty 
of  Arts  and  Sciences  had  issued  a  syllabus  of  studies  in  that  department 
which  "contemplated  academic  instruction  not  intended  by  the  charter." 
The  founders,  he  said,  intended  that  instruction  should  be  conveyed 
by  lectures,  and  that  no  other  form  of  instruction  should  be  allowed. 
This  led  to  a  discussion  of  the  difference  between  "academic"  and 
"collegiate"  instruction,  but  no  decision  was  reached  upon  the  subject. 
During  the  session  of  1825-26,  in  which  a  Board  of  Trustees  was  created 
for  the  government  of  the  University,  a  law  was  also  passed  providing  for 
the  disposition  of  the  remainder  of  the  proceeds  of  the  lottery  of  1816,  and 
we  find  in  this  law  an  appropriation  of  $2,000  for  the  purchase  of  apparatus 
for  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  On  the  advent  to  power  of  the  Trus- 
tees, the  Faculty  of  this  department  were  removed  from  office  and  succes- 
sors appointed.  Two  years  later  an  attempt  was  made  at  organization, 
for  in  the  Trustees'  Minutes  of  December,  1  828,  we  read  that  an  appropria- 
tion not  exceeding  $400  was  made  to  rent  and  furnish  rooms  in  the  central 
part  of  the  city  to  accommodate  the  Professors  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy 
(J.  T.  Ducatel  was  Professor  of  these  branches),  of  History  and  of  Moral 
Philosophy,  and  the  Professors  of  the  other  departments  not  connected  with 
the  Medical  Faculty,  and  the  Professors  in  said  departments  were  required 
to  proceed  to  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  their  professorships. 

It  was  not  until  1830,  however,  that  any  serious  attempt  at  organiza- 
tion was  made.  At  the  beginning  of  that  year  the  Trustees  of  the  Univer- 
sity determined  to  reorganize  its  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  proposed 


458  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

to  the  Trustees  of  the  Baltimore  College,  then  in  a  languishing  state,  that  the 
two  institutions  should  unite.  The  latter  agreed  to  the  proposition,  and  a 
joint  petition  for  such  union  was  presented  to  the  Legislature  then  in  ses- 
sion. The  petition,  constituting  a  printed  pamphlet  of  some  thirty  pages, 
states  among  other  things : 

"It  is  proposed  that  the  charter  of  Baltimore  College  shall  be  sur- 
rendered to  the  State,  on  the  condition  that  the  property  belonging  to  the 
College  shall  be  invested  in  the  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Maryland, 
with  a  special  provision  that  the  amount  thereof  in  value  shall  forever  here- 
after be  carefully  appropriated  by  the  University  to  the  support  and  accom- 
modation of  the  collegiate  and  academical  departments  of  the  University, 
and  the  University  will  be  required,  by  the  terms  of  the  surrender,  to  take 
in  charge  the  interests  of  education  as  fully  as  the  same  devolve  upon  the 
Trustees  of  Baltimore  College." 

This  petition  was  granted,  and  the  Act  declaring  the  charter  of  Balti- 
more College  "null  and  extinct"  was  passed  on  February  7,  1830.  It  re- 
quired the  Trustees  of  the  University  to  pay  a  debt  of  $7,000  which  rested 
on  the  College. 

Baltimore  College  was  the  second  in  Baltimore,  and  was  undenomina- 
tional. It  originated  in  an  academy  conducted  by  Mr.  James  Priestly,  on 
St.  Paul's  lane.  About  18113,  several  prominent  citizens  applied  to  the 
Legislature  for  a  college  charter,  which  was  granted  on  January  7,  1804. 
Authority  was  given  to  receive  donations  and  subscriptions  to  the  amount  of 
$20,000,  and  to  raise  $30,000  additional  by  a  lottery.  With  funds  thus 
acquired  a  handsome  though  plain  two-story  brick  building,  eighty-two  by 
fifty  feet,  was  erected  on  Mulberry  street  in  181  1.  Right  Rev.  John  Car- 
roll, Catholic  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  was  President  of  the  Trustees,  who 
were  to  appoint  a  principal,  a  vice-principal,  professors,  tutors  and  assistants. 
Hon.  John  P.  Kennady  was  a  pupil  of  this  institution,  entering  it  "at  its  first 
establishment"  in  1  80S.  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  graduating  with  four 
others  in  September,    1812.     This  was  the   first  class  to  graduate.     The 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  4>'i 

School  was  closed  for  some  time  previous  to  1821,  when  it  was  reopened 
with  a  course  of  lectures  on  modern  literature  by  Dr.  Tobias  Watkins.  Dr. 
L.  H.  Gerardin,  a  distinguished  French  savant  and  founder  and  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Science  and  Literature,  was  the  Principal 
for  some  years  previous  to  his  death,  in  1S25.  With  his  demise  the  College 
again  languished. 

On  the  1st  of  October,  1830,  the  Trustees  issued  an  appeal  and  a  pros- 
pectus which  contains  the  following: 

"Other  States  in  the  Union  have  long  since  established  and  continue  to 
foster  with  a  vigilant  solicitude  their  colleges  and  universities,  and  in  doing 
so,  while  they  have  cherished  among  their  own  citizens  that  local  attach- 
ment which  binds  a  man  to  the  soil,  the  institutions,  and  the  principles  of  the 
place  in  which  his  character  is  formed,  our  own  youth,  whose  primary  ob- 
ject at  these  colleges  is  the  pursuit  ol  science,  must  attain  it  at  best  at  the 
expense  and  sacrifice  of  similar  honorable  feelings  and  principles.  I  he 
number  of  those  who  have  sought  a  liberal  education  in  remote  States,  dis- 
tant from  parental  guardianship  and  at  an  augmented  expense  would  be 
alone  sufficient  to  maintain  an  institution  on  the  most  enlarged  scale  of  useful- 
ness and  responsibility,  and  evidences  the  necessity  lor  the  proposed  organi- 
zation of  a  department  in  the  University  of  Maryland,  exclusively  collegiate 
in  its  system,  requiring  an  advanced  state  ol  classical  and  scientific  attain- 
ments for  admission  to  its  lectures,  calculated  to  conduct  its  pupils  through 
the  highest  branches  of  a  liberal  education,  ami  to  afford  them  advantages 
similar  to  what  may  be  obtained  in  the  distant  universities  of  this  country 
and  Europe.  It  is  in  providing  means  for  the  gradual  advancement  of  all. 
from  the  humblest  rudiments  to  the  highest  attainments  of  knowledge,  that 
we  co-operate  with  the  spirit  of  the  times  and  profit  by  the  occasion  of  be- 
coming more  enlightened  with  every  succeeding  generation.  It  will  be  a 
primary  object  to  elevate  the  student,  not  less  as  a  moral  than  as  an  intel- 
lectual being,  by  inspiring  the  principles  of  virtue  at  an  early  age  and 
exciting  a  sense  of  character  and  manly  deportment.     Through  the  medium 


460  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

of  such  an  institution  a  force  of  elevated  moral  and  political  sentiment  is  to 
be  impressed  upon  the  opinions  and  feelings  of  the  mass  of  our  citizens.  We 
appeal  to  the  patriotism,  the  piety,  the  parental  solicitude,  and  the  literary 
pride  and  zeal  of  the  people  of  Maryland,  and  confidently  solicit  their  co- 
operation in  sustaining  the  University." 

At  the  request  and  on  behalf  of  the  Trustees,  Judge  William  Frick 
delivered  a  magnificent  public  address,*  in  which  he  points  to  the  awak- 
ened and  wide-spread  interest  throughout  the  country  in  education,  and 
particularly  to  the  very  promising  provision  made  by  the  State  of  Mary- 
land for  all  its  citizens,  by  the  liberal  scheme  of  education  projected  in  the 
University  of  Maryland.  He  declares  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  youth 
of  the  State  have  been  debarred  from  such  privileges,  and  expresses  surprise 
that  the  State  should  have  been  so  long  in  providing  adequately  for  them. 
He  depicts  in  eloquent  language  the  political  improvement  to  be  derived 
from  cultivating  the  higher  intellectual  endowments,  and  the  building  up  of 
national  character  that  will  follow  a  national  literature,  and  asserts  that  it 
is  our  duty  to  provide  for  mental  and  moral  improvement  as  well  as  increase 
in  wealth  and  power.  We  should  have  a  literature  of  our  own,  one  breathing 
the  warm  and  glowing  inspiration  of  national  feeling,  and  should  write  our 
own  history.  Victories,  triumphs  and  heroes  are  not  alone  sufficient  to  re- 
deem a  nation  from  obscurity  and  decay.  It  is  Grecian  art  and  genius  and 
virtue,  it  is  Rome,  the  seat  of  liberty  and  letters,  that  give  to  antiquity  their 
charm  and  glory.  But  a  higher  motive  for  action  is  to  be  found  in  the  close 
ties  between  intelligence  and  freedom.  No  arbitrary  power  can  be  long  or 
safely  exercised  over  a  people  whose  minds  have  been  enlightened  by  phil- 
osophy and  reason.  He  deplores  the  spirit  of  gain  and  utility  which  has 
dwarfed  the  interest  in  mental  development  and  tends  to  make  wealth  the 
only  standard  of  excellence,  the  only  road  to  honor,  the  only  means  of  in- 
fluence. He  combats  that  narrow  and  selfish  policy  which  looks  purely  to 
individual  interest  and  the  practical  concerns  of  life. 
♦Pamphlet,  pp.  37,  Diocesan  Library. 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  461 

Some  of  his  eloquent  passages  are  worthy  of  repetition: 
"Such  a  system  presents  an  impassible  harrier  to  the  extension  of  that 
intelligence,  morality  and  refinement,  on  which  the  greatness  of  all  nations 
must  ultimately  rest.  It  addresses  itself  to  none  of  those  lofty  sentiments  of 
the  soul  so  intimately  interblended  with  the  social  and  public  virtues.  It 
sacrifices  the  higher  attributes  of  our  nature  to  the  baser  senses  and  sordid 
affections;  for  there  is  a  dignity  in  the  philosophy  of  intellect  which  cannot 
be  resolved  into  mercenary  calculation  or  views  of  practical  utility.  It  is  the 
intellectual  nature  alone  that  by  its  glorious  and  godlike  sway  makes  truth 
and  justice,  wisdom  and  virtue,  religion  and  morals  more  lovely  and  majes- 
tic in  their  attraction.  Every  element  of  this  philosophy  resolves  itself  in  the 
perception  of  what  is  beautiful  and  true;  and  the  perfectly  beautiful  dwells 
in  what  we  cannot  convert  to  pecuniary  profit  or  speculation.  But  the  pos- 
session of  it  inspires  a  more  holy  ambition  of  high  and  pure  morality,  and 
enkindles  loftier  feelings  in  the  heart  than  those  which  usuallv  govern  the 
principles  of  human  action.  It  lends  to  the  soul  those  energies  and  senti- 
ments without  which  the  mind  lacks  the  power  of  sustaining  the  moral  and 
religious  faculties  and  invites  that  reciprocity  of  action  between  the  moral 
and  intellectual  energies  by  which  alone  the  social  nature  of  man  is  fully  and 
fairly  developed.  *  *  *  Why  are  we  called  upon  to  abjure  the  mighty 
masters  of  antiquity,  the  studies  of  classic  literature,  the  arts  and  poetry? 
Why  are  we  asked — of  what  use?  to  what  practical  purpose?  Are  we  in- 
sensible that  these  studies  are  interwoven  with  the  highest  principles  of 
human  thought  and  action?  That  they  lift  our  minds  beyond  the  low  ami 
sordid  pursuits  of  life?  That  they  instill  those  principles  in  taste  and  science 
by  which  cultivated  life  is  distinguished.  That  they  elevate  and  purify  the 
heart  for  the  exercise  of  all  the  moral  and  social  virtues?  Are  we  insensible 
to  the  dignified  and  disinterested  spirit  which  looks  to  the  enlargement  of 
human  character  until  it  is  made  to  fulfil  all  the  ends  of  human  duty  and 
destiny?  Then  farewell  to  the  liberal  sciences,  to  the  happiness  of  social 
life,  to  the  stability  of  free  government !    Then  has  our  national  existence  no 


462  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

dependence  on  the  intelligence  and  morality  of  the  People.  Personal  secur- 
ity with  wealth  and  physical  comfort  is  all  the  preference  that  our  republic 
can  ever  hope  to  attain.  The  idea  that  our  free  institutions  are  destined  to 
develope  the  higher  and  loftier  relations  of  humanity,  and  to  exercise  an 
influence  hen  a  fur  on  the  rest  of  mankind,  is  visionary.  While  throughout 
the  enlightened  world  the  mind  hath  indignantly  burst  the  chains  of  pro- 
tracted bondage  and  the  torrent  of  light  and  learning  is  fast  covering  the 
dark  places,  while  our  own  example  invokes  the  communities  of  the  world 
to  deep  reflection  and  solemn  destinies,  and  the  dignity  of  human  nature  is 
represented  in  our  institutions,  when  everywhere  as  of  old  where  freedom 
unfurled  her  banner,  the  liberal  arts  and  classic  letters  are  invoked  to  deck 
the  Corinthian  capital  of  civilization,  we  are  content  to  weigh  those  high 
destinies  in  the  scale  of  interest  and  profit  and  our  patriotism  is  extinguished 
in  selfishness." 

He  then  proceeds  to  point  out  the  evils  of  half  education,  to  which  so 
many  of  the  Maryland  youth  had  been  destined  by  their  environment.  It 
was  the  scheme  of  the  promoters  of  the  I  niversity  to  induce  them,  and  to 
provide  the  means  for  doing  so,  to  devote  themselves  to  careers  of  letters  and 
science,  and  thus  to  contribute  to  improvement  of  the  arts  of  lite  and  eleva- 
tion of  the  tone  of  society.  And  he  anticipates  the  time  when  we  should  be 
able  to  point  in  this  community  to  a  constellation  of  scholars  and  sages, 
when  the  halls  of  science  should  be  as  attractive  as  the  halls  of  legislation, 
and  when  the  aspiring  student  could  look  forward  with  confidence  to  the 
promised  land  of  glory  and  recompense.  He  indulges  with  delight  visions 
of  renown  associated  with  future  progress  in  learning  and  the  liberal  arts, 
and  with  the  work  then  begun,  destined  as  he  believed,  to  confer  upon  his 
native  State  immortality  and  splendid  lame. 

He  combats  the  idea  held  out  by  some  that  the  provision  proposed 
would  prove  of  exclusive  benefit  to  the  affluent.  The  poor  would  be  the 
chief  beneficiaries;  the  rich  were  already  able  to  employ  the  best  teachers 
at  home,  or  to  send  their  sons  to  institutions  in  other  States  or  in  Europe. 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  463 

Such  a  State  institution  only  serves  to  establish  an  equality  of  advantages 
between  the  rich  and  the  poor.  No  act  of  the  State,  he  says,  has  been  so 
honorable  to  its  patriotism  as  the  unceasing  interest  with  which  the  Legis- 
lature has  looked  to  the  establishment  and  encouragement  of  this  institution 
in  all  its  departments;  as  the  means  of  establishing  a  centre  of  science  and 
learning  within  our  State,  from  which  the  rays  may  diverge  ami  diffuse 
themselves  to  all  its  extremes,  and  the  light  of  education  be  spread  through- 
out her  domain  under  the  influence  of  her  own  laws,  her  manners  and 
character.  He  points  to  the  salutary  effects  of  the  establishment  of  univer- 
sities in  other  States,  in  elevating  the  standards  of  instruction,  in  imparting 
vigor  and  efficacy  to  the  whole  system  of  education,  and  in  attracting  large 
numbers  of  youth  from  other  States  who  might  be  trained  at  home  if  the 
munificence  ami  spirit  ot  enterprise  which  led  to  their  foundation  were  imi- 
tated. The  universities  of  Kurope  maintain  their  influence  under  every 
change  and  condition  of  government  and  confer  moral  nobility  upon  those 
whom  they  train,  anil  reflect  lustre  upon  the  countries  in  which  they  are 
located. 

lie  appeals  to  the  native  pride  of  Marylanders:  While  we  vie  with 
others  in  our  internal  improvements,  is  all  that  gives  tone  and  complexion 
to  our  moral  and  intellectual  condition  to  be  derived  entirely  from  foreign 
sources?  Are  the  architects  of  our  monuments,  the  engineers  of  our  roads, 
the  heads  of  our  colleges,  the  professors  of  science  and  morals  and  religion 
among  us  to  be  sought  and  obtained  only  abroad?  What  was  needed  was 
one  common  spirit  in  all,  to  direct  the  efforts  and  views  of  all  to  one  com- 
mon end. 

He  shows  that  the  subject  of  education  early  absorbed  the  attention 
of  the  legislators  of  Maryland,  as  evidenced  by  the  Act  of  1692  "for  the 
encouragement  of  learning,"  the  founding  of  King  William's  Free  School 
at  Annapolis  four  years  later,  the  endowment  of  free  schools  in  every  countv 
with  money  and  lands  in  1723,  and!  the  advancement  of  one  of  these,  at 
Chestertown,  Kent  County,  in  1782,  into  a  college,  and  of  King  William's 


464  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

School  in  1784  into  another  college.  Although  State  patronage  was  with- 
drawn from  these  institutions  in  1805,  the  Legislature  never  relaxed  its 
exertions  in  promoting  the  cause  of  education.  The  foundation  of  the 
present  University  of  Maryland  was  then  traced,  and  it  was  stated  that  it 
was  generally  known  that  the  Medical  School  of  that  University  had  fully 
responded  to  the  expectations  of  its  warmest  friends,  and  that  the  depart- 
ment of  Law,  so  far  as  developed,  had  furnished  ample  and  gratifying  evi- 
dence of  the  qualifications  of  the  Professor  who  sustained  the  reputation  of 
this  branch  of  the  institution.  But  the  present  purpose  was  with  the  most 
neglected,  though  not  the  least  important  department — the  general  and 
preparatory  education  of  youth.  The  scheme  had  been  brought  before  the 
public,  and  an  endeavor  made  to  place  a  copy  of  it  in  the  hands  of  every 
parent  in  the  State.  He  appeals  to  Marylanders  earnestly  in  behalf  of  this 
scheme,  to  the  urgent  importance  of  providing  in  the  community  for  the 
intellectual  culture  and  improvement  of  their  youth.  Are  we  still  to  seek 
in  remote  States,  at  distant  universities,  the  acquisitions  from  which  so  much 
is  to  be  hoped,  in  favor  of  our  native  State?  Are  we  incapable  of  training 
our  youth  to  the  high  destinies,  to  which  their  relations  in  social  and  public 
life  hereafter  call  them?  Then  is  the  appeal  which  we  make  to  the  patriot- 
ism, the  piety,  the  parental  solicitude,  and  the  literary  pride  of  our  citizens, 
in  vain.  But  shall  we  abandon  it  without  the  trial?  May  we  not  perhaps 
rally  the  wandering  youth  of  Maryland  and  bring  them  home  again  to  their 
own  alma  mater? 

He  goes  on  to  say  that  the  Trustees  are  pledged  to  the  State,  to  them- 
selves and  to  their  fellow-citizens,  to  attempt  this  scheme,  and,  if  they  fail, 
it  will  only  be  because  it  has  not  been  sustained  by  the  patriotism  and  the 
State  pride  of  those  for  whose  advantage  it  was  conceived.  The  address, 
a  most  noble  and  eloquent  one,  which  we  would  fain  reproduce  entire,  if 
space  permitted,  concludes  with  some  considerations  upon  the  importance  of 
the  study  of  the  classics  and  philosophy. 

Another  address  was  delivered  at  the  opening  of  the  Collegiate  depart- 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  465 

ment  on  January  3,  1 83 1,  on  behalf  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences  by 
Mr.  John  P.  Kennedy,  Professor  of  History.* 

Mr.  Kennedy  began  with  a  reference  to  the  plan  submitted  to  the  citi- 
zens of  Baltimore  by  the  Trustees  of  the  University  for  carrying  into  effect 
the  design  of  the  Legislature  with  reference  to  that  institution,  and  said  it 
was  a  natural  thing  to  inquire,  why  this  scheme  had  been  delayed  so  long.  He 
spoke  of  the  reform  that  had  gradually  been  introduced  into  the  methods  and 
objects  of  inquiry.  Ancient  prejudices  had  been  discarded,  the  jargon  of  the 
academy,  with  its  ingenious  trifling,  had  been  hushed,  the  uses  of  education 
had  been  enlarged,  and  it  had  been  applied  to  the  direct  purposes  oi  human 
happiness.  It  belonged  to  the  United  States,  free  as  its  people  were  from  ties 
of  abuse  and  barricades  of  custom,  especially  to  foster  this  spirit.  He  ad- 
mitted that  we  had  not  marched  forward  as  rapidly  in  science  as  we  had  ad- 
vanced in  the  substantial  enjoyments  of  life,  and  spoke  of  the  keen  appetite 
for  what  is  immediately  profitable  and  the  fact  that  Europe  had  furnished  us 
the  science  and  philosophy  of  older  nations  in  abundance,  as  possible  reasons 
for  this  partial  progress.  There  was  no  surer  way  of  remedying  the  defect 
thus  pointed  out  than  by  rearing  up  institutions  of  learning. 

The  rudiments  of  education  were  well  taught  our  people,  perhaps  better 
than  in  any  other  land;  but  as  yet  the  arts  and  sciences  were  not  available  to 
our  people  generally  who  were  unable  to  go  elsewhere  to  seek  them.  1  le 
pointed  out  how  much  was  being  done  in  Boston,  in  New  York,  in  Virginia, 
in  Philadelphia  and  elsewhere,  to  foster  higher  education.  He  spoke  of  the 
long  entertained  policy  of  Maryland  to  plant  a  University  within  her  confines 
— as  shown  by  the  incorporation  of  St.  John's  and  Washington  College  into 
a  University  in  1  7S4,  when  there  was  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  wealth 
of  commerce  and  the  tide  of  population  would  be  poured  into  the  lap  of 
Annapolis,  then  the  capital  ami  the  principal  city  ol  the  State.  He  com- 
mended the  men  who  conceived  ami  planned  that  older  University,  limited 
only  to  the  Arts  and  Sciences.  Their  purposes  were  frustrated  by  the  sub- 
•Pampht.  pp.  26. 


466  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

sequent  withdrawal  of  support.  In  1812  the  University  was  revived  under 
new  and  happier  auspices. 

The  Trustees  have  now  considered  it  to  he  their  duty  to  invite  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  State  to  the  immediate  support  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  and  as  the  representative  of  that  Faculty  he  proceeded  to  explain 
the  general  outlines  of  the  proposed  organization.  The  chairs  of  Political 
Kconomy,  History  and  Natural  Philosophy  had  been  filled  for  some  years, 
but  without  any  condition  on  the  part  of  the  Trustees  that  the  incumbents 
should  be  required  to  deliver  lectures.  Recently  the  Faculty  had  been  com- 
pleted and  consisted  of  eleven  professorships,  viz. : 

Ancient  Languages, 

History, 

Political  Economy, 

Natural  Philosophy, 

Mineralogy  and  Geology, 

Natural  History, 

Rhetoric  and  Belles  Pettres, 

Moral  and  Intellectual  Philosophy, 

Botany, 

Mathematics, 

Chemistry  Applied  to  the  Arts. 

The  Faculty  had  deliberated  constantly  and  anxiously  as  to  the  best 
plan,  and  had  adopted  and  distributed  their  plan  through  the  State.  It  was 
the  most  comprehensive  plan  of  any  institution  in  the  country.  Preliminary 
study  was  necessary  in  order  to  enter  the  lowest  class  of  the  College  Depart- 
ment, and  it  was  believed  the  academies  of  the  State  would  shape  their  in- 
struction with  a  view  of  meeting  the  requirements.  Meanwhile  the  Trustees 
had  announced  their  determination  to  establish  an  elementary  school  of  their 
own,  designed  to  prepare  students  for  the  college  career. 

Besides  the  regular  training  of  students  in  all  the  branches  of  science  and 
letters,  it  was  the  design  of  the  Trustees  to  open  their  halls  to  the  free  use  of 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  467 

the  public  in  any  department,  so  that  persons  of  all  ages  anil  ot  either  sex 
might  employ  their  leisure  in  the  cultivation  of  any  branch  ol  literature  or 
science.  Every  privilege  ol  the  University,  short  ot  obtaining  its  degrees, 
was  available  by  the  general  public.  It  was  thought  that  the  effect  ol  this 
invitation  would  lead  the  citizens  ol  Baltimore  to  a  love  of  learning,  ami  that 
they  would  not  be  slow  to  avail  themselves  of  the  advantages  offered,  ami 
which  were  depicted  in  glowing  language:  "The  scope  of  this  regulation  is 
to  impress  upon  the  citizens  of  Baltimore  a  love  of  the  Liberal  Sciences,  to 
invite  them  into  the  grave  and  pleasant  pursuits  of  learning,  to  bring  to  every 
man's  door  the  wares  of  intellect,  and  to  teach  them  that  the  leisure  which  is 
squandered  in  idle  pleasures  or  vacant  quiet  may  be  turned  to  a  profitable 
account  by  multiplying  the  enjoyments  of  thought  and  exercising  the  faculties 
of  mind.  I  can  feel  and  understand  the  happy  influence  which  a  success- 
ful administration  of  this  scheme  must  have  upon  a  society  like  ours.  Every 
man  has  frequent  occasion  to  feel  how  valuable  a  portion  of  his  life  is  wasted 
in  the  mere  apathy  of  rest — none  more  than  the  man  habitually  devoted  to 
his  business.  There  are  moments  when  the  shade  of  unoccupied  feelings 
comes  heavily  over  his  mind,  depressing  his  spirits,  obscuring  his  enjoyments 
and  inflicting  the  pain  of  a  melancholy  moodiness  upon  his  existence.  To 
him,  unblessed  with  the  stores  of  intellectual  pleasure,  such  visitations  are 
sufficiently  frequent  to  leave  their  impressions  upon  his  character.  We  shall 
contribute  in  no  small  degree  to  the  enjoyments  of  that  man  if  we  can  suc- 
ceed in  luring  him  within  the  Halls  of  the  University,  and  induce  him  to 
appropriate  that  modicum  of  his  time  which  is  not  solicited  by  his  business  to 
the  cultivation  of  the  elegant  and  useful  arts.  The  members  of  the  several 
professions,  too,  will  find  many  inducements  to  apply  themselves  to  these 
studies.  The  progress  of  science  can  never  be  uninteresting  or  useless  in  any 
of  its  departments  to  them;  and  if  such  pursuits  have  not  hitherto  occupied  a 
share  of  their  time,  it  is  because  they  have  not  had  the  facilities  which  the 
presence  of  a  University  can  alone  supply." 

The  utility  of  the  lectures  was  to  be  increased  by  giving  to  them  the 


468  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

form  of  a  popular  extension,  and  by  consulting  the  convenience  of  all  classes 
of  the  public.     The  Trustees  had  already  begun  the  foundation  of  a  library. 

The  regular  course  leading  to  the  degree  extended  over  four  years,  and 
was  to  be  accompanied  by  auxiliary  reading  and  frequent  examinations.  The 
Professor  of  Theology  was  to  deliver  a  course  of  lectures  to  the  students  of 
the  Collegiate  department  on  Natural  Theology  and  the  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity, but  no  student  would  be  required  to  attend  these  lectures  without  the 
assent  or  direction  of  his  parents  or  guardian,  and  the  lecturer  was  to  keep 
steadily  in  view  the  prominent  feature  of  the  charter  requiring  the  widest 
religious  toleration. 

It  was  not  contemplated  to  board  or  lodge  the  students  in  the  College, 
the  congregation  of  many  young  men  under  the  same  roof  being  regarded  as 
in  many  respects  prejudicial  to  sound  and  wholesome  control  over  their  habits 
and  morals.  The  annual  charge  of  each  student  entering  for  the  degree  was 
one  hundred  dollars  per  annum;  modern  languages  were  extra.  The  plan 
was  now  about  to  go  into  operation.  It  was  the  intention  of  the  Faculty  to 
adhere  strictly  to  the  requirements  of  admission  even  if  this  should  exclude 
every  applicant,  and  to  begin  the  course  with  any  number,  however  small. 
The  speaker  said  that  the  members  of  the  Faculty  had  no  selfish  or  interested 
motive  in  assuming  their  tasks.  From  their  station  in  society  and  occupations 
it  must  be  a  long  time  before  they  could  expect  any  adequate  remuneration 
tor  their  labors.  He  claimed  for  himself  and  his  colleagues  that  they  were 
actuated  only  by  a  desire  to  promote  the  public  advantage,  and  realized  fully 
the  sacrifices  that  they  had  assumed  in  the  positions  which,  without  solicita- 
tion on  their  part,  they  now  held. 

"The  sacrifice  we  make,"  he  said,  "entitles  us  to  ask  a  zealous  and  in- 
dulgent co-operation  from  the  intelligent  community  with  which  we  are  sur- 
rounded. There  are  both  the  means  and  the  spirit  amongst  our  citizens  to 
achieve  all  that  our  fondest  wishes  have  aspired  to,  if  they  can  be  enlisted  in 
the  cause.  Our  failure,  after  this  effort,  would  produce  disappointment  and 
regret,  though  unattended  with  any  sentiment  of  mortification  or  self-abase- 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  469 

ment,  because  it  would  be  an  evidence,  not  rliat  we  are  unworthy  oi  success, 
but  that  the  public  are  not  sufficiently  awake  to  the  great  and  commanding 
interest  which  we  have  endeavored  to  impress  upon  them,  ll  we  succeed, 
then  will  follow  a  glorious  consummation.  We  shall  have  the  satisfaction 
to  know  that  we  have  sown  the  seeds  of  a  rich  and  bountiful  harvest  amongst 
this  people,  that  we  have  communicated  to  them  an  impulse  that  will  quicken 
into  action  the  noblest  faculties  that  belong  to  man,  that  will  give  new  apti- 
tudes to  the  genius  of  our  citizens,  that  will  open  bright  and  glorious  visions 
upon  their  sight,  that  will  refine  their  feelings,  polish  their  manners,  and  ele- 
vate their  character.  We  shall  have  erected  a  powerful  engine  on  this  spot 
whose  mechanism  shall  lift  this  whole  society  into  a  higher  scale  of  being, 
and  communicate  to  it  an  influence  and  weight  that  shall  make  it  a  subject  of 
praise  and  imitation  throughout  the  wide  extent  of  our  Union.  With  such  a 
meed  before  us  the  hand  that  labors  shall  never  grow  tired  nor  the  heart 
faint.  It  rests  with  the  parents  and  guardians  of  the  youth  of  this  city  to 
respond  to  these  hopes,  and  I  confess  I  trust  with  confidence  to  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  people  of  Baltimore,  that  this  occasion  will  not  be  allowed  to 
pass  away  without  such  an  efficient  concurrence  in  our  design  as  shall  assure 
us  that  we  have  but  to  persevere  in  the  performance  of  our  duty  to  secure  the 
faithful  fulfilment  of  theirs." 

In  the  "Laws  for  the  Government  of  the  Academical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,"  it  is  provided  that  three  or  more  of  the  Trustees 
shall  be  appointed  as  visitors  to  keep  themselves  informed  as  to  the  condition 
of  the  Department,  and  report  to  the  Board.  The  Professor  of  Ancient 
Languages  is  appointed  Principal.  Tutors  are  provided  for,  one  to  every 
twenty  scholars.  The  sessions  are  to  last  ten  months;  the  full  course  four 
years.  The  period  of  instruction  lasts  from  six  and  a  half  to  eight  hours. 
The  studies  are  to  be  reading,  writing,  English  grammar,  composition,  mod- 
ern geography  with  the  use  of  globes,  arithmetic,  bookkeeping,  mensura- 
tion, navigation,  fluxions,  and  the  other  elementary  as  well  as  higher  branches 
of  mathematics;  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy;  Latin,  Greek,  French, 


47o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

German  and  Spanish;  ancienl   geography  and  history,  rhetoric,  logic  and 
moral  philosophy. 

The  "College  Faculty"  as  given  in  the  announcement  were:  Rev. 
Charles  Williams,  I).  1).,  President  and  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages;* 
fohn  P.  Kennedy,  Vice  President  and  Professor  of  History;  I  Ion.  Charles 
W.  Hanson,  Professor  of  Political  Economy;  William  Howard,  M.  I)., 
Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy;  Joshua  I.  Cohen,  M.  1).,  Professor  ol 
Mineralogy  and  Geology;  George  Prick,  M.  I).,  Professor  of  Natural  His- 
tory; Peter  I  I.  Cruse,  Professor  <d'  Rhetoric  and  Belles  Lettres;  Geqrge  II. 
Calvert,  Professor  of  Moral  and  Intellectual  Philosophy;  William  Fisher, 
M.  I).,  Professor  of  Botany;  Edward  I  linkley,  Treasurer  ami  Professor  of 
Mathematics;  Julius  T.  Ducatel,  Secretary  and  Professor  of  Chemistry  Ap- 
plied to  the  Arts.  The  "(  Mliccrs"  of  the  Academical  Department  were:  Rev. 
C.  Williams,  I).  I).,  Principal;  Rev.  John  Ulhorn,  A.  M.,  Professor  of 
Greek;  Mr.  John  Carr,  Tutor  in  Latin;  Mr.  Richard  Cotter,  'Tutor  in 
Mathematics;  Mr.  T.  J.  T.i/ouard,  Instructor  in  French;  Mr.  I.  F.  Preto, 
Instructor  in  Spanish;   Rev.  John  Ulhorn,  A.  M.,   Instructor  in  German. 

The  fees  were  about  $60  a  year  for  the  classical  department,  $40  tor 
the  English  department,  modern  languages  and  drawing  were  $20  extra; 
there  was  a  small  extra  charge  also  for  fuel  ami  stationery.  For  distant 
pupils  provision  was  made  in  the  families  oi  the  professors,  at  $250  per 
annum  lor  board,  lodging,  washing  and  tuition. 

After  all  this  eloquence,  all  these  bright  anticipations,  all  these  stirring 
appeals  to  local  pride  and  patriotism,  it  is  sad  to  have  to  record  failure  as 
the  result.  But  Marvlandcrs  continued  to  send  their  sons  to  Princeton,  to 
Harvard,  Vale  and  other  colleges,  the  students  were  not  forthcoming  and 
no  funds  were  contributed  for  endozvment.  For  the  lew  who  came,  instruc- 
tion was  given  in  the  Athenaeum  building  and  in  the  Mulberry  street  build- 
ing.    Professors  Calvert,  1  linkley  and  Williams  gave  instruction  lor  at  least 


Mi..  Williams  had  beeii  previously  Principal  of  the  Baltimore  College.     Mr.  Hanson  was 
a  judge. 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  471 

two  years  and  probably  lor  several  years  longer.  < '!  the  other  professors 
we  know  nothing,  ["he  enthusiasm  with  wlmh  they  started  soon  died  oul 
and  they  became  discouraged  and  gave  up  their  thankless  and  hopeless  task. 
Such  a  result  might  have  been  foreseen  from  Mr.  Kennedy's  acknowledg- 
ment ol  inadequate  salaries.  It  was  not  to  be  expected  thai  any  should 
give  up  their  time  and  expend  their  efforts  for  nothing,  much  less  the  distin- 
guished scholars  who  had  been  gathered  together  into  this  faculty.  Mu- 
scimol continued  in  a  very  feeble  way  with  a  few  scholars,  chiefly  in  the 
preparatory  department;  we  do  not  read  that  any  degrees  were  given. 

In  [833  there  were  fifty  day  scholars,  no  hoarders.  At  this  tune  St. 
Mary's  College,  adjoining  the  Seminar)  ol  Si.  Sulpice  (Roman  Catholic), 
had  one  hundred  and  ninety-one  students,  over  one  hundred  ol  whom  were 
hoarders;  it  also  had  a  library  of  ten  thousand  volumes  and  a  botanical  gar- 
den. Asbury  College,  which  occupied  the  second  floor  of  the  building  at  the 
corner  of  North  and  Fayette  streets,  had  sixty  day  pupils.* 

In  a  short  time  Rev.  Dr.  Williams  withdrew  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
John  Prentiss  as  President  ol  the  Faculty. 

1  have  met  with  a  record  of  Jacob  H.  Quimby,  who  is  said  to  have  been 
"Professor  of  Latin  and  Greek."  Me  was  a  native  ol  Springfield,  New 
I  lampshire.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  graduated  at  Dartmouth  t  ollcge. 
lie  then  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  practicing  probably  at 
Albany.  I  le  is  said  to  have  been  a  great  student,  understanding  seven  lan- 
guages. Mis  death  occurred  in  Baltimore  in  1S3X,  at  the  age  ol  thirty-one; 
resolutions  adopted  by  his  students  were  published  in  The  American  ol  Feb- 
ruary 9. 

On  December  29,  1X40,  Mr.  Prentiss'  resignation  was  announced  to  the 

Regents  by  Rev.  John  (..  Morris,  I).  D.,  Dean  of  the  Facultj  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  anil  Mr.  I  lorace  Morrison  took  his  place.  Fifty  students  were  re- 
ported in  attendance  at  that  time. 


*A  Complete   View  of   Baltimore.      Bj   Charles  Varle,  Civil  Engineer.     Baltimore,  1833, 


472  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

In  1842*  the  "officers  of  instruction"  were  Horace  Morrison,  A.  M., 
President,  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy  and  Instructor 
in  Intellectual  and  Moral  Philosophy;  John  B.  Henck,  A.  B.,  Instructor  in 
the  Latin  and  Greek  Languages;  Samuel  A.  Morison,  Esq.,  Instructor  in  the 
Preparatory  Department;  J.  A.  Pizarro,  Esq.,  Instructor  in  the  Spanish  Lan- 
guage; T.  J.  Bizouard,  Esq.,  Instructor  in  the  French  Language;  A.  Freitag, 
LL.  D.,  Instructor  in  the  German  Language;  Josiah  C.  Robinson,  Esq.,  In- 
structor in  Writing,  Bookkeeping,  Drawing  and  Painting;  Frederick  Lu- 
chesi,  Esq.,  Instructor  in  Instrumental  Music;  Charles  L.  Bartlett,  Esq.,  In- 
structor in  Vocal  Music.  The  number  of  students  attending  the  previous 
session  was  fifty-three,  thirty-nine  in  the  Collegiate  Department  and  fourteen 
in  the  Preparatory  Department.  All  of  these  were  from  Baltimore  except 
one,  who  was  credited  to  Philadelphia. 

The  prospectus  begins  with  a  statement  of  the  advantages  offered  in 
situations,  in  quarters,  in  play-ground  and  in  scientific  and  astronomical  ap- 
paratus. The  buildings  and  apparatus  being  enjoyed  free  of  expense, 
enabled  the  Faculty  to  offer  tuition  at  a  less  charge  than  a  private  institution 
could  afford  to  do.  A  somewhat  ominous  sign  is  afforded  by  "the  confidence 
of  the  hope"  expressed,  "that  an  enlightened  community  will  not  suffer  one 
of  its  principal  public  institutions  to  languish  for  want  of  the  patronage  it 
deserves,  and  which  is  all  that  is  necessary  to  place  it  on  an  equality  with  any 
similar  institution."  There  seems  to  have  been  no  condition  as  to  age  and 
the  curriculum  set  forth  shows  that  some  of  the  students  in  the  preparatory 
department  must  have  been  of  very  tender  years.  The  studies  prescribed  for 
the  Academic  and  Collegiate  departments  were  sufficiently  varied  and  ad- 
vanced, and  doubtless  compared  favorably  with  other  institutions  of  similar 
rank.  There  were  three  public  examinations  by  the  Board  of  Examiners; 
the  annual  exhibition  was  held  on  the  Wednesday  preceding  Easter.  The 
session  lasted  about  ten  and  a  half  months,  commencing  at  the  beginning  of 
September.     The  expenses  of  the  collegiate  department  were  $15  per  quar- 


*Annual  Circular  of  the  Collegiate  Department  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  1842. 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  473 

ter,  with  extra  fees  for  modern  languages,  drawing,  and  music,  and  small 
charges  for  stationery  and  fuel. 

On  March  3,  1843,  trie  Commissioners  of  Public  Schools  petitioned  the 
Regents  for  the  transfer  of  the  institution  to  the  city  for  a  high  school.  The 
petition  was  rejected  but  on  legal  grounds  alone.  It  continued  to  run  down 
and  on  April  5,  1852,  there  were  but  thirty-six  pupils  and  Mr.  Morrison 
was  the  sole  teacher. 

In  October,  1854,  Mr.  Morrison  was  induced  to  resign  and  the  De- 
partment was  reorganized  under  Rev.  E.  A.  Dalrymple,  previously  Rector 
of  the  Episcopal  High  School  near  Alexandria.  Mr.  Dalrymple  was  a  thor- 
ough classical  scholar  and  a  great  bibliophile.  He  was  a  teacher  of  the  old 
school  and  believed  in  corporal  punishment.  It  was  proposed  at  this  time  to 
sell  the  Mulberry  street  property,  if  $25,000  could  be  obtained  for  it  and  to 
locate  elsewhere,  but  it  was  finally  decided  to  remain.  A  mortgage  of  $5,000 
was  placed  upon  the  property  with  which  another  story  was  added  and  the 
building  otherwise  improved. 

The  institution  now  took  the  name  "The  School  of  Letters  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland."  As  before,  it  embraced  the  two  divisions — Prepara- 
tory and  Collegiate,  and  special  attention  was  bestowed  upon  the  Latin  and 
Greek  Classics  and  Mathematics,  as  the  foundation  of  all  sound  learning. 
The  importance  attached  to  the  languages  is  shown  by  the  requirement  that 
all  preparatory  students  study  at  least  one  ancient  and  one  modern  language. 

The  students  of  the  College  department  were  divided  into  three  classes 
— Junior,  Middle  and  Senior — it  being  understood  that  they  had  mastered 
the  studies  of  the  Freshman  year  in  the  preparatory  course.  Each  senior 
class  attended  at  least  four  recitations  or  lectures  daily  and  the  curriculum 
was  a  most  complete  and  thorough  one.  Medals  were  given  in  the  prepara- 
tory department  and  a  gold  medal  to  the  student  standing  highest  in  each  ot 
the  College  classes.  The  degrees  of  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  were  conferred — the 
latter  three  years  after  receiving  the  lower  degree  conditional  upon  writing 
an  original  essay.     The  term  lasted  from  the  second  Monday  in  September 


474  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

to  the  third  Thursday  in  June;  the  sessions  began  at  8.30  or  9  a.  m.  and 
closed  at  2.30  p.  m.,  Saturday  being  observed  as  a  holiday.  The  number  of 
students  for  the  session  of  1854-55  was  twenty-three,  all  being  from  Balti- 
more except  four.  This  number  had  increased  the  next  session  to  seventy- 
four,  five  of  whom  were  from  outside  the  city.  The  fees  were  $100  in  the 
Preparatory,  and  $125  in  the  Collegiate  department,  with  no  extras.  Ma- 
triculation fee — paid  once — $5. 

The  Register  of  the  session  1855-56*  gives  the  following  as  the 
"Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  Members  of  the  Board  of  Regents:"  Rev. 
E.  A.  Dalrymple,  Dean;  Rev.  George  W.  Burnap,  D.  D. ;  J.  R.  W.  Dunbar, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology;  J.  H.  Alexander,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of 
Physics;  Campbell  Morfit,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry;  and  the  follow- 
ing as  "Officers:"  Rev.  E.  A.  Dalrymple,  A.  M.,  President  and  Professor  of 
Ancient  Languages;  J.  H.  Alexander,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Natural  Phil- 
osophy; Campbell  Morfit,  Professor  of  Chemistry;  Richard  Cotter,  A.  M., 
Professor  of  Mathematics;  Charles  H.  Dupuy,  Professor  of  French  and 
German;  A.  J.  Dalrymple,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  English  Branches;  Augustus 
John,  Professor  of  Drawing;  Rev.  Robert  Piggot,  Professor  of  Penman- 
ship. 

In  the  Catalogue  of  1856-57,  Messrs.  M.  Dulaney  Ball,  A.  B.,  and 
Jean  Benner  are  added  to  the  "officers,"  the  former  as  Assistant  Professor  of 
Ancient  Languages  and  Mathematics,  the  latter  as  Professor  of  French,  Ger- 
man and  History.  The  number  of  students  had  risen  to  106,  but  only  nine 
of  these  were  in  the  College  department  (the  first  College  class). 

For  the  session  of  1857-58,  Dr.  Campbell  Mortit's  name  drops  out. 
In  the  list  of  the  Faculty  it  is  replaced  by  that  of  Jacob  I.  Cohen,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Mineralogy,  and  in  that  of  the  "officers"  by  that  of  Alfred  M. 
Mayer,  Assistant  Professor  of  Physics  and  Chemistry.  J.  H.  Alexander 
ceases  to  be  an  "officer,"  while  retaining  his  place  as  Regent.     The  previous 

"Register  of  the  Faculty,  Officerx  and  Students  of  Ihe  Acn/lemic  Department  (The  School  of  Letter-.! 
under  the  Faculty  of  Art-  and  Sciences  of  the  University  of  Man-land  (with  the  course  of 
Study,  piasses_,  Terms,  etc.).  Session  1855-56. 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  47; 

year  all  the  students  of  the  College  department  had  been  juniors;  now   we 
have  a  "junior"  and  a  "middle  class."    The  total  number  oi  students  was  121. 

In  the  session  of  [858-59  there  are  fourteen  collegians,  one  being  a 
senior,  Mr.  Isaac  Brooks.     Total  students  107. 

In  the  session  of  1  859-60,  Hew  Dr.  Burnap's  name  disappears  from  the 
"Faculty"  and  Regents.  George  W.  Stone,  A.  M.,  takes  the  place  of  M. 
Dulaney  Ball,  as  Assistant  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  and  Mathema- 
tics, and  George  A.  Witte,  A.  M.,  assumes  the  Professorship  of  German 
and  French,  vice  Charles  H.  Dupuy,  A.  M.  There  are  ten  in  the  College 
department  and  ninety-one  students  in  all.  Isaac  Brooks,  Jr.,  receives  the 
degree  of  A.  B. 

With  the  session  of  i8<;9-6o  is  begun  the  enumeration  of  the  sessions 
as  dating  from  1.804-05,  this  being  the  fifty-fifth.  Ibis  numbering  is  kept 
up  as  long  as  the  catalogues  were  issued.  It  shows  what  was  the  fact,  that 
the  School  was  a  direct  continuation  from  Baltimore  College,  whose  charter 
it  assumed  in  1831  and  which  began  in  1804. 

The  Constitution  and  By-Laws  of  the  "Literary  Society  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Maryland"  shows  that  there  was  such  an  organization,  composed  of 
the  teachers,  students  and  alumni,  and  designed  to  promote  extemporaneous 
speaking  and  literary  composition.  The  meetings  were  held  weekly  during 
the  session.  The  proceedings  consisted  of  the  reading  of  original  composi- 
tions, declamations,  and  the  discussion  of  questions  selected  for  debate. 

The  next  three  sessions  are  contained  in  one  Catalogue  or  "Register." 
There  has  evidently  been  a  falling  off  in  attendance  for  the  whole  number 
of  students  for  the  three  years  is  but  131 — although,  of  course,  many  oi 
these  names  must  be  doubled  or  trebled  to  represent  the  attendance  each  year. 

In  i860  the  degree  of  A.  B.  was  conferred  on  William  S.  Pinkney, 
William  Reynolds,  Jr.,  Henry  McElderry  and  Joseph  S.  Hopkins,  all  of 
Baltimore,  public  addresses  being  delivered  by  all  of  these,  vi/.:  The  Pleas- 
ure and  Profit  of  Classical  Studies,  Mr.  Pinkney;  Influence  of  the  Fine  .Iris 
Upon  National  Character,   Mr.   Reynolds;  Oliver  Cromwell,   Mr.   McF.l- 


476  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

derry;  Progress  of  Human  Knowledge,  Mr.  Hopkins.  Messrs.  Pinkney 
and  Reynolds  received  gold  medals.  The  Commencement  was  held  at  the 
New  Assembly  Rooms,  Lombard  street.  At  the  same  time  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  Rev.  Joshua  Morsell,  D.  C,  and  Rev. 
William  Hodges,  N.  C. 

In  i  86 1  the  A.  B.  degree  was  conferred  upon  Theodore  C.  Gambrall, 
Alexander  M.  Fulford,  and  George  W.  Abell,  all  of  Baltimore,  the  last 
receiving  the  highest  honor;  all  made  addresses.  No  degree  was  given  in 
1862,  but  in  1863  the  A.  B.  was  given  to  David  S.  Denison,  of  Baltimore. 
In  1862-63  Mr.  William  Reynolds,  Jr.'s,  name  appears  as  Professor  of 
Mathematics. 

The  next  "Register"  is  devoted  to  the  three  sessions  1863-66.  New 
names  of  officers  arc  Rev.  Theodore  Gambrall,  A.  M.,  Mathematics; 
Charles  De  Heerdt,  French  and  German;  Charles  A.  Wagner,  M.  D., 
Do.;  A.  Richter  Sander,  Do.  (all  1864-65)  ;  Albert  F!  Brachmann,  A.  M., 
Do.  (1865-66).  But  one  senior  appears — Mr.  Louis  McKim,  of  Balti- 
more, receiving  the  A.  B.,  at  the  close  of  the  session  1865-66.  The  fees  had 
been  raised  in  the  Preparatory  department  from  $100  to  $125  and  in  the 
College  department  from  $125  to  $145.  In  1864  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  was  conferred  upon  Rev.  Theodore  C.  Gambrall,  of  Baltimore,  and 
Alexander  M.  Fulford,  of  Harford  County,  Maryland. 

On  the  5th  of  April,  1864,  a  meeting  of  the  President,  Professors  and 
students  was  held  at  the  College  building,  to  take  action  on  the  death  of  Mr. 
Jean  Benner,  the  Professor  of  French  and  History,  who  had  died  on  the 
31st  of  the  previous  month,  in  his  sixty-first  year.  He  was  a  genial,  virtuous 
and  learned  scholar,  a  native  of  Minister,  France,  a  former  Professor  of 
History  and  Political  Economy  in  the  College  of  Geneva,  and  author  of  a 
work  entitled,  "Commentaire  Philosophique  et  Politique  sur  l'Histoire  et 
les  Revolutions  de  France,  de  1789  a  1830."  That  he  had  endeared  himself 
deeply  to  his  students  is  shown  by  their  erection  of  a  monument  to  him  in 


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SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  479 

Baltimore  Cemetery,  where  he  was  buried,  setting  forth  the  fact,  and  also  his 
accomplishments. 

We  have  no  records  of  this  department  at  hand  from  which  to  report 
in  detail  its  progress  from  this  time  on,  even  if  such  a  thing  were  desirable. 
We  may  infer  that  the  course  was  steadily  downward.  On  February  2, 
1872,  Dr.  Dalrymple  informs  the  Provost  that  the  vacancies  in  the  Faculty 
had  been  filled  and  that  the  following  constituted  at  that  time  said  Faculty: 
Edwin  A.  Dalrymple,  A.  M.,  Dean  and  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages; 
Julian  J.  Alexander,  Esq.,  Professor  of  Political  Economy;  Philip  T.  Tyson, 
Esq.,  Professor  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy;  Augustine  J.  Dalrymple, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  History  and  Geography;  Rev.  Hugh  T.  Harrison, 
A.  M.,  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy,  all  of  the  new  incumbents  having 
been  at  some  period  students  and  all  being  natives  of  Baltimore. 

To  this  Mr.  Wallis,  Provost,  replied  calling  attention  to  the  provisions 
of  the  charter,  Sections  8,  9  and  10,  with  reference  to  the  composition  of  the 
Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  asking  for  an  explanation.  He  adds  that 
the  Faculty  is  not  complete,  and  has  not  been  complete  and  capable  of  elect- 
ing professors  for  many  years.  At  the  next  meeting  of  the  Board,  held  in 
April  following,  a  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Wallis,  Brown,  Dobbin, 
Dallam  and  Carter,  was  appointed  to  consider  and  report  upon  the  above 
communication  of  Dr.  Dalrymple,  but  there  is  no  record  of  any  such  report. 

On  November  22,  1876,  Professor  Yenable,  of  another  Committee, 
reports  that  all  teaching  has  been  suspended  in  the  Department  and  that  the 
building  is  partly  unoccupied  and  unused,  the  west  front  room  being  occu- 
pied for  the  lectures  upon  law  and  the  east  front  room  as  Dr.  Dalrymple's 
office  or  study. 

On  June  10,  1878,  it  is  reported  to  the  Board  that  the  Faculty  of  Arts     ' 
and  Sciences  has  abandoned  the  building.     A  resolution  was  adopted  author- 
izing the  Doctor  "to  sell  the  chattels  belonging  to  the  School  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  and  apply  the  proceeds  to  the  payment  of  such  claims  as  may  be  due 
to  him."     It  was  at  this  meeting  that  the  Doctor  brought  in  a  claim  against 


48o  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  institution  "for  repairs,  advances  and  interest  on  the  building  to  July  i, 
1878,"  amounting  to  $2,213.53 — $850.26  of  this  being  principal  and 
$1,363.36  being  interest.  On  motion  of  Professor  Tiffany,  a  committee 
of  three — with  the  Provost  as  chairman — was  appointed  to  audit  this 
account.  The  other  two  members  of  this  committee  were  Professors'Tiffany 
and  Poe. 

The  committe  reported  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  held  on  June  24, 
1878.     The  following  is  their  report  in  full : 
"To  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  Maryland: 

"The  undersigned,  appointed  a  committee  at  the  last  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Regents,  to  audit  the  account  presented  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  E.  A.  Dal- 
rymple,  beg  leave  respectfully  to  report: 

"That  they  have  not  undertaken  to  inquire  into  the  correctness  of  the 
items  charged  in  the  account,  having  assumed  it  to  be  the  unanimous  sense 
of  the  Regents,  that  Dr.  Dalrymple's  statement  is  a  sufficient  voucher  for 
the  accuracy,  as  it,  of  course,  is,  for  the  good  faith  of  his  charges. 

"The  account  commences  nearly  22  years  back  and  is  stated  as 
between  Dr.  Dalrymple  and  'The  University  of  Maryland  Faculty  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.'  With  the  exception  of  a  few  debits  and  credits  between  the  29th 
Sept.,  1856,  and  the  1st  July,  1857,  leaving  a  balance  in  favor  of  Dr.  Dal- 
rymple of  $572.30,  to  be  carried  forward  at  the  latter  date,  it  is  simply  an 
account  current  between  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  Dr.  Dal- 
rymple, as  its  Treasurer.  The  final  balance  in  favor  of  Dr.  Dalrymple  is 
$2,213.53  as  °f  July  I)  1878,  $850.26  of  that  amount  being  principal  and 
$1,363.26  interest. 

"The  Committee  think  it  very  clear  that  no  valid  claim  for  this  balance 
can  be  set  up  against  the  Regents  upon  the  theory  that  the  Corporation  is 
responsible  for  debts  contracted  by  any  of  its  faculties.  With  the  exception 
of  the  Faculty  of  Physic,  the  Faculties  of  the  University  are  not  corporations, 
nor  have  they  any  capacity  to  make  contracts,  except  upon  the  faith  and  re- 
sponsibility of  their  individual  members.      The  University  has  no  money 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  |Xi 

endowment  and  no  pecuniary  means  for  either  its  general  purposes  or  those 

of  any  of  its  Faculties.  These  latter  have,  therefore,  been  compelled,  from 
the  beginning,  to  depend  upon  themselves,  except  in  so  far  as  the  State  from 
time  to  time,  has  chosen  to  make  appropriations  for  their  benefit  respecth  ely. 
Such  appropriations  as  were  made  for  the  specific  benefit  ol  the  Faculty  oi 
Arts  and  Sciences  were  applied  to  its  use  directly,  none,  it  is  believed,  being  ol 
later  date  than  that  made  by  the  Act  of  1  S 25,  eh.  1  SS,  by  which  S2,nni)  were 
given  to  purchase  apparatus  for  that  Faculty.  It  was  expressly  provided  by 
the  last-mentioned  act,  that  no  part  of  any  residue  which  might  remain  in 
the  hands  of  the  Corporation  for  the  general  benefit  of  the  University,  after 
payment  of  amounts  specifically  given  to  the  respective  faculties,  should  In- 
expended  in  payment  of  salaries  or  other  annual  expenses.  In  this  the  Legis- 
lature but  carried  out  its  fixed  policy  of  leaving  every  Faculty  to  its  own  re- 
sources for  its  own  support  and  expanding  the  aid  of  the  State  only  for  the 
purchase  or  erection  of  buildings,  the  purchase  of  library  ami  apparatus,  or 
the  repayment  of  monies  borrowed  or  expended  for  one  or  other  ol  these 
objects.  Under  these  circumstances,  it  is  not  perceived  that- the  University 
can  possibly  have  any  thing  to  do  with  the  accounts  between  the  Faculty 
of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  its  Treasurer,  unless  there  should  be  some  basis 
of  obligation  on  the  part  of  the  Corporation  other  than  the  mere  relation  of 
that  Faculty  to  it  under  the  charter.  It  is  suggested  that  some  such  obliga- 
tion is  created  by  the  peculiar  relation  of  the  University  to  the  Mulberry 
street  property.  The  Committee  are  unable  to  perceive  the  force  oi  this 
suggestion. 

"By  the  act  of  1830,  Ch.  50,  ami  the  deed  of  Apr.  4,  1831,  executed 
thereunder,  by  the  Trustees  of  Baltimore  College  to  the  University,  the 
latter  took  the  property  in  trust  to  'hold'  it,  and  in  ease  of  sale  to  'hold  its 
proceeds,  in  perpetuity,  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  Faculty  oi  Arts  and 
Sciences,  to  be  used  for  the  promotion  of  collegiate  education.  There  was 
no  power  whatever  given  to  part  with  the  trust  fund.  The  sole  power  and 
express  duty  was  to  'hold'  it  for  the  uses  named.     The  property,  not  ha\  ing 


4&2  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

been  sold,  the  Faculty  took  possession  of  it  with  the  consent  of  the  Regents 
and  used  and  occupied  it.  This  permission  exhausted  the  power  of  the  Uni- 
versity in  the  matter  and  the  use  exhausted  for  the  time  the  rights  of  the 
Faculty  in  the  property.  The  University  was  not  bound  to  keep  the  buildings 
in  repair  or  to  pay  any  of  the  current  charges  thereupon;  for  it  derived  no 
rents  from  them  and  had  no  funds  from  other  sources  for  that  purpose.  It 
was  for  the  Faculty  and  its  professors,  alone,  to  determine  whether  the  re- 
ceipts from  their  employment  of  the  property  would  probably  justify  them  in 
employing  it  and  in  spending  money  upon  it,  or  did  justify  them  in  continu- 
ing their  use  of  and  expenditures  upon  it  for  collegiate  purposes.  If  large 
profits  had  enured  from  such  use  and  outlay,  they  alone  would  have  the  bene- 
fit of  them.  The  'University'  would  have  no  claim  to  a  single  dollar  thus 
derived.  There  was,  therefore,  not  only  no  legal  obligation  on  the  part  of 
the  University  as  trustee  to  pay  the  debts  incurred  by  the  beneficial  owner  in 
using  and  employing  the  trust  property,  but  it  seems  to  the  Committtee,  that 
there  is  no  shadow  of  equity  in  imposing  any  part  of  the  burden  upon  those 
who  under  no  circumstances  could  have  had  any  part  of  the  profits. 

"But  it  has  been  further  suggested  that  inasmuch  as  the  Act  of  1878, 
Ch.  138,  has  authorized  the  Regents  to  sell  the  Mulberry  St.  property,  and 
apply  the  proceeds  to  the  use:  of  any  of  the  Faculties  of  the  University 
and  for  its  general  uses,  it  is  but  equitable  to  apply  a  portion  of  these  pro- 
ceeds to  the  liquidation  of  the  debts  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts'  and  Sciences, 
whose  former  exclusive  use  of  the  property  is  thus  divested.  There  would  be 
great  force  in  this  view,  if  the  property  had  been  liable  to  these  debts,  before 
and  when  the  Act  of  1878  was  passed.  But  such  was  not  the  fact.  The 
University  and  the  Faculty  together,  if  that  Act  had  not  been  passed,  would 
not  to-day  be  legally  competent  to  sell  the  property  and  apply  its  proceeds  to 
the  payment  of  Dr.  Dalrymple's  claim.  To  have  done  so  at  any  time  would 
have  been  a  violation  of  the  terms  of  the  trust  created  by  the  Act  of  1830. 
The  Act  of  1878,  therefore,  has  interfered  in  no  way,  with  Dr.  Dalrymple's 
remedies  or  his  rights.     It  has  not  impaired  or  taken  away  from  the  Faculty 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  483 

of  the  Arts  and  Sciences  any  right  to  change  Dr.  Dalrymple's  claim  on  the 
property,  for  no  such  right  ever  existed.  It  has  not  deprived  the  Faculty  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  of  the  means  of  paying  its  debts,  for  during  twenty  years 
user  of  the  property,  that  Faculty  continued  to  accumulate  debts,  instead  of 
paying  them,  as  Dr.  Dalrymple's  account  demonstrates.  Indeed  the  credits 
which  the  last  tew  years  have  supplied  have  notoriously  arisen  from  other 
uses  and  sources  than  those  which  the  employment  of  the  building,  by  that 
Faculty,  would  have  furnished.  The  Committee  are  consequently  unable  to 
report  that  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  1S7S,  in  their  judgment,  adds  in  any 
way  to  the  equitable  obligations  of  the  University  in  the  premises.  In  fact, 
the  very  terms  of  the  Act  of  1S7S,  Sect.  3,  would  appear  rather  to  preclude 
the  application  of  the  proceeds  of  sale  of  the  Mulberry  St.  property  to  any 
other  purposes  than  'the  purchase  of  other  property  for  the  use  of  any  of 
the  Faculties  of  said  University,'  or  some  other'  purposes  of  said  University.' 
It  can  hardly  be  contended  that  the  payment  of  a  debt,  for  which  the 
University  is  not,  and  never  was  liable,  could  have  been  one  of  the  'purposes 
of  the  University,'  in  the  contemplation  of  the  Legislature. 

"The  Committee,  of  course,  have  not  forgotten,  that  there  is  a  ground- 
rent  charged  upon  the  property,  by  deed  from  the  Regents,  made  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  1  he  power  to  create  that  charge 
was  doubtless  found,  by  our  predecessors,  in  the  fact,  that  the  money  bor- 
rowed was  to  be  specifically  applied  to  the  erection  of  a  third  story  and  the 
permanent  improvement  ot  the  buildings  upon  the  trust  estate.  To  the  extent 
to  which  our  predecessors  saw  tit  to  exercise  the  power,  it  is  to  be  treated 
by  us  as  having  been  properly  exercised,  and  the  lien  created  is  to  be  recog- 
nized as  valid  and  binding.  But  the  F acuity  ol  Arts  and  Sciences  was  pleased, 
on  its  own  account,  to  go  beyond  the  amount  so  borrowed  and  received,  ami 
the  account  ol  Dr.  Dalrymple  shows  that  between  Sept.  2<)th,  1  S  <;(>,  and  Feb. 
5,  1  8 1; 7,  he  advanced  to  the  Treasurer  who  preceded  him,  and  that  he  ex- 
pended, after  he  became  Treasurer,  himself,  various  sums  for  improvements, 
amounting  in  all  to  some  $700  or  $800.     The  Committee  are  constrained 


484  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

to  regard  these  advances  as  money  which  Dr.  Dalrymple,  in  the  exercise  of 
his  own  discretion,  voluntarily  expended,  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the 
plans  and  purposes  of  a  Faculty,  which  had  chosen  him  as  one  of  its  profes- 
sors. His  own  pecuniary  interests,  as  such  professor,  were  involved  in  the 
consummation  of  the  views  of  the  Faculty  which  he  shared,  and  he,  no 
doubt,  anticipated,  as  he  had  a  perfect  right  to  do,  that  the  outlay  and  the 
improvements  which  it  secured,  would  redound  to  his  own  personal  benefit, 
and  that  the  prospective  profits  of  his  Professorship  justified  him  in  taking 
the  risk  of  his  advances. 

"In  so  doing,  he  did  no  more  than  the  Professors  of  the  Faculty  of 
Physic  and  Law,  notably  the  former,  have  repeatedly  done,  upon  their  own 
pecuniary  responsibility,  without  looking  to  either  the  corporate  real  estate, 
or  the  guaranty  of  the  corporation,  for  indemnity.  The  Committee  are, 
therefore,  obliged  to  regard  the  advances  made  by  Dr.  Dalrymple,  for  im- 
provements, as  in  no  wise  different,  so  far  as  the  liability  of  the  Regents  there- 
for is  concerned,  from  any  of  the  other  advances  which  he  saw  fit,  volun- 
tarily to  make,  on  account  of  the  Faculty  whose  Treasurer  he  was.  The 
question  of  indebtedness  for  these,  as  well  as  for  the  other  items,  is  one  alto- 
gether between  the  contracting  parties,  and  one,  for  which,  in  the  judgment 
of  the  Committee,  the  Regents  have  neither  moral  nor  legal  responsibility. 
The  Committee  would  feel  justified  in  resting  their  conclusion  upon  the 
grounds  already  stated,  but  they  annex  to  this  report  an  Analysis  of  Dr. 
Dalrymple's  account  by  which  they  persuade  themselves  that  the  result  at 
which  they  have  arrived  is  demonstrated  to  be  correct  for  other  equally 
cogent  reasons.  Dr.  Dalrymple's  account,  starting  with  the  items  of  ad- 
vances, made  by  him  in  1856,  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging  and  otherwise  im- 
proving the  building,  consists,  afterwards,  for  the  most  part,  of  charges  for 
the  annual  wages  of  his  janitor  and  for  the  ordinary  current  repairs  upon  the 
property  which  he  occupied  as  tenant.  These  charges,  an  itemized  list  ol 
which  accompanies  this  report,  amount,  in  the  aggregate,  to  $5,001.98.    The 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  485 

Committee  are  unable  to  perceive  upon  what  possible  theory  they  can  be 
allowed. 

"If  the  view  of  the  relation  between  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences 
and  the  University,  above  presented,  were  conceded  to  be  incorrect,  or  in- 
equitable, then  the  only  other  aspect  in  which  Dr.  Dalrymple's  position  can  be 
considered,  is  that  of  a  tenant  holding  the  property  under  a  contract  of  rent- 
ing. As  such,  there  is  no  more  reason  for  his  charging  the  owner  oi  the 
property,  viz. :  the  University,  with  the  wages  of  his  servant,  than  with  the 
cost  of  his  fuel,  and  as,  in  the  absence  of  express  contract  to  the  contrary,  the 
landlord  would  not  be  bound  to  make  or  pay  for  ordinary  current  repairs  to 
the  rented  property,  there  is,  in  like  manner  no  reason  whatever  for  the 
Doctor's  charges  for  these  matters. 

"Rejecting,  therefore,  the  sums  paid  to  his  Janitor,  amounting,  in  the 
twenty  years  covered  bv  his  account,  as  Treasurer,  to  $4,331.80,  and  re- 
jecting also  the  cost  of  ordinary  repairs,  together  with  the  interest  annually 
charged  on  these  items,  and  crediting  the  Regents  with  the  items  allowed  by 
Dr.  Dalrymple,  the  Committee  find  that  the  claim  of  the  Doctor  is  not  only 
extinguished,  but  he  is  found  to  be  debtor,  in  the  sum  of  $7,062.01. 

"They  submit  with  their  report  a  statement  showing  such  result. 

"In  their  opinion,  however,  this  mode  of  stating  the  account  is  not 
entirely  accurate,  for  it  embraces,  as  an  item  of  charge  against  Dr.  Dal- 
rymple, the  matriculation  fees  with  which  he  has  credited  the  Regents.  These 
amount,  in  the  aggregate,  to  $2,020.  No  good  reason  is  perceived  for  in- 
cluding them.  They  may  be  proper  enough  in  the  Doctor's  account  as 
Treasurer,  but  the  University  has  no  pecuniary  interest  in  them  and  no  right 
to  receive  them.  Rejecting  them,  and  the  balance  against  Dr.  Dalrymple 
will  be  proportionately  reduced,  though  there  will  still  remain  a  balance  of 
between  $4,000  and  $5,000  against  him. 

"For  this  indebtedness  the  Committee,  of  course,  do  not  recommend 
that  any  claim  be  made  upon  Dr.  Dalrymple.  As  they  cannot  understand  the 
theory  upon  which  the  Regents  of  the  University  can  be  liable  for  the  debts 


486  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  so,  on  the  other  hand,  they  cannot  per- 
ceive what  legal  right  the  Regents  have  to  undertake  to  collect,  for  their 
benefit,  any  claims  due  to  that  faculty,  especially  in  the  absence  of  any  appli- 
cation from  it  to  them  looking  to  that  end. 

"It  is  enough  for  the  Committee  to  be  able  to  report  that,  in  their  judg- 
ment, upon  no  theory  of  stating  the  account,  has  Dr.  Dalrymple  any  valid 
claim  upon  the  University. 

"They  respectfully  submit  the  accompanying  resolution. 
(Signed)  S.  T.  WALLIS, 

JOHN  P.  POE. 
L.  McLANE  TIFFANY." 

June  24,  1878. 

"Resolved:  That  it  is  the  sense  of  the  Regents  that  upon  the  account 
presented  by  Dr.  Dalrymple,  there  is  nothing  due  by  the  University  of  Mary- 
land to  him." 

The  Report  was  discussed  by  Dr.  Dalrymple,  the  Provost,  Messrs. 
Dobbin,  Latrobe  and  Poe. 

Pending  the  discussion,  Dr.  Dalrymple  asked  leave  to  withdraw  his 
account;  this,  upon  being  objected  to,  was  refused.  Leave,  however,  was 
granted  to  the  Doctor  to  withdraw  his  request.  An  attempt  was  made  by 
Mr.  Latrobe  to  arbitrate  the  account,  but  it  was  defeated.  The  Report  was 
then  adopted. 

Dr.  Dalrymple's  name  does  not  appear  again  after  this  in  the  Minutes 
of  the  Regents.  Three  years  later  he  died  and  not  long  after  that  the  Mul- 
berry street  property  was  disposed  of  and  Cathedral  street  was  opened 
through  its  site,  as  stated  in  the  first  section  of  this  history. 

Rev.  Edwin  A.  Dalrymple,  S.  T.  D.,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  and  was 
the  eldest  son  of  William  Dalrymple,  of  that  city.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Mary's  College,  Baltimore,  and  at  the  Theological  Seminary,  near  Alexan- 
dria, Virginia.  Having  graduated  at  the  latter,  he  was  ordained  as  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.     His  first  charge  was  Old  Church, 


REV.   EDWIN    A.  DALRYMPLE,   S.  T.   D. 


SCHOOL   OF    IRIS  AND  SCIENCES  489 

Hanover  County,  Virginia,  and  the  church  at  New  Kent  Court   House,  in 
which  George  Washington  was  married. 

In  1845  he  was  invited  to  undertake  the  management  of  the  Episcopal 
High  School,  near  Alexandria,  Virginia,  and  he  filled  the  position  oi  Rector 
of  this  institution  for  several  years  with  great  credit  to  himsell  and  equal 
advantage  to  it.  I  le  afterwards  traveled  for  over  a  year  in  Europe,  and  on 
his  return  was  elected  in  the  year  1  854  as  President  of  the  School  of  Letters 
of  the  University  of  Maryland.  This  office  he  continued  to  hold  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  although  the  School  itself  ceased  its  existence  in  1874  or 
1875. 

Dr.  Dalrymple  was  a  man  of  scholarly  attainments,  and  ranked  high  as 
a  student  of  the  classics,  reading  Latin  with  the  same  facility  as  English. 
He  had  a  large  and  choice  library — the  largest  owned  by  any  private  citizen 
in  the  State — of  about  fifteen  thousand  volumes,  which  he  bequeathed  to  the 
Diocesan  Library  of  Maryland,  now  located  on  Madison  Avenue.  I  le 
served  for  many  years  as  the  unpaid  Rector  of  St.  Stephen's  Protestant  Epis- 
copal  Church,  on  I  lanover  street,  ami  he  was  also  Examining  Chaplain  ol 
the  Diocese.  He  was  Secretary  of  the  General  and  Diocesan  Conventions 
of  the  Protestant  Lpiscopal  Church  for  twenty  years.  He  was  also  a  Man- 
ager and  Rector  of  the  House  of  Refuge,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the 
Maryland  Historical  Society  and  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  a  member  of 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  He  died  at  his 
residence  on  Lanvale  street,  in  Baltimore,  on  the  30th  of  October,  1881. 
Although  his  health  had  been  failing  for  several  months  the  end  came  sud- 
denly, in  his  sixty-fourth  year.     He  never  married. 

"One  of  the  chief  characteristics  to  which  his  success  should  be  attrib- 
uted," says  one  who  knew  him  intimately  for  twenty-five  years,*  "was  his 
unbounded  faith  in  the  efficacy  and  advantages  of  good,  honest,  hard  work. 
He  seems  early  in  life  to  have  become  impressed  with  the  truth  ot  the  adage 


"Mr.  Williams  Reynolds,  a  member  of  the-  Baltimore  Bar,  for  four  year-  his  pupil,  ami  for 
a  year  a  teacher  in  his  school. 


490  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

that  'there  is  no  royal  road  to  learning,'  and  that  knowledge,  like  every  other 
thing  of  much  value  in  this  world,  was  only  to  be  acquired  at  the  price  of 
unremitting  toil.  He,  therefore,  first  of  all  endeavored  to  teach  his  scholars 
how  to  work.  Believing  that  a  man's  education  should  extend  over  the 
whole  period  of  his  natural  life,  he  considered  schools  and  colleges  not  so 
much  places  for  acquiring  general  information,  as  intellectual  gymnasia, 
where  the  mental  and  moral  faculties  were  to  be  trained  and  strengthened, 
and  the  student  instructed  how  to  use  his  powers  to  the  besf  advantage. 
It  was  well  enough  that  the  student  should  be  instructed  while  at  school  in 
certain  branches  of  knowledge  which  he  might  find  of  practical  use  to  him- 
self in  after  life,  but  the  main  thing  after  all  was  to  teach  him  the  art  of 
acquiring  knowledge  for  himself,  and  of  using  it  effectually  when  once 
acquired.  He  therefore  insisted  that  all  his  scholars  should  work  and  work 
hard;  and  I  think  that  there  were  comparatively  few  boys  under  his  care 
whom  he  did  not  sooner  or  later  succeed  in  getting  some  good,  honest  work 
out  of,  in  one  way  or  another. 

"1  have  often  heard  him  express  the  most  indignant  scorn  of  those 
teachers  who  advertised  that  they  would  remove  all  difficulties  from  the  path 
of  their  scholars,  and  make  the  ways  of  knowledge  so  easy  for  them  that  all 
their  studies  would  be  rather  like  pleasant  amusements  than  toilsome  work. 
1  le  said  that  such  teachers  were  attempting  to  inveigle  fond  parents  out  ol 
their  money  under  false  pretenses  and  without  returning  any  equivalent;  for 
in  the  first  place,  it  was  impossible  to  teach  the  great  majority  of  boys  by  any 
such  process,  and  even  if  it  could  be  done,  the  knowledge  thus  imparted 
would  be  practically  worthless,  as  the  measure  of  its  value  could  never 
exceed  the  labor  which  had  been  expended  in  acquiring  it.  Dr.  Dalrymple 
was  very  emphatic  in  the  belief  that  work  was  one  thing  and  play  another, 
and  that  the  two  should  be  kept  entirely  separate  and  distinct;  that  while 
each  was  equally  good  in  its  place,  they  could  never  both  be  successfully 
engaged  in  at  one  and  the  same  time.  Accordingly,  while  he  spared  neither 
trouble  nor  expense  to  promote  the  enjoyment  of  his  boys  during  play-hours, 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  491 

and  sought  to  provide  for  them  and  to  encourage  every  innocent  means  ol 
recreation,  which  he  could  command,  he  firmly  and  emphatically  insisted 
that,  during  the  time  appropriated  for  study,  they  should  give  their  close  and 
undivided  attention  to  their  work,  and  whoever  failed  to  do  so  was  required 
afterwards  to  make  up  with  interest  for  the  time  thus  wasted.  I  know  com- 
plaint has  sometimes  been  made  that  Dr.  Dayrymple  overworked  his  boys, 
but  the  best  answer  to  this  is  that  I  have  never  heard  of  a  single  instance 
where  any  one's  health  was  injured  by  excessive  application  to  study  while 
under  his  instruction.  No  lazy  man  was  ever  yet  compelled  to  work,  who 
did  not  rebel  and-complain  about  the  hardship  ol  his  lot,  and  idle  boys  are 
very  much  like  idle  men  in  this  particular,  excepting  that  parental  affection 
is  apt  to  provide  them  with  a  more  sympathetic  and  credulous  audience 
during  their  school  days,  than  they  are  likely  to  find  later  in  the  cold  and 
unfeeling  world. 

"But  Dr.  Dalrymple  not  only  taught  his  scholars  to  work;  he  also 
took  care  that  they  should  do  their  work  thoroughly  and  accurately.  He 
allowed  nothing  to  be  slurred  over,  but  required  precision  and  exactness  in 
the  most  minute  details.  He  considered  that  whatever  was  worth  doing  at 
all,  was  worth  doing  well,  and  that  it  ought  to  be  done  well.  1  le  thought 
it  far  better  to  do  a  few  things  well,  than  a  great  many  things  in  a  slovenly 
and  imperfect  manner.  Knowing  how  large  a  proportion  of  the  troubles, 
misfortunes  and  accidents  of  this  life  are  justly  attributable  to  carelessness 
alone,  and  recognizing  the  fact  that  carelessness  is,  to  a  very  great  extent  a 
mere  matter  of  habit,  he  sought  by  every  means  in  his  power  to  eradicate  all 
careless  habits  from  those  whose  education  was  entrusted  to  his  care.  As 
an  illustration  of  this,  1  may  mention  that  during  the  whole  time  I  was  under 
him  it  was  his  invariable  rule  that  whenever  a  boy  presented  him  with  a  com- 
position or  exercise  of  any  kind  containing  a  single  erasure,  alteration,  blot 
or  even  interlineation,  it  was  always  at  once  returned  and  had  to  be  entirely 
written  over  again  before  it  would  be  accepted  at  all.  He  also  laid  great 
stress  upon  the  cultivation  of  an  accurate  memory,  by  making  it  a  part  of  the 


492  UNIf'ERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

regular  exercises  of  all  his  classes  to  commit  to  memory  and  recite  every  week 
passages  either  in  prose  or  poetry,  not  only  in  English  but  also  in  the  classical 
and  modern  foreign  languages  as  well. 

"I  remember  that  my  entire  class  was  able  to  repeat  the  whole  A  is 
Poe.tica  of  Horace  containing  476  lines,  from  beginning  to  end  in  the  origi- 
nal Latin,  and  it  was  part  of  our  final  examination  exercises  for  each  one  of 
us,  after  being  started  by  the  Board  of  Visitors  at  any  place  in  the  poem,  to 
repeat  what  followed  in  the  original  until  we  were  told  to  stop,  then  to  go 
back  and  construe  into  English  what  we  had  repeated;  and  finally  to  parse 
and  scan  as  many  lines  as  requested,  giving  all  the  rules  of  syntax  and  pro- 
sody which  might  be  applicable,  and  all  this  without  once  opening  a  book. 
As  a  proof  of  the  thoroughness  of  his  training,  I  may  mention,  that  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  students  who,  after  leaving  him,  completed  their 
collegiate  courses  at  Harvard,  Princeton  or  the  University  of  Virginia,  took 
high  rank  for  scholarship  in  those  institutions,  especially  in  the  classics. 

"It  is  almost  needless  for  me  to  say  that  Dr.  Dalrymple,  while  thus 
advocating  hard  work  for  others,  was  not  in  the  habit  of  ever  shrinking  from 
it  himself.  He  had  nothing  in  common  with  those  'ungracious  pastors,'  who 
show  their  Hocks  'the  steep  and  thorny  way  to  heaven,'  while  themselves  'the 
primrose  path  of  dalliance  tread.'  Whatever  he  did  he  did  with  his  might, 
and  as  well  as  he  possibly  could.  In  the  pursuit  of  knowledge,  especially  in 
those  branches  of  learning  to  which  from  the  nature  of  his  calling  his  atten- 
tion was  more  particularly  directed,  he  was  constant,  attentive  and  indefati- 
gable. During  the  time  that  he  was  traveling  in  Europe,  he  made  himself 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  practical  workings  of  all  the  great  national 
systems  of  education,  which  were  followed  in  the  various  countries  that  he 
visited,  as  well  upon  the  Continent  as  in  Great  Britain.  He  had  collected  an 
extensive  and  valuable  library.  He  was  a  scholar  and  a  ripe  and  good  one, 
particularly  in  the  classics.  He  one  day  remarked  to  me — not  boastfully  but 
incidentally — that  in  buying  a  book  upon  any  subject,  on  which  he  wanted 
information,  it  was  never  any  objection  to  him  that  it  was  written  in  Latin, 


SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  493 

for  he  read  that  language  with  the  same  facility  as  English,  and  I  rememher 
that  he  added  that  he  wished  he  could  say  the  same  of  Greek  and  Hebrew, 
but  he  was  obliged  to  confess  that  he  still  found  them  more  difficult. 

"Although  he  had  studied  and  read  a  great  deal,  and  generally  remem- 
bered pretty  well  what  he  had  thus  acquired,  the  kind  of  learning  that  is 
derived  from  books  formed  by  no  means  the  greater  part  of  the  knowledge 
which  he  possessed.  He  was  a  keen  observer  of  what  took  place  from  time 
to  time  around  him  in  the  world,  and  was  blessed  with  a  marvelous  endow- 
ment of  the  one  talent  which  contributes  more  than  all  others  besides  to  suc- 
cess and  usefulness  in  life:  I  mean  strong,  practical,  common  sense.  His 
faculty  of  being  able  to  take  an  intelligent  and  sensible  view  of  what  ever 
matter  might  be  brought  to  his  consideration,  and  to  seize  at  once  upon  the 
main  practical  bearings  of  whatever  question  was  submitted  to  him,  made 
him  a  valuable  counsellor  upon  almost  every  subject  and  consequently  his 
advice  was  often  sought,  generally  appreciated  and  not  infrequently  followed 
with  great  advantage  by  those  to  whom  it  was  given.  For  this  reason,  as 
well  as  on  account  of  his  great  natural  executive  ability,  he  was  not  only 
the  intimate  friend  but  also  the  constant  and  trusted  adviser  of  the  present 
bishop  of  his  diocese  as  well  as  of  the  late  Bishop  Whittingham,  his  prede- 
cessor. Even  when  his  advice  was  not  followed,  it  often  proved  highly 
valuable  to  those  who  received  it,  by  pointing  out  to  them  in  advance  what 
would  be  the  most  natural  and  probable  consequences  of  a  course  which  he 
did  not  approve  of,  and  thereby  enabling  them  to  prepare  to  meet  those  con- 
sequences when  they  followed.  For  the  same  reason  also  he  was  a  most 
useful  member  of  whatever  deliberative  bodies  he  belonged  to.  In  all  mat- 
ters requiring  combined  effort  or  united  action,  in  which  he  was  concerned, 
he  always  did  his  full  share  and  more  than  his  full  share  of  the  work.  While 
there  was  nothing  obtrusive  about  him,  and  he  was  the  last  man  in  the  world 
to  seek  to  push  himself  into  undue  prominence,  yet  it  somehow  always  seemed 
to  happen,  that,  whatever  he  became  engaged  in,  whether  matters  ecclesias- 
tical or  secular,  he  was  invariably  found  before  long  to  be  seated  at  the  labor- 


494  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

ing  oar  and  bending  to  it  with  a  quiet,  persistent  and  untiring  energy  which 
none  of  his  associates  could  surpass.  For  example,  he  filled  the  office  of 
Secretary  of  the  State  Convention  of  his  Church  for  eleven  years,  that  of 
Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Maryland  Historical  Society  for  a  much 
longer  period  and  the  same  office  in  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Sciences 
almost,  if  not  quite,  ever  since  the  time  of  its  establishment.  These  and  all 
other  duties  which  fell  to  his  lot,  he  always  performed  most  faithfully  and 
thoroughly.  No  one  who  knew  the  man  could  fail  to  see  and  admire  his 
untiring  industry,  his  careful  and  strict  attention  to  minute  details  and  his 
marvellous  facility  for  the  prompt  dispatch  of  business. 

"He  was  a  conscientious  man  in  the  discharge  oi  the  public  and  private 
duties  which  devolved  upon  him  as  a  citizen  of  the  Nation  and  of  his  State, 
as  a  member  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived,  and  as  a  clergyman  of  the 
church  to  which  he  belonged.  He  carefully  studied  these  duties,  not  for  the 
purpose  of  seeing  how  many  of  them  he  could  evade,  but  in  order  to  learn 
how  he  could  best  fulfill  them. 

"Nor  should  I  fail  to  speak  of  his  warm  and  generous  heart.  For, 
although  not  one  of  those  who  are  wont  to  sound  a  trumpet  before  them 
when  they  do  their  alms,  he  was  a  generous  man,  and  nothing  gave  him 
greater  delight  than  to  contribute  to  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  others."* 

With  the  movement  set  on  foot  for  the  upbuilding  of  the  University, 
early  in  190^,  the  question  of- the  revival  of  the  Department  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  presented  itself  as  one  which  must  be  solved  before  any  progress 
could  be  made  in  that  direction.  As  there  were  no  funds  available  for  the 
purpose,  and  none  to  be  expected  from  any  source,  the  only  way  in  which  it 
could  be  effected  was  by  the  affiliation  of  some  one  of  the  existing  Colleges 
of  the  State.  St.  John's  at  once  offered  itsell  as  the  institution  with  which 
union  was  most  natural  and  desirable.  Originally  intended  as  a  part  of  the 
first  "University  of  Maryland,"  projected  in  1  784,  it  had  even  some  claim  to 
be  considered  in  such  a  connection.     But  beside  this  fact  and  its  venerable 


*In  Memoriam,  iSSl. 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  497 

character,  which  corresponded  well  with  that  of  our  own  institution,  under 
its  able  and  energetic  present  President,  Dr.  Thomas  Fell,  it  was  in  a  very 
flourishing  condition  and  could  meet  us,  on  its  part,  with  an  offer  of  equal 
advantages. 

Accordingly,  in  January,  i<><>5,  an  unofficial  communication  was 
addressed  to  Dr.  Fell,  asking  if  a  proposal  for  union  would  be  likely  to  be 
favorably  considered  by  the  authorities  of  St.  John's.  The  suggestion  was 
cordially  welcomed  and  the  result  was  the  calling  of  a  conference  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  two  institutions,  presided  over  by  Hon.  Edwin  Warfield, 
Governor  of  the  State,  who  earnestly  favored  the  movement,  and  the  final 
adoption  of  a  legal  contract  binding  the  institutions  to  a  tentative  union  for 
live  years.      The  terms  of  this  contract,  in  brief,  are: 

"That  St.  John's  shall  be  called  'The  Department  of  Arts  and  Sciences 
of  the  University  of  Maryland,'  anil  this  designation  shall  be  added  to  its 
corporate  title;  that  notice  of  the  alliance  and  its  advantages,  with  abbre- 
viated prospectuses  of  the  allied  departments  shall  be  published  in  catalogues, 
etc.,  and  that  rules  and  regulations  shall  be  adopted  for  the  interchange  of 
laboratory  advantages  and  professional  instruction,  so  as  to  facilitate  and 
shorten  the  period  required  for  taking  the  various  degrees;  that  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  out  the  objects  of  the  union  there  shall  be  a  'Council,'  con- 
sisting of  the  Governor,  as  'Chancellor,'  ex  officio;  the  Provost,  as  'Pro- 
Chancellor,'  the  Principal  of  St.  John's,  as  'Vice-Chancellor,'  and  two 
representatives  each  from  the  Faculty  of  St.  John's,  the  Faculty  of  Physic 
ami  the  Faculty  of  Law,  and  one  representative  each  from  the  Departments 
of  Dentistry  and  Pharmacy;  that  the  Council,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
governing  boards  of  the  institutions  represented,  shall  formulate  regulations 
with  regard  to  courses  of  study  leading  to  degrees,  ami  recommend  other 
colleges  and  institutions  of  learning  for  participation  in  the  privileges  of  the 
union;  that  the  agreement,  which  is  to  remain  in  effect  for  a  period  of  five 
years,  is  not  to  affect  in  any  way  the  chartered  rights  or  the  financial  responsi- 
bility of  the  two  institutions;  finally,  that  the  agreement  shall  be  signed  by 


498  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  President  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  and  Governors  of  St.  John's  and  the 
Provost  of  the  University,  and  have  the  seals  of  the  two  institutions  affixed 
to  it."     [Old  Maryland,  Jan.,  1907,  p.  8.] 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Council  under  this  contract  was  held  on  Feb- 
ruary 13,  1907.  Besides  the  members  ex  officio,  the  following  are  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  various  departments:  St.  John's:  Professors  B.  Vernon 
Cissel  and  C.  W.  Stryker;  School  of  Law:  Professors  John  P.  Poe  and 
William  T.  Brantly;  School  of  Medicine:  Professors  R.  Dorsey  Coale  and 
Randolph  Winslow;  Department  of  Dentistry:  Professor  F.  J.  S.  Gorgas; 
Department  of  Pharmacy:  Professor  Charles  Caspari,  Jr.  At  the  meeting 
all  of  these  were  present,  except  Professor  Brantly,  and,  in  addition,  Presi- 
dent Fell,  who  presided.  Professor  Coale  was  appointed  Secretary  and 
committees  were  appointed  to  report  upon  curricula  and  degrees. 

St.  John's  College,  chartered  in  1696  as  King  William's  School  and 
advanced  to  collegiate  rank  by  its  charter  of  1784,  is  situated  at  Annapolis, 
the  capital  of  Maryland,  occupying  about  twenty  acres  on  the  banks  of  the 
Severn,  a  few  miles  from  Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is  closely  connected  by  rail- 
road with  Baltimore  and  Washington,  and  with  the  former  also  by  steam- 
boat. It  is  governed  by  a  Board  of  Visitors,  twenty-four  in  number,  of 
whom  the  Governor  is  President.  The  Faculty  consists  of  thirteen  mem- 
bers; the  number  of  students,  including  Preparatory  School  and  College,  is 
about  two  hundred.  The  degrees  conferred  are — in  course — Bachelor  of 
Arts,  Bachelor  of  Science  and  Master  of  Arts;  honorary,  Master  of  Arts, 
Doctor  of  Divinity,  Doctor  of  Laws.  The  course  of  study  for  the  B.  A. 
and  B.  S.  degrees  occupies  four  years;  the  college  year  is  of  nine  months 
duration.  There  are  two  literary  societies.  The  course  of  instruction 
embraces  besides  the  usual  branches,  biology,  international  and  constitu- 
tional law,  mechanical  engineering,  including  shop  work,  and  military 
science.  The  military  department  is  under  charge  of  an  officer  of  the  United 
States  Army,  the  students  being  divided  into  two  companies,  with  their  own 
student  band.    The  battalion  holds  an  annual  encampment  for  a  week  every 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  499 

summer.  The  College  is  one  of  the  six — besides  West  Point — from  whose 
graduates  selections  are  made  for  officers  of  the  regular  army. 

The  buddings  are  the  original  one,  the  recitation  and  office  hall,  known 
as  McDowell  Hall;  the  mess  hall,  with  apartments  on  the  upper  floors  for 
the  Senior  and  Junior  students;  the  two  College  dormitories,  Pinkney  ami 
Humphreys  Halls;  the  Science  Building,  called  Henry  Williams  Wood- 
ward Hall,  which  contains  the  library,  the  armory  and  the  laboratories  of 
chemistry  and  biology;  the  residences  of  the  President,  the  Vice- President 
and  Professors;  the  Gymnasium,  Boathouse,  etc. 

Much  attention  is  paid  to  athletics,  especially  baseball,  football,  track 
and  field  exercises  and  boating,  and  St.  John's  has  achieved  an  enviable  dis- 
tinction in  this  department. 

Of  late  years  the  State  has  been  very  liberal  and  supports  a  large  num- 
ber of  free  scholarships.  The  total  number  of  graduates  to  1906,  inclusive, 
is  702;  the  number  of  honorary  degrees  conferred  is  [70.  St.  John's  is  the 
Alma  Mater  of  many  of  Maryland's  most  noted  atid  honored  sons — among 
whom  Francis  Scott  Key  and  Reverdy  Johnson  stand  preeminent.  The 
founder  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  Dr.  John  Beale  Davidge,  held  her 
degree,  as  did  also,  the  poet,  John  Shaw,  and  William  Donaldson,  of  the 
University's  first  Faculty.  The  present  President  ot  St.  John's,  Dr.  Thomas 
Fell,  has  held  the  position  since  1886. 

Right  Rev.  William  Stevens  Perry,  Bishop  of  Iowa,  and  Historigrapher 
of  the  American  Church,  speaks  of  "quaint  old  St.  John's  with  its  ancient 
halls  covered  with  ivy;  its  venerable  trees — maples,  lindens,  poplars — shad- 
ing the  broad  acres  of  the  campus;  the  historic  'Bladen's  Folly,'  now  'Mc- 
Dowell Hall,'  with  its  curious  old  belfry  and  traces  of  its  old  glory,  when 
Annapolis,  with  its  royal  charter  ami  royal  governor,  was  a  mimic  court  ol 
St.  James — all  making  up  a  scene  of  picturesque  beauty.  In  its  library  are 
the  many  'quaint  and  curious  volumes'  brought  over  by  Commissary  Bray 
and  given  to  the  library  of  St.  Ann's  Parish.  In  the  graduation  hall  are  the 
memorials  of  the  successive  classes,  ami  here  the  college  prayers  are  said  and 


5oo  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

the  college  exercises  performed.  *  *  *  The  greensward  is  alive  with 
the  scholars  in  cap  and  gown,  or  else  in  'outing  costumes,'  for  athletics  are 
not  neglected  at  St.  John's,  and  with  the  study  of  the  classics  and  the  sciences 
the  Johnian  combines  the  effort  to  secure  the  mens  sana  in  corpore  sano. 
Historic  associations  meet  one  on  every  side." 

Thomas  Fell,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  eleventh  President  of  St.  John's 
College,  was  born  at  Liverpool,  England,  July  15,  1851.  His  father,  a 
staff  surgeon  attached  to  H.  M.  Transport  "Brandon,"  died  at  Balaklava 
during  the  Crimean  War,  in  1  855.  His  grandfather  was  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Friends  in  Westmoreland,  and  was  a  descendant  of 
Judge  Fell,  of  Swarthmore  Hall,  Morestone,  who  took  an  active  interest 
in  the  same  sect. 

Dr.  Fell  received  his  early  education  at  the  Royal  Institution  School,  at 
Liverpool,  remaining  there  until  1  S 6 7 ,  when  he  went  to  King's  College, 
London,  to  continue  his  studies.  He  subsequently  matriculated  at  and 
became  a  member  of  the  London  University.  At  the  close  of  his  university 
career  he  traveled  through  India  and  China,  and  returning  to  Europe  studied 
at  Heidelberg  and  Munich,  making  independent  researches  in  mental  phil- 
osophy and  metaphysics. 

In  1884  he  came  to  America,  where  he  began  his  career  as  an  educator, 
securing  first  a  professorship  of  ancient  and  modern  languages  at  New 
Windsor  College,  Maryland.  He  remained  there  for  two  years.  In  1886 
he  was  appointed  acting  principal  of  St.  John's  College,  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, and  in  July  of  the  following  year  was  installed  as  president. 

The  extensive  knowledge  of  men  ami  affairs  gained  by  his  travels  and 
studies  abroad  and  in  America  fitted  him  pre-eminently  for  the  position,  and 
the  College  has  prospered  under  his  administration. 

Dr.  Fell  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Hampden- 
Sidnev  College,  Virginia,  in  June,  1888.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa  Fraternity;  also  of  the  University  Club,  Baltimore,  and  is  enrolled 


PRESIDENT   THOMAS    FELL,    A.    M..    I'll.    !>..    II. 


SCHOOL   OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  503 

in  the  American  Philological  Association,  and  in  the  Academy  of  Political 
and  Social  Science. 

In  addition  to  being  President  Dr.  Fell  also  fills  the  chair  of  Moral 
Science  and  Ancient  Languages. 


APPENDIX 


APPENDIX 

The  Annapolis  Tea  Burning. 

The  Centennial  Celebration  of  the  burning  of  the  "Peggy  Stewart," 
recently  held  in  Annapolis,  not  only  attracted  the  attention  of  the  people  of 
Maryland,  but  of  the  entire  country,  and  called  forth  many  garbled  and 
conflicting  accounts  as  to  who  was  the  perpetrator  of  that,  then  perilous  and 
treasonable  violation  of  the  King's  authority,  but  which  the  light  of  after 
events  has  made  to  glow  upon  the  pages  of  history  as  one  of  the  most  heroic 
and  patriotic  deeds  performed  during  the  struggle  for  our  Independence. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  I  am  glad  to  be  enabled  to  throw  some  light  upon 
that  much-mooted  question.  It  was  my  good  fortune  during  a  recent  visit 
to  "Longwood,"  the  residence  of  the  late  Dr.  Gustavus  Warfield  ("son  of 
Dr.  Charles  Alexander  Warfield,  the  hero  of  the  "Peggy  Stewart'")  to  have 
my  attention  called  to  a  communication  to  the  Baltimore  Patriot,  published 
in  the  year  1813,  which  was  preserved  in  an  old  scrapbook,  a  family  history 
and  record  that  dates  far  back  into  Colonial  times,  a  relic  of  much  interest 
and  value.  I  immediately  recognized  the  historical  value  of  that  old  clip- 
ping, for  I  realized  it  would  lift  the  cloud  of  uncertainty  from  one  of  the 
most  important  events  in  the  history  of  our  country.  The  authenticity  of  the 
communication  is  beyond  a  doubt,  and  its  truth  will  be  evident  to  all  readers. 
It  was  published  immediately  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Charles  Alexander  War- 
field,  as  a  just  tribute  to  his  memory,  and  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his  patri- 
otism and  valor.  Though  his  name  has  long  slumbered  in  oblivion,  yet  that 
one  valorous  and  determined  stand  in  opposition  to  oppression  and  tyranny, 
and  the  utterance  of  that  noble  sentiment:  "Liberty  and  Independence,  or 
Death  in  Pursuit  of  It!"  acted  and  uttered  in  those  "days  that  tried  men's 
souls,"  entitle  him  to  a  deserved  prominence  in  the  history  of  his  State,  and 


5o8  UNIVERSITY  OF  MARYLAND 

his  noble  stand  in  those  perilous  times  should  be  cherished  by  every  true 
patriot  as  a  conspicuous  example  of  that  love  of  liberty  and  justice  which 
animated  our  forefathers  and  wrought  our  freedom. 

DR.  EVAN  W.  WARFIELD 
(Grandson  of  Dr.  Charles  Alexander  Warfield). 
Taken  from  the  Baltimore  Patriot,  published  in  1813: 
Dr.  Charles  Alexander  Warfield 
Departed  this  Life  January  29,   18  13. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Baltimore  Patriot: 

Sir:  In  the  biography  of  the  venerable  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrolton. 
taken  from  the  Salem  Register  of  the  20th  of  September,  and  published  in 
your  paper  of  the  24th,  wherein  are  portrayed  his  just  and  eminent  services 
from  the  commencement  to  the  termination  of  our  Revolutionary  contest, 
and  whose  subsequent  and  distinguished  course  has  rendered  him  a  blessing 
to  his  country,  and  placed  him  in  rank  and  estimation  not  to  be  surpassed 
by  the  renowned  sages  of  the  world,  he  stands  now  the  beloved  friend  and 
father  of  the  American  people,  loaded  with  honor,  age  and  goodness  of 
heart.  There  is,  however,  one  circumstance  connected  with  the  burning  of 
the  tea  at  Annapolis  that  should  not  be  forgotten,  and  in  which  a  highly- 
respected  and  valued  friend  of  Mr.  Carroll  participated. 

The  late  Dr.  Charles  Alexander  Warfield,  of  Anne  Arundel  County, 
who  but  a  short  time  before  had  obtained  professional  honors  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  and  had  been  appointed  Major  of  Battalion,  upon  hear- 
ing of  the  arrival  of  the  brig  "Peggy  Stewart"  at  Annapolis,  loaded  with  tea, 
and  which  vessel  belonged  to  Mr.  Anthony  Stewart  (a  Scotch  merchant),  put 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  "Whig  Club,"  of  which  he  was  a  distinguished 
member,  and  marched  to  Annapolis  with  a  determination  to  burn  vessel  and 
cargo. 

When  this  party  arrived  opposite  the  State  House,  the  late  Judge  Chase 
met  them  and  harangued  them  (he  had  been  employed  as  a  lawyer  by  Mr. 
Stewart).     Dr.  Warfield,  finding  that  he  was  likely  to  make  some  impression 


APPENDIX  509 

upon  the  minds  of  his  company,  interrupted  him  by  observing,  that  Chase 
had  by  former  patriotic  speeches  made  to  the  "Whig  Club"  inflamed  the 
whole  country,  and  now  wished  to  get  off  by  his  own  light;  and  pronounced 
it  submission  or  cowardice  in  any  member  of  the  club  to  stop  short  of  their 
object;  and  called  upon  the  men  to  follow  him — that  he  would  himself  set 
fire  to  the  vessel  and  cargo.  But  it  is  stated  upon  the  best  authority,  that  the 
Doctor  carried  in  his  hand  the  chunk  of  fire  in  company  with  Stewart,  whom 
he  made  to  kindle  it.  When  the  party  first  entered  the  city  and  was  passing 
on,  they  met  Stewart,  who  was  bold  in  opposition,  and  threatened  them  with 
the  vengeance  of  his  King  and  Government,  but  his  threats  seemed  only  to 
increase  their  determination.  They  erected  a  gallows  immediately  in  front'of 
his  house,  by  way  of  intimidation,  then  gave  him  his  choice,  either  to  swing 
by  the  halter  or  go  with  them  on  board  and  put  fire  to  his  own  vessel.  He 
chose  the  latter,  and  in  a  few  moments  the  whole  cargo  with  the  ship's  tackle 
and  apparel  were  in  flames.  Shortly  after  this  Mr.  Stewart  left  the  country. 
This  act  decided  the  course  Maryland  was  to  pursue,  and  had  an  extensive 
influence  upon  public  opinion.  The  writer  of  this  was  in  company  with 
Judge  Chase  and  Dr.  Warfield  a  few  years  before  their  death,  and  heard 
them  conversing  upon  the  above  subject,  when  Mr.  Chase  remarked  in  a 
jocular  manner:  "If  we  had  not  succeeded,  Doctor,  in  the  Revolutionary 
contest,  both  of  us  would  have  been  hung;  you  for  burning  the  ship  of  tea, 
and  I  for  declaring  I  owed  no  allegiance  to  the  King,  and  signing  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence." 

There  were  other  movements  and  occurrences  attending  this  early 
expression  of  a  Revolutionary  spirit.  Our  departed  friend,  but  a  short  time 
before  he  marched  to  the  city  of  Annapolis  to  fire  the  tea,  was  parading  his 
battalion  in  Anne  Arundel  County,  in  the  vicinity  of  Mr.  Carroll's  residence, 
when  he  took  upon  himself  the  privilege  of  printing  some  labels  with  the  fol- 
lowing inscription:  "Liberty  and  Independence,  or  Death  in  Pursuit  of  It," 
and  placed  one  on  the  hat  of  each  man  in  his  company.  Many  of  the  older 
neighbors  who  were  present  were  struck  with  astonishment,  and  endeavored 


5  i  o  UNIFERSI  TV  OF  MAR  YlAND 

to  persuade  him  to  have  them  taken  down,  for  the  idea  of  independence  at 
that  time  had  entered  the  mind  of  but  few  men. 

The  venerable  Mr.  Carroll,  the  elder,  and  father  to  the  present  Patri- 
arch, rode  up  to  the  father  of  Dr.  Charles  Alexander  Warfield,  and 
exclaimed:  "My  God,  Mr.  Warfield,  what  does  your  son  Charles  mean? 
Does  he  know  that  he  has  committed  treason  against  his  King,  and  may  be 
prosecuted  for  a  rebel  ?" 

The  father  replied,  with  much  animation  and  patriotism:  "We 
acknowledge  no  King;  the  King  is  a  traitor  to  us,  and  a  period  has  arrived 
when  we  must  either  tamely  submit  to  be  slaves,  or  struggle  gloriously  for 
'Liberty  and  Independence.'  The  King  has  become  our  enemy,  and  we  must 
become  his.  My  son  Charles  knows  what  he  is  about.  'Liberty  and  Inde- 
pendence, or  Death  in  Pursuit  of  It,'  is  his  motto,  it  is  mine,  and  soon  must 
be  the  sentiment  of  every  man  in  this  country !"  The  mighty  word  "Treason 
against  the  King,"  sounded  from  one  end  of  the  battalion  to  the  other,  and 
in  a  few  minutes  not  a  label  was  seen  in  the  hats  of  any  of  the  men  except  Dr. 
Warfield  and  Mr.  James  Connor,  late  of  Baltimore  County,  who  were  too 
stern  and  undaunted  to  be  intimidated  by  words,  and  they  wore  their  labels 
to  their  homes.  Thus,  those  great  Patriots  moved  alternately  between  hope 
and  fear  until  they  accomplished  the  great  object  of  their  lives. 

[A  copy  of  the  above,  with  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Warlield,  has  been  depos- 
ited in  the  University  of  Maryland,  by  the  present  Governor  of  Maryland, 
Hon.  Edwin  Warfield,  who  bears  a  near  relationship  to  the  Doctor.  May 
18,  1903]. 


INDEX 


Page. 

Act    of    1826    60 

Adjunct     ['"acuity     245,  25O 

Aiken.    William    E.    A 264 

Alexander,    Ashton     99 

Alumni  Associations  123,  260,  397,  433 

American    Medical    College    Association.. 

278,  306 

Anatomy    Law    221 

Arts   and    Sciences.    Courses   in 466 

Department    of... .66,  494 

Laws  of   469 

Organization   of    ....   457 

Suspended       47g 

Faculty  of. ..470.  472.  474 

Ashby,  Thomas  A 321 

Athletic   Association    1 25 

Atkinson,   Isaac   E 294 

Auscultation   and   Percussion    ..., 217 

Bacteriology       274 

Bain,  James   138 

Baker,  Samuel      193 

Samuel    G 205,  210 

William    N , 209 

Baltimore   College    458 

Baltimore   in   1807    19 

Bartlett,   Elisha    215 

Base,   Daniel    451 

Baxley,    Henry   W 76 

Beneficiary  Students   247,  249,  388 

Benner,    Jean     476 

Bond.    McDowell    190 

Thomas  Emerson    22 

Bones,  Molars  and  Briefs   14 

Botany      426 

Brantley.  William  T 368 

Brown,    George    '9 

Buckler.  John    138 

Building.   College    32.  190 

Buildings,  University    122 

"Burking."  case  of   221 

Carter.    Bernard    HO 


Page. 

(  aspari.    Charles,    Jr 444 

Charter  of  1X07     8 

[812      36 

1882,    Dental    log 

Maryland     College     of     Phar- 
macy       408,  425 

Chemistry,  Analytical   425 

<  hew.    Samuel    242 

Samuel    Claggett    309 

Children.   Diseases  of   217.246 

Chisolm,   Julian   John    285 

Classes      160,  249.  360 

Clendenen,   Alexander    138 

Clinical    Instruction    137,  154 

Clubs      280 

Coale,   Robert   Dorsey    310 

Cocker,   James    134 

Commencement,   first    , 24 

Commencements       163,   182 

College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland   6 

Cordell,   Eugene   F 301 

Council,  University   498 

Course,  Three-year       274,  391 

Four-year      280,  393 

Courses  of  Study  194.  274,  357,  359 

Crawford,   John    25 

Culbreth,  D.  M.  R 447 

Dalrymple   Account,   report  on 480 

Edwin    A 473,  486 

Davidge's    Classes     59,     69 

Davidge,  John   Beale    175 

DeButts.   Elisha    186 

Decision   of   1838    83 

Degrees,  Academic       475 

Honorary       58,  163 

Medical      162,  220 

Pharmacy     425.  432.  434.  440 

Demonstrator  of  Anatomy   138 

I  tental  Building      393 

Clinic       390 


INDEX 


Page. 

Dentistry,  Department     of 109,  121 

Earl}     reaching  of    382 

Diplomas  legalized      87 

Medical      130 

Dissection      68.  89,   137.  220 

Mob    8 

Divinity.   Department   of    53 

Donaldson,  Francis     250 

William      23 

Duel.  Pattisoh-Cadwalader 164 

Students'      ,■  '73 

Ducatel,  Jules  Timoleon   iQo,  201 

Dunglison,    Roblej     107 

Elliott,    Henry    A 453 

Endowment 124.  -'(«,  279 

Examinations      182,  3114 

Experimental    Physiologj     224,  278 

Eye,   diseases   oi 246 

Faculty.  Trustees'    82 

Fees 218,  -7s.  388,  430.  47" 

Fell,  Thomas   500 

Fire      279 

Fisher,   William    R (05 

Founding  of  College  of   Medicine   17 

Department    of    I  lentistry.  .  384 

Frick,   Charles -i?i 

William,   address    460 

( lans,   Edgar      364 

Garry,   James    182 

Geddings,  Eli' 185,   10S 

( ienese,  D 388 

Gibson,    William    i.v.   '45 

Godman,    John    D '4- 

Gorgas,    F.    J.    S 401 

( iraduates,   first    24 

Graduation    Fee    7°.     7,^ 

Terms  of   218 

Grahame,    Israel   J 417.  4'°- 

Gray   Legacy 66,  223 

Griffith.  Robert    Egglesfield    197.  205 

Hall,    Richard    Wiln1.1t    07.   2ig 

I  lammond,    William    Alexander    -'37 

Harlan,   Henry   1) 371 

Harris.    I  h.qiin    A 3S3 

James    II 398 

Hayden,    Horace    II 381 


Page. 

Hemmeter,  John  C 329 

Histology       274,  27K 

Historj    of   .Medicine    301 

Hoffman,    David    338,344 

Hospital    Bulletin    126 

Lying-in     269,  279 

University      278,  285 

Howard,    William 138,   E49 

William   Travis    289 

I  [ygiene       215 

I  lynson,    I  tenry    P 452 

Impeachment  of  Professor  Hall 97 

Inglis,  John  A 349 

Infirmary 73,  95.  154.  --3-  -W-  250 

Dental      389 

Introductory   Lectures   223,341 

Jameson,   Horatio  Jameson    64 

Johnston,  Christopher    263 

Jurisprudence,    Medical    215 

Kemp,    James    57 

Kennedy.  John    Pendleton    100 

Address 405 

Laboratories      224,  278,  281,  388,  432 

LaFayette,    Marquis   de    57 

Latin   Thesis,  medal    for    133 

I  av.    Building      352 

I  lepartment    of 1 19 

Revived     104 

Twenty-fifth       Anni- 
versary       355 

Faculty      '. 348 

School,  revival  of   348 

Lecture   Tickets    135 

I  .engthening  of  Course   209 

Library  and   Historical  Society   125 

Law      353 

Medical       138,  301 

Lincoln,  Benjamin   '. 184 

Long,   R.   Cary    35 

Lotteries       29.     67 

Martin,    Robert   N 349 

McDowell,   Ephraim    163 

Maxwell        190.  194 

McSherry.   Richard    260 

Medal,  Gold   133.  388.  432.  44 1 


INDEX 


in 


Page. 

Medicine,   Department  of    uo 

Michael,  J.  Edwin  281 

Mien  iso  >py      -'-'4,  427 

Miles,   Francis    302 

Miltenberger,  George  Warner   270 

Mitchell,   Charles   W 321 

Moore,  J.   Faris   428 

Morfit,    Campbell     221 

Morrison,    Horace    47.} 

Mulberr]    Street  Property  sold   486 

Museum,    Dental      394 

Medical      14') 

Neale,   L.    Ernest    319 

Nurses'  Training  School   122,   160,  270 

(  (bstetrics     248 

Old    Maryland     125 

Ordinances.    Regents'    90 

Orthopaedics      297 

Outrage  of  1837   80 

Pantheon       32 

Pathology      218,  246,  274,  278 

Pattison,  Granville  Sharp  149.  169 

Peggy    Stewart       507 

Pharmacists,  training   of  early    407 

Pharmacy.   Act      424 

Building     419.  426,  427.  439 

Convention       4-'5 

Courses      44- 

Department  of      122,  306 

Founding   of    ....  405 

Reorganized       ....  416 

Journals      4>8,  43' 

Lectures      99 

Lectures   at   the    University...  415 

Maryland  College    of    99 

Presidents  of 443 

Union      of      College 

with    University    .  438 
Professor    of    estab- 
lished        416 

Schools  of    407 

Semi-Centennial      ..  431 

Phelps.  Charles  E 358 

Physiology       246.  27S 

Piciuett.  John  P 442 

Piatt,   Walter   B -280 

Pledge  of  Graduates    I29 

Poe,  John   Prentiss    361 


Page. 

Putter.    Nathaniel    213 

Power,    William    227 

Practice   I  lall    149.  2~t>,  387 

Preliminary   Requirements   

30(1,   360,  387.   391,   392,  441 

Prizes     388,  426 

Quimby,  Jacob   H 471 

Quiz,  Pharmacy     426 

Regents       c;4.  u  j 

Restoration    of    87 

Roby,    Joseph     229 

Rupture  of  1837   78 

St.   John's    College    3,  404,  408 

Schmidt.  Charles    442 

Scholarships      27S 

Schools,    Preparatory    220 

Seal    68 

of  Old   Maryland   120 

Sharp,  Alpheus   P 413 

Shaw,  John    21 

Simon.    William    435 

Smith,  Alan    Penniman    248 

Berwick   B 227 

J.    I  lolmes    320 

Nathan  R 64,  249 

Robert       \6 

Societies      280.  351,  354 

Society,  Library      475 

University    Medical    280 

Specialties       245 

Steiner,   Lewis   H 420 

Steuart,  Richard  S 214 

Stewart.    David 415 

Stock-bridge.    Henry    37? 

Stokes.    William    H 214 

Students'    Building    247 

Suit   of    1837    79 

Surgery.    Military    242 

Operative       218 

Taney,  Roger  Brooke   00 

Taylor.  R.  Tunstall   -'>7 

Tea  Burning      507 

Teaching,    Medical     221 

Terra    Mariae    126 

Textbooks       44' 

Thesis       160 

Thomas,   Richard    1  lenry    22^ 


IV 


INDEX 


Page. 

Tiffany,  I..  McLane   -'97 

Trustees      6 1 .  88 

Appeal   in   behalf  of   Department 

of  Arts  and  Sciences   459 

Difficulties   with   Faculty    68 

Turnbull.   Duncan      185 

Universities,    age   of    4n 

University  organized      45 

Orist       1-'1"' 

Venable,  Richard   M 363 

Wallis,  Severn  Teackle    109.   in,  351 


Page. 

Warfield.   Charles   A 49,  508 

Ware,   Charles    H 453 

Warren,    Edward     238 

Washington    College    3 

Medical   College    64 

Wells.  John   Doane   181 

Wiesenthal,  Andrew      6 

Charles    F 6 

Winslow,    Randolph    313 

Women.    Diseases   of    222,  246 

Students      440 

Wright,  Thomas  H 184,   185 

Young    Men's    Christian    Association    ....    125 


3   1205  00183  0817         <Aj 


